This comprehensive reference gives an overview of geosynthetic polymers that comprise an important group of materials for lining landfills, mine leachate ponds and water containment facilities. The book begins with an introduction to geomembrane polymeric materials and their properties and manufacturing. Further discussions describe the different types of materials such as High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) as well as their properties, shortcomings and applications. Geomembrane survivability such as chemical exposure effects are also included. The book ends with final chapters covering quality control and quality assurance and leak detection and leak surveys.

Dr. John Scheirs is a polymer technologist with ExcelPlas Geomembrane Testing Services. He specializes in geomembrane properties, polymer selection, failure analysis and testing and evaluation of geomembrane materials. He has extensive experience in durability testing of many polymeric geomembranes, in addition to routine mechanical analysis, forensic investigation and weld testing of geomembranes and polymeric liners. He has worked widely with HDPE, fPP and PVC membranes. Previously he worked with Exxon-Mobil on the stabilization and long-term durability of HDPE polymers.

Series Preface
Preface
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction to Polymeric Geomembranes
Introduction
Viscoelastic Behaviour
Polymer Structure
Molecular Weight
Molecular Weight Distribution
Crystallinity
Properties of Polyethylenes
Stress-Strain Behaviour of Polymers
Melting Points
Geomembrane Manufacturing Methods
Blown Film
Flat Sheet Extrusion
Coextrusion
Calendering
Spread Coating
Extrusion Coated Geomembranes
Pin-Hole Detection
Texturing
Additives for Geomembranes
HDPE Geomembranes
Introduction
Structure-Property Relationships
Comparison of HDPE Geomembranes with Other Geomembranes
Durability and Survivability of HDPE
Selection of Quality HDPE Geomembranes
Common Failure Modes of HDPE Geomembranes
Multilayer HDPE Geomembranes
Fluorinated HDPE (F-HDPE)
Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Geomembranes
Introduction
Attributes of LLDPE Geomembranes
Limitations of LLDPE Geomembranes
Mechanical Properties
LLDPE Geomembrane Resins
Speciality Flexible Polyethylene Geomembranes
Very Low-Density Polyethylene (VLDPE) Geomembranes
Flexible Polypropylene (fPP) Geomembranes
Introduction
Attributes of fPP Geomembranes
Shortcomings of fPP Geomembranes
Performance Propeties of fPP Geomembranes
Applications
fPP Field Failures
CSPE Geomembranes
Introduction
Grades of Hypalon?
Attributes of CSPE Geomembranes
Limitations of CSPE Geomembranes
General Properties of CSPE Geomembranes
Comparisons of CSPE with Other Geomembranes
Applications of CSPE Geomembranes
Chemical Resistance of CSPE Geomembranes
PVC Geomembranes
Introduction
Attributes of PVC Geomembranes
Shortcomings of PVC
Properties of PVC Geomembranes
Failure Modes
Formulation of PVC Geomembranes
EIA Geomembranes
Introduction
Attributes of EIA-R Geomembranes
Limitations of EIA-R Geomembranes
Performance Properties of EIA-R Geomembranes
Comparison of EIA-R (XR-5?) Versus CSPE-R (Hypalon?) Geomembranes
Application Areas for EIA-R Geomembranes
EPDM Geomembranes
Introduction
Attributes of EPDM Geomembranes
Structure and Chemistry
Mechanical Properties
Advantages of EPDM over HDPE Geomembranes (Property Comparison)
Comparison between EPDM and PVC Geomembranes
Seaming EPDM Geomembranes
Applications
Service Life
Bituminous Geomembranes (BGMs)
Introduction
Prefabricated Bitumen Membranes
Composition and Construction
Longevity of Bituminous Geomembranes
Spray-in-Place Bitumen Membranes
Design Life of Bituminous Geomembranes
Specialty Geomembranes and Liners
EVA Liners/Geomembranes
Butyl Rubber Liners
Nitrile Rubber Geomembranes
Chlorinated Polyethylene (CPE)
Polyurethane (PU) Geomembranes
Acrylic-Coated Geomembranes/Geotextile Composites
PVDF Liners
Chemical Vapour Barrier Membranes
Key Performance Properties of Geomembranes
Specific Gravity (Density)
Mass per Unit Area
Thickness
Melting Point
Melt Flow Index
Thermal Expansion
Flexibility
Conformability for Intimate Contact
Ability to Resist/Accept Stress and Deformation
Tensile Properties
Puncture Resistance
Tear Resistance
Ply Adhesion of Reinforced Geomembranes
Resistance to Stress Cracking
Frictional Properties
Low-Temperature Properties
High-Temperature Capabilities
Oxidative Resistance
UV Resistance
Permeability of Geomembranes
Durability
Application Specific Performance Properties
Comparison of Performance Properties of Flexible Geomembranes
Testing of Geomembranes
Material Property Testing
Measuring Thickness
Density
Mass per Unit Area
Tensile Testing Methods
Tear Testing
Ply Adhesion
Puncture Resistance
Impact Resistance
Environmental Stress Cracking
Dimensional Stability
Friction Angles
Melt Flow Index (MFI)
Durability Testing
Tests for Additives
Carbonyl Index Measurements
Chemical Resistance Testing
Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes
Chemical Resistance Tables
Factors Affecting Chemical Resistance
Effects of Chemicals on Geomembranes
Chemical Resistance Testing
Geomembrane Chemical Resistance by Chemical Class
Geomembrane Chemical Resistance by Polymer Type
Environmental Stress Cracking
Failure Modes of Geomembranes
Potential for Geomembrane Damage
Failure of Installed Geomembranes
Application Areas for Geomembranes
Landfill Liners
Landfill Caps/Covers
Mining Applications
Floating Covers
Tank Liners
Welding of Geomembranes
Wedge Welding
Hot Air Fusion Welding
Extrusion Welding
General Overview of Thermal Welding Methods
Potential Thermal Welding Problems
Defects that can Affect Weld Integrity
Trial Welds and Field Welds
Chemical Welding of Geomembranes
General Welding Instructions for HDPE/LLDPE/fPP Geomembranes
General Welding Instructions for PVC Geomembranes
Geomembrane Weld Testing Methods
Introduction to Weld Testing
Visual Inspection of Welds
Nondestructive Seam Tests
Destructive Weld Tests
Forensic Weld Examination
Leak Location Testing
Geomembrane Installation Factors
Introduction
Design Considerations
Installation and Damage Considerations
Glossary
Geomembrane Test Methods
American Society for Testing and Material
Geomembrane (GM) Related Test Methods and Standards from GRI
Geomembrane Testing Methods Conversion Table ASTM and ISO
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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A Guide to Polymeric Geomembranes A Practical Approach

9780470519202

0470519207

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