Guidelines for Use of Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models, 2nd Edition

by Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS)

• ISBN13: 9780470935064
• ISBN10: 0470935065
• Additional ISBN(s): 9780470935071, 9780816907021
• Format: eBook
• Copyright: 2010-09-01
• Publisher: Wiley-AIChE
• More Book Details
• Purchase Benefits

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

Nomenclature

Background and Objectives

Overview of Modeling Procedures, Including Rationale for Selecting Scenarios for Worked Examples

Types of Scenarios and Models

Gross Screening Analysis

Scenarios Selected for Worked Examples

Input Data Required

Source data

Site Characteristics

Meteorological Data and Formulas for Calculating Input Parameters

Receptor Related Data

Source Emission Models

Conceptual Process for Source Term Determination

Calculation of Source Terms

Gas Jet Releases

Liquid Jet Releases

Two-Phase Jet Releases

Liquid Pool Spreading

Liquid Pool Evaporation

Uncertainties in Source Term Estimation

Dispersion Models

Critical Richardson Number Criterion

Jet Trajectory and Entrainment

Momentum-Dominated Jets

Elevated Dense Gas Jets

Positively Buoyant Plumes

Dense Gas Release at grade

Background and Overview

Dense Gas Clouds in the Absence of Heat Exchange

Dense Gas Clouds in the Presence of Heat Exchanges

Transport and Dispersion of Neutrally Buoyant of Passive Gas Clouds

Simple Nomograms for Calculating the Dilution of Dense Gas Release

Three-Dimensional Numerical Models of Dense Gas Dispersion

Transport and Dispersion Near Buildings

Plume Confinement by Canyons

Concentrations on Building Faces Due to Releases from Vents

Concentrations on the Building Downwind Face (the Near-Wake) Due to Releases from Sources on the Building

Other Effects of Buildings

Worst Case Meteorological Conditions

Removal by Dry and Wet Deposition

Gravitational Settling of Large Particles of Aerosols

Dry Deposition of Small particles and Gases

Removal of Particles and Gases by Participation and Clouds (Wet Deposition)

Averaging Times, Concentration Fluctuations, and Modeling Uncertainties

Overview of Physical Considerations Related to Averaging Time

Overview of Characteristics of Concentration Fluctuations in Plumes

Predictions of Concentrations on the Plume Centerline at a Given Downwind Distance as a Function of Averaging Time, T _a

Predictions of Concentrations at a Given Receptor Position as a Function of Averaging Time, T _a

Threshold Crossing Probability

A general Structure for the Analysis of Model Uncertainties

Overview of Operational Vapor Cloud Models in Common Use

Summary of Commonly used Models

Characteristics of Commonly Used Vapor Cloud Dispersion Models

Evaluation of Models with Field Data

Description of Field Data Sets

Model Evaluation Procedures

Models Evaluated

Results of Model Evaluations

Summary of Seven Worked Examples

Description of Seven Scenarios Used for Worked Examples

Overview of Predicted Concentrations

Scenario 1: Release of Pressurized Liquid Chlorine

Scenario 2: Liquid (Cryogenic) Spill of Refrigerated Chlorine

Scenario 3: Liquid (Noncryogenic) Spill of Liquid Acetone

Scenario 4: Vertical Jet Release of a Dense Gas (Normal Butane)

Scenario 5: Release of SO₃ within a Building and Subsequent Dispersion of H₂SO₄ from a Vent on the Building

Scenario 6: Pressurized Horizontal Gas Jet Release of a Multicomponent Mixture

Scenario 7: Transient (Mitigated) Area-Source Release of Hydrogen Fluoride

References

Index

Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.