Guidelines for Postrelease Mitigation Technology in the Chemical Process Industry

by Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS)

• ISBN13: 9780470935088
• ISBN10: 0470935081
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2010-09-01
• Publisher: Wiley-AIChE

Summary

This book puts together a body of very recent information never before presented in one volume on the design of post-release mitigation systems. The development of a fundamental knowledge base on post-release mitigation systems, through testing and data correlation, is very new. While further research and development is needed, this practical work offers guidance on putting post-release countermeasures to work now. The book presents current engineering methods for minimizing the consequences of the release of toxic vapors, or ignition of flammable vapors, including passive and active systems intended to reduce or eliminate significant acute effects of a dispersing vapor cloud in the plant facility, or into the surrounding community. As in all CCPS works, the book emphasizes planning and a systems approach, shows limitations of any methods discussed, and provides numerous references so that the reader may continue to learn.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Postrelease Mitigation

Introduction

Scope of This Book

Benefits of Postrelease mitigation Techniques

How to Use This Guideline

Guideline Organization and Content

References

Overview of release Scenarios and Post release. Mitigation

Introduction

Mitigation Categories

Prerelease Mitigation Techniques

Inherently Safer Design

Physical Integrity of a Plant

Process Integrity

Emergency Relief Treatment Systems

Emergency Process Abort Systems

Emergency Isolation of Releases

Release Scenarios and Consequences

Types of Releases

Liquid Releases

Liquid Pool Formation

Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases

Behavior of Flashing, Mixed Liquid-Vapor Releases

Gases/Vapors

Consequences of a release

Nature of Hazards

Toxic and Flammable Dispersion

Thermal Radiation

Explosions

Explosion Hazards

Postrelease Mitigation Techniques

Containment or Suppression to Limit Releases to the Air

Countermeasures

References

Vaporization Reduction

Introduction

Why Reduce Vaporization Rates?

Methodology

Refrigeration

Effect of Refrigeration on Vaporization Rates

System Issues

Reactive Materials

Covers

Vapor Suppression Foams

Dry Chemical Covers

Other Covering Techniques

Deliberate Ignition

References

Fluid Curtains

Introduction

Previous Work

Absorption/Mass Transfer

Air Dilution

Defining Spray Requirements for Mitigation

Water Curtain Design Example

Spray Nozzles

Water Supply Capacity, Pressurization, and Reliability

Fixed Water-Spray Systems

Monitor Nozzle and Hydrant Protection

Environmental Considerations

Vapor-Phase Dilution Systems

Overview

Steam Curtains

Air Curtains

Foam Scrubbing

Dry Powder Curtains

References

Secondary Containment

Introduction

Diking

Optimal Dike Geometry

Materials for Dike Construction

Provisions for Removal of Materials From a Dike

Regulatory Requirements Regarding Diking

Emergency Response Dikes

Double-Wall Containment

Enclosures

Transfer Vessels

Leak Plugging

Patching

Freezing

Physical Vapor Barriers

Overview

Vapor Fences

Vapor Boxes

Applicability of Vapor Barrier Devices

Effects of Process Equipment and Structures

References

Detection and Response

Introduction

Leak Detection

Fixed-Point Detectors

Sampling Systems

Portable Detectors

Detector System Response Times

Detector Placement

System Reliability

Emergency Response

Introduction

Fundamentals of a Comprehensive Emergency Response Plan

Emergency Response Training

Community Relationships and Interactions

Drills and Simulations

Table-Top Exercises

Plant-Wide Emergency Drills

Full-Scale Emergency Simulations

Temporary Havens

Criteria for Use

Design Criteria

Capacity

Communications and Other Equipment

References

Examples of Mitigation Effectiveness

Introduction

Consequence Modeling

Basis for Examples

Modeling Conditions

Effect of Diking

Use of Foam

Mitigation by Refrigeration

Pressure Storage of Ammonia

Refrigerated/Ammonia Storage

Refrigeration Combined with Diking

Use of Water Sprays

Mitigation System Selection

References

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