Growth of Farm Animals

by T. L. J. Lawrence; V. R. Fowler

• ISBN13: 9780851994840
• ISBN10: 0851994849
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-12-19
• Publisher: Cab Intl

Summary

* Topics from the first edition expanded to form separate chapters dealing with the effects of hormones, genes and the immune system on growth * New chapters include tissues: growth and structure relative to product value for human consumption, mammary gland growth and product yield, and growth promoters * Additional updating of the text as appropriate * An understanding of the processes that change the shape and composition of farm animals is fundamental to all aspects of production. The book provides a comprehensive picture of how animals grow, change in shape and in composition, and of the factors which affect growth processes and dictate the extent and direction of changes within the animal.

Table of Contents

Preface to First Edition	xi
Preface to Second Edition	xii
General Aspects of Growth	1	(6)
Introduction	1	(1)
Being the Right Size	1	(1)
Why Do Animals Change in Form as They Grow?	2	(2)
Growth of the eye	3	(1)
Growth of wings	4	(1)
The pinna of the ear	4	(1)
Shape and Mass	4	(1)
Domestication and Size of Animal	5	(1)
Growth and Form	6	(1)
Domestication and Growth	6	(1)
References	6	(1)
Cells	7	(14)
Introduction	7	(1)
Cell Structure	7	(3)
General	7	(1)
The nucleus	8	(1)
The cytoplasm	9	(1)
Chemical Composition of Cells	10	(3)
General	10	(1)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)	11	(2)
Protein Synthesis and the Genetic Code	13	(1)
The Cell Cycle	14	(2)
Cellular Proliferation	16	(3)
Cell Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy	19	(2)
References	20	(1)
Tissues: Basic Structure and Growth	21	(65)
Introduction	21	(1)
Nervous Tissue	21	(2)
Introduction	21	(1)
Structure of basic tissue: cells and fibres	21	(2)
Major divisions and development of the nervous system	23	(1)
Connective Tissue	23	(33)
Structure and classification	23	(4)
Supportive connective tissue	27	(11)
Haemopoietic connective tissue	38	(1)
Loose connective tissue	38	(18)
Muscle Tissue	56	(20)
Introduction	56	(1)
Structure	56	(7)
Types	63	(2)
Chemical composition of muscles	65	(2)
Muscle growth	67	(9)
Epithelial Tissue	76	(10)
Types and structure	76	(1)
Integument	77	(1)
Hair and wool	77	(6)
References	83	(3)
Tissues: Growth and Structure Relative to Product Value for Human Consumption	86	(17)
Introduction	86	(1)
Carcass Yield, Composition and Quality	86	(4)
Carcass Tissues and Concepts of Meat Quality	90	(8)
General	90	(1)
From muscle in the live animal to lean meat in the carcass	90	(6)
From adipose tissue in the live animal to fat in the carcass	96	(2)
Fibre Yield and Quality	98	(5)
General	98	(1)
Wool	98	(2)
Goat hair	100	(1)
References	101	(2)
Mammary Gland Growth and Product Yield	103	(17)
Introduction	103	(1)
Mammary Gland Structure	103	(1)
Morphogenesis	104	(10)
General features	104	(1)
Measurement of growth and size	105	(1)
Prenatal period	106	(4)
Birth	110	(1)
Prepubertal period	111	(1)
Growth during recurring oestrous cycles	111	(1)
Changes during pregnancy	111	(1)
Growth at parturition, during lactation and at involution	112	(1)
Effects of external factors	112	(2)
Products of the Mammary Gland	114	(6)
General	114	(1)
Nutrient composition of colostrum and milk	115	(2)
Nutrient content and growth of sucking animals	117	(1)
References	118	(2)
Hormonal Influences on Growth	120	(26)
Introduction	120	(1)
Hormones	120	(26)
Hormones and metabolism: modes of action	120	(3)
Individual hormones and growth	123	(16)
Hormones and the control of food intake	139	(1)
Hormones and the photoperiodic control of growth	140	(3)
References	143	(3)
Genetic Influences on Growth	146	(14)
Introduction	146	(1)
Heritability of Growth and Growth-related Traits	146	(5)
Introduction	146	(3)
Selection differential, generation interval and genetic gain	149	(2)
Repeatability and breeding value	151	(1)
Hybrid Vigour	151	(2)
Undesirable Genetic Effects on Growth and Related Traits	153	(2)
Breeds	155	(1)
Biochemical and Physiological Considerations of Gene Action in Growth	155	(5)
References	158	(2)
The Immune Systems and Growth	160	(8)
Introduction	160	(1)
The Immune System, Disease and Growth	160	(3)
Endocrine and Immune System Interactions	163	(1)
The Immune System and Manipulation of Endocrine Function	164	(4)
References	167	(1)
Gametes, Fertilization and Embryonic Growth	168	(25)
Introduction	168	(1)
Meiosis, Gametes and Fertilization	168	(8)
Introduction	168	(1)
Meiosis and gametogenesis	169	(4)
Gametes and fertilization	173	(3)
Embryonic Development	176	(6)
Cleavage	176	(2)
Blastocyst formation and hatching	178	(2)
Gastrulation and tubulation	180	(2)
The Uterus, the Placenta and Embryonic Attachment	182	(6)
The uterus	182	(1)
The placenta and embryonic attachment	183	(5)
Post-gastrulation and Post-tubulation Embryonic Development	188	(1)
New Technologies and Embryo Growth	189	(4)
Techniques	189	(1)
Embryo growth	190	(1)
References	191	(2)
Prenatal and Postnatal Growth	193	(23)
Problems of Describing Growth	193	(3)
Growth in relation to time	193	(3)
Describing Prenatal and Postnatal Growth	196	(1)
Targets of Growth	197	(1)
Sequential Growth Targets	198	(3)
Changes in Proportion During Growth	201	(8)
Changes in proportion during prenatal growth	202	(3)
Size at birth	205	(1)
The first controversy: live weight as a determining variable	206	(2)
The second controversy: should fat be included as part of the independent variable?	208	(1)
Functional Units	209	(2)
Tissue Proportions: Breed and Slaughter Weight	211	(3)
Conclusions	214	(2)
References	215	(1)
Efficiency and Growth	216	(13)
Numerical Concepts of Efficiency	216	(1)
Energy as a Baseline for Feed Input	217	(1)
Units of Energy	217	(1)
The joule	217	(1)
The calorie	217	(1)
The Gros Energy of a Feed	218	(1)
Definitions of Feed Energy in Animal Systems	219	(1)
The Partition of Metabolizable Energy in the Growing Animal	220	(1)
Maintenance and Basal Metabolism	221	(1)
The Utilization of Dietary Energy above Maintenance	222	(2)
Growth Rate, Feed Intake and Efficiency	224	(1)
The Effect of Choice of Slaughter Weight on Efficiency	225	(2)
Once-bred Gilts and Once-bred Heifers	227	(1)
Efficiency, Slaughter Weight and Marketing	228	(1)
References	228	(1)
Compensatory Growth	229	(26)
Introduction	229	(1)
Factors Affecting Compensatory Growth	230	(9)
General factors	230	(1)
Animal factors	231	(3)
Nutritional factors	234	(5)
Components of Compensatory Growth	239	(9)
General	239	(1)
Changes in tissue proportions	240	(8)
Compensatory Growth and Overall Efficiency	248	(1)
Compensatory Growth: Problems of Interpretation	249	(6)
References	253	(2)
Growth and Puberty in Breeding Animals	255	(22)
Introduction	255	(1)
The Endocrinology of Puberty	256	(1)
Factors Affecting Puberty	256	(1)
Effects of Growth Rate on Puberty	257	(20)
General	257	(1)
Cattle	258	(5)
Pigs	263	(3)
Sheep	266	(4)
Horses	270	(1)
Poultry	271	(4)
References	275	(2)
Measuring Growth	277	(43)
Introduction	277	(1)
Measurements on the Live Animal	277	(23)
Live weight	277	(3)
Body measurements	280	(6)
Visual appraisal of live animal conformation	286	(2)
Dilution techniques	288	(1)
Neutron activation analysis	289	(1)
Probes	290	(1)
Balance studies	290	(1)
X-ray and computed tomography	291	(1)
Nuclear magnetic resonance	291	(4)
Ultrasonic techniques	295	(4)
Bioelectrical impedance analysis	299	(1)
Video image analysis	299	(1)
Cell size in adipose tissue	300	(1)
Urinary creatinine excretion	300	(1)
Measurements on the Carcass	300	(20)
General	300	(1)
Carcass weight and killing-out (or dressing-out) proportion	301	(1)
Specific gravity or density	302	(1)
Measurements taken by ruler and by probe	302	(7)
Visual appraisal (scoring)	309	(3)
Jointing and dissection techniques	312	(3)
Ultrasonic devices	315	(1)
Video image analysis	316	(1)
Bioelectrical impedance analysis	316	(1)
Electromagnetic scanning	317	(1)
References	317	(3)
`Growth Promotes', Performance Enhancers, Feed Additives and Alternative Approaches	320	(10)
Introduction	320	(1)
Classification of Growth Promoters and Performance Enhancers	320	(1)
Historical Note	321	(2)
Discovery	321	(1)
Concerns	322	(1)
The situation from 1999	322	(1)
How do antibiotics and antibacterials work?	323	(1)
Additives with the Potential to Replace Antibiotics in the Feeds of Pigs and Pre-ruminant Ruminants	323	(4)
Probiotics	323	(1)
Chemical probiosis	323	(1)
Diet pre-fermentation	324	(1)
Organic acids	324	(1)
Inorganic acids	324	(1)
Enzymes	325	(1)
Nutraceuticals	325	(1)
Zeolites and clay minerals	326	(1)
Inert organic substances	326	(1)
Antibacterials based on inorganic salts	326	(1)
Nitrates	326	(1)
Fermentable substrate - prebiotics, nutribiotics and synbiotics	327	(1)
Overview of Growth Promotion	327	(1)
Alternatives: Immunization and Immuno-nutrition	327	(1)
Alternatives: New Systems of Production	328	(1)
Optimum nutrition	328	(1)
Conclusions	328	(2)
References	329	(1)
The Future	330	(7)
Future Demand for Meat and Meat Products	330	(4)
Change in ethical views	330	(1)
Changes in the perception of meat as a healthy food	331	(3)
The Future Possibilities for Technical Advance	334	(2)
Nutrition	334	(1)
Technology and growth	334	(1)
Health of those engaged in animal production	335	(1)
Breeding	335	(1)
Meat processing and the image of meat	336	(1)
Conclusions	336	(1)
References	336	(1)
Index	337