Grounds for Grounding : A Circuit to System Handbook

by Elya B. Joffe (K.T.M. Project Engineering ); Kai-Sang Lock (PQR Technologies Pte Ltd )

• ISBN13: 9780470529317
• ISBN10: 0470529318
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2010-01-01
• Publisher: Wiley-IEEE Press

Summary

The first book to cover grounding from the circuit to system and across the entire spectrum of applicationsGrounds for Grounding provides a complete and thorough approach to the subject of designing electrical and electronic circuits and systems, blending theory and practice to demonstrate how a few basic rules can be applied across a broad range of applications.The authors begin with the basic concepts of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) that are essential for understanding grounding theory and its applications, such as "ground loop," which is one of the most misunderstood concepts in EMC. Next, they provide an introduction to grounding, including safety grounding, grounding for control of electromagnetic interference, and grounding-related case studies. Subsequent chapter coverage includes:Fundamentals of grounding designBonding principlesGrounding for power distribution and lightning protection systemsGrounding in wiring circuits and cable shieldsGrounding of EMI terminal protection devicesGrounding on printed circuit boardsIntegrated facility and platform grounding systemPractical case studies are integrated throughout the book to aid in readers' comprehension and each chapter concludes with a useful bibliography. Grounds for Grounding is an indispensable resource for electrical and electronic engineers who work with the design of circuits, systems, and facilities.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Overview

Bibliography

Fundamental Concepts

Maxwell's Equations Demystified

Boundary Conditions

Intrinsic Inductance of Conductors and Interconnects

Nonideal Properties of Passive Circuit Components and Interconnects

Return Current Path Impedance

Transmission Line Fundamentals

Characteristics of Signals and Circuits

Interaction between Sources to Radiated Fields

Bibliography

The Grounds for Grounding

Grounding, an Introduction

Objectives of Grounding

Grounding-Related Case Studies

Bibliography

Fundamentals of Grounding Design

Ground-Coupled Interference and its Preclusion

Fundamental Grounding Topologies

Grounding Trees

Role of Switch-Mode Power Supplies in Grounding System Design

Ground Loops

Zoned Grounding

Equipment Enclosure and Signal Grounding

Rack and Cabinet Subsystem Grounding Architecture

Grounding Strategy Applied by System Size and Layout

Bibliography

Bonding Principles

Objectives of Bonding

Bond Impedance Requirements

Types of Bonds

Surface Treatment

Dissimilar Metals Consideration: Corrosion Control

Bibliography

Grounding for Power Distribution and Lightning Protection Systems

Introduction

Power System Earthing

Earthing for Low-Voltage Distribution System

Lightning Protection

The Earth Connection

Types of Earth Electrodes

Design of Earth Electrodes and their Layout

Measurement of Soil Resistivity, Earth Electrode Resistance and Earthing System Impedance

Reducing Earth Resistance

Bonding to Building Structures

Bibliography

Grounding in Wiring Circuits and Cable Shields

Introduction: System Interface Problems

To Ground or Not To Ground (Cable Shields)

Fundamentals of Cable Shielding

Shield Surface Transfer Impedance

Grounding Considerations in Signal Interfaces

Grounding of Transducers and Measurement Instrumentation Systems

Bibliography

Grounding of EMI Terminal Protection Devices

Filtering and Transient-Voltage Suppression-Complementary Techniques to Shielding

Types of Conducted Noise

Overview of Filtering and Transient Voltage Suppression

Grounding of Filters and Transient-Suppression Devices

Bibliography

Grounding on Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs)

Interference Sources on PCBs

"Grounding" on PCBs

Signal Propagation on PCBs

Return Path Discontinuities: "Mind the Gap"

Delta-I (D I ) and Simultaneous Switching Noise (SSN) in PCBs

Return Planes and PCB Layer Stack-up

Cuts and Splits in Return Planes

Grounding in Mixed-Signal Systems

Chassis Connections ("Chassis Stitching")

Bibliography

Integrated Facility and Platform Grounding System

Facility Grounding Subsystems

Grounding Requirements in Buildings or Facilities

Grounding for Preclusion of Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Effects in Facilities

Grounding Principles in Mobile Platforms and Vehicles

Bibliography

Glossary of Grounding-Related Terms and Definitions

Acronyms

Symbols and Constants

Grounding Related Standards, Specifications, and Handbooks

ANSI Standards

ATIS Standards

British Standards

CENELEC and ETSI Publications

IEC Standards

IEEE Standards

International Space Station (ISS) Program Standards

ITU-T Recommendations

Military Standards and Handbooks

NASA Standards and Handbooks

NFPA Codes and Standards

SAE Recommended Practices

TIA/EIA Standards

UL Standards

Other (Miscellaneous) Standards

On the Correspondence between Ohm's Law and Fermat's Least Time Principle

Origin of the LT/MP Principle

Statement of the LT/MP Principle

Derivation of the Equivalence between Ohm's Law and Fermat's Least Time Principle

Equivalence of Ohm's Law and the LT/MP Theory

Overview of S Parameters

Background

Ports and Interaction Matrices

The Scattering Matrix and S Parameters

The Scattering ( S ) Matrix

S 21, or "Forward Transmission Gain/Loss"

S 11, or "Input Return Loss"

S 22, or "Output Return Loss"

S 12, or "Reverse Gain and Reverse Isolation"

Characteristic Values of S Parameters

S Parameters in Loss-Free and Lossy Networks

The Loss-Free Network

Lossy Networks

Insertion Loss

Radiation Loss

Bibliography

Index

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.