Handbook of Affect and Social Cognition

by Forgas, Joseph P.; Forgas, Joseph P.; Higgins, E. Tory; Petty, Richard E.

• ISBN13: 9780805832174
• ISBN10: 0805832173
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Lawrence Erlbau

Summary

This book offers a comprehensive review and integration of the most recent research and theories on the role of affect in social cognition and features original contributions from leading researchers in the field. The applications of this work to areas such as clinical, organizational, forensic, health, marketing, and advertising psychology receive special emphasis throughout. The book is suitable as a core text in advanced courses on the role of affect in social cognition and behavior or as a reference for those interested in the subject.

Table of Contents

Contributors	xiii
Preface	xv
Introduction: Affect and Social Cognition	1	(26)
Joseph P. Forgas
Philosophical and Speculative Theories Linking Affect and Cognition	6	(1)
Some Early Empirical Evidence for Affective Influences on Cognition and Judgments	7	(1)
Psychodynamic Approaches to Affect and Cognition	8	(1)
Conditioning Approaches to Affect and Cognition	9	(3)
The Emergence of a Cognitive Paradigm	12	(3)
Major Areas of Contemporary Research on Affect and Social Cognition	15	(6)
Affect and Cognition: Fundamental Issues and the Nature of the Relationship	16	(1)
Affective Influences on the Content of Cognition	17	(1)
Affect and Social Information Processing	18	(1)
Affective Influences on Social Motivation and Intentions	19	(1)
Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior	19	(1)
Personality and Individual Differences in Affectivity	20	(1)
Conclusion	21	(1)
References	22	(5)
I THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AFFECT AND COGNITION: FUNDAMENTAL ISSUES
The Interaction of Affect and Cognition: A Neurobiological Perspective	27	(23)
Ralph Adolphs
Antonio R. Damasio
Cognitive Affect	28	(2)
Affective Modulation of Memory, Attention, and Decision Making in Animals	30	(3)
Affect Modulates Declarative Memory	33	(4)
Affect Modulates Decision Making	37	(3)
Affect and Social Judgment	40	(3)
Conclusions	43	(2)
Acknowledgments	45	(1)
References	45	(5)
Affect and Attitudes: A Social Neuroscience Approach	50	(25)
Tiffany A. Ito
John T. Cacioppo
Why Social Neuroscience?	51	(1)
The Separability of Positive and Negative Affect	52	(8)
The Evaluative Space Model	54	(3)
Neural Substrates	57	(1)
Negativity Bias	58	(1)
Summary	59	(1)
Representation of Evaluative Processes Across the Neuraxis	60	(9)
Feeling without Knowing	63	(2)
Applications to Implicit and Explicit Prejudice	65	(2)
Different Evaluative Mechanisms or Decreased Activation with Practice?	67	(1)
Summary	68	(1)
Conclusion	69	(1)
References	70	(5)
Affect and Cognitive Appraisal Processes	75	(20)
Craig A. Smith
Leslie D. Kirby
Appraisal Theory: Its Purpose and Major Assumptions	77	(3)
Structural Models of Appraisal	80	(4)
Toward a Process Model of Appraisal	84	(5)
Appraisal Theory, Affect, and Social Cognition	89	(1)
References	90	(5)
II AFFECTIVE INFLUENCES ON THE CONTENT OF COGNITION
Mood and Social Memory	95	(26)
Gordon H. Bower
Joseph P. Forgas
Affective Features of Social Episode Representations	96	(2)
Memory for Emotional Episodes	98	(1)
Affective Recall without Factual Recall	99	(4)
Emotional Units in Associative Networks	103	(1)
Mood-Dependent Retrieval	104	(4)
Mood-Congruent Processing	108	(2)
Limitations on Mood Congruity	110	(2)
Information-Processing Strategies that Moderate Mood Effects on Memory	112	(3)
Summary and Conclusions	115	(1)
Acknowledgments	116	(1)
References	117	(4)
Affect as Information	121	(24)
Gerald L. Clore
Karen Gasper
Erika Garvin
Affect and Judgment	122	(7)
Traditional Views	122	(1)
The Affect-as-Information View	123	(6)
Mood and Processing	129	(7)
Priming and Processing	133	(3)
Mood and Memory	136	(3)
Summary	139	(1)
Acknowledgments	140	(1)
References	141	(4)
Affective Influences on the Self-Concept: Qualifying the Mood-Congruency Principle	145	(18)
Constantine Sedikides
Jeffrey D. Green
The Affect Infusion Model	147	(9)
Type of Self-Conceptions	147	(4)
Individual Differences	151	(3)
Judgmental Task Features	154	(2)
Concluding Remarks	156	(2)
References	158	(5)
III AFFECTIVE INFLUENCES ON SOCIAL INFORMATION PROCESSING
Affective Influences on Social Information Processing	163	(23)
Klaus Fiedler
A Fundamental Processing Dichotomy	165	(17)
Basic Assumptions, Methods, and Findings	166	(2)
Mood-Congruency Effects	168	(1)
Mood Effects on Information-Processing Style	169	(2)
Boundary Conditions of Mood-Congruent Memory and Judgment	171	(1)
Integrating the Evidence in Terms of Processing Differences: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM)	172	(4)
The Processing Consequences of Affect	176	(1)
Affect, Cognition, and Adaptive Learning: Assimilation versus Accommodation	177	(5)
Summary and Conclusions	182	(1)
References	183	(3)
Promotion and Prevention Experiences: Relating Emotions to Nonemotional Motivational States	186	(26)
E. Tory Higgins
Promotion and Prevention Focus Concerns	189	(3)
Promotion and Prevention: Nonemotional Motivational States	192	(3)
Promotion and Prevention: Emotional Experiences	195	(5)
Promotion and Prevention Experiences of Motivational Strength	200	(3)
Additional Implications of Promotion and Prevention for Emotion	203	(5)
Acknowledgments	208	(1)
References	208	(4)
The Role of Affect in Attitude Change	212	(25)
Richard E. Petty
David DeSteno
Derek D. Rucker
Attitude Structure	215	(1)
Attitude Change with Relevant Affect	216	(2)
Affective versus Cognitive Appeals	216	(1)
Fear Appeals	217	(1)
Attitude Change with Irrelevant (Incidental) Affect	218	(10)
Effects of Emotional Factors Under Low-Elaboration Conditions	219	(2)
Effects of Emotional Factors Under High-Elaboration Conditions	221	(2)
Effects of Emotional Factors Under Moderate-Elaboration Conditions	223	(3)
Mood-Correction Effects	226	(2)
Conclusion	228	(1)
References	228	(9)
IV AFFECTIVE INFLUENCES ON MOTIVATION AND INTENTIONS
The Role of Affect in Cognitive-Dissonance Processes	237	(19)
Eddie Harmon-Jones
Overview of the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance	238	(2)
Research Paradigms	239	(1)
Role of Negative Affect	240	(1)
A Conceptualization of Why Dissonance Produces Negative Affect	240	(1)
Cognitive Discrepancy as an Antecedent of Negative Affect	241	(4)
Dissonance and Physiological Responses	241	(1)
Dissonance and Self-Reported Negative Affect	242	(1)
Using Assessments of Negative Affect to Understand the Motivation Underlying Dissonance Reduction	242	(2)
Critical Evaluation	244	(1)
On the Causal Relation Between Dissonance, Affect, and Discrepancy Reduction	245	(5)
The Relation of Dissonance-Produced Affect to Discrepancy Reduction	245	(2)
Dissonance and Misattribution of Affect	247	(2)
Independent Sources of Affect and Discrepancy Reduction	249	(1)
Affective Consequences of Cognitive-Discrepancy Reduction	250	(2)
Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Physiological Responses?	251	(1)
Does Discrepancy Reduction Decrease Negative Affect?	251	(1)
Resolving Discrepant Findings for Physiological Responses and Reported Affect	252	(1)
Summary and Conclusions	252	(1)
Acknowledgments	252	(1)
References	253	(3)
Mood as a Resource in Processing Self-Relevant Information	256	(19)
Yaacov Trope
Melissa Ferguson
Raj Raghunathan
Mood as a Resource in Overcoming Defensiveness	257	(5)
Mood-Incongruent Information Search	258	(3)
Self-Induced Positive Mood	261	(1)
Mood as a Resource and Mood as a Goal	262	(1)
Research on Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Feedback-Seeking Behavior	263	(4)
Mood as a Resource versus a Goal in Processing Persuasive Messages	267	(3)
Mood-Incongruent Recall	267	(1)
Affective Consequences of Processing	268	(1)
Attitudes and Behavioral Intentions	269	(1)
Conclusions	270	(2)
References	272	(3)
The Role of Motivated Social Cognition in the Regulation of Affective States	275	(18)
Maureen Wang Erber
Ralph Erber
The Search for Mood Repair	276	(3)
The Social Constraints Model of Mood Regulation and Processing	279	(5)
Mood Regulation: What and When	284	(1)
Research Supporting the Social Constraints Model: The Coolness Effect	285	(1)
Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis I: Strangers versus Romantic Couples	286	(1)
Research Supporting the Appropriateness Hypothesis II: Accepting versus Critical Others	287	(1)
Some Parting Thoughts	288	(1)
References	289	(4)
V AFFECTIVE INFLUENCES ON COGNITIVELY MEDIATED SOCIAL BEHAVIORS
Affect, Cognition, and Interpersonal Behavior: The Mediating Role of Processing Strategies	293	(26)
Joseph P. Forgas
Affect Congruence in Interpersonal Behavior	295	(1)
Affect Infusion: A Question of Processing Style?	296	(4)
Affective Influences on Behavior Interpretation	300	(2)
Affect and Eyewitness Memory for Observed Interactions	302	(1)
Affective Influences on Spontaneous Interaction	303	(1)
Affect Infusion and Interpersonal Strategies: Making a Request	304	(3)
Affective Influences on Responding to Unexpected Social Situations	307	(1)
Affective Influences on Planned Strategic Encounters	308	(3)
Affective Influences on Persuasive Communication	311	(1)
The Interaction Between Affect and Cognitive-Processing Strategies	312	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	314	(2)
Acknowledgments	316	(1)
References	316	(3)
Affective Influences on Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations	319	(25)
Galen V. Bodenhausen
Thomas Mussweiler
Shira Gabriel
Kristen N. Moreno
The Affective Context of Intergroup Relations	320	(6)
Chronic Integral Affect	321	(1)
Episodic Integral Affect	322	(2)
Incidental Affect	324	(2)
Mechanisms of Affective Influence on the Stereotyping Process	326	(11)
Category Identification	326	(2)
Stereotype Activation	328	(2)
Stereotype Application	330	(6)
Stereotype Correction	336	(1)
Final Thoughts	337	(1)
References	338	(6)
Affect and Health-Relevant Cognition	344	(27)
Peter Salovey
Jerusha B. Detweiler
Wayne T. Steward
Brian T. Bedell
Induced Mood and Thoughts about Health	346	(3)
Direct Effects of Mood on Illness: Findings from Psychoneuroimmunology	349	(2)
Induced Mood and Immunologic Parameters	349	(1)
Laughter and Immunity	350	(1)
Dispositional Links Between Mood and Health	351	(7)
Optimism	351	(1)
Hope	352	(1)
Religiosity	353	(1)
Mood-Regulatory Skills	354	(1)
Hardiness	355	(1)
Negative Affectivity	356	(1)
Affect Intensity	357	(1)
Mood and Attentional Focus	358	(1)
Affect, Health-Relevant Cognition, and Social Support	359	(2)
Changes in Mood Motivate Health-Relevant Behaviors	361	(1)
Conclusion	362	(1)
Acknowledgments	363	(1)
References	363	(8)
VI THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES IN AFFECTIVITY
Personality as a Moderator of Affective Influences on Cognition	371	(21)
Cheryl L. Rusting
Personality Traits that Enhance Mood-Congruent Processing	375	(4)
Extraversion and Neuroticism	375	(3)
Other Negative Traits	378	(1)
Personality Traits that Reverse Negative Mood-Congruent Processing	379	(4)
Mood-Regulation	380	(2)
Self-Esteem	382	(1)
When Are Personality and Mood Effects on Cognition Present?	383	(4)
Type of Mood Induction	384	(1)
Motivations to Regulate Emotions	385	(1)
Type of Cognitive Task	386	(1)
Difficulties in Research on Personality, Mood, and Cognition	387	(1)
References	388	(4)
Affect, Stress, and Personality	392	(18)
Jerry Suls
The Big Five, Affective Experience, and Stress	394	(2)
Neuroticism and Responses to Life Events	396	(3)
Processes Contributing to the Neurotic Cascade	399	(3)
Personality in the Context of Affective-Cognitive Networks	402	(1)
Person x Environment Fit: The Case of Agreeableness	403	(2)
Conclusions	405	(1)
Acknowledgments	406	(1)
References	406	(4)
Emotion, Intelligence, and Emotional Intelligence	410	(23)
John D. Mayer
Putting Emotion and Cognition in Their Place	413	(5)
The Trilogy of Mind	413	(2)
Other Parts of Personality	415	(1)
Emotional Traits	415	(1)
Cognitive Traits	416	(1)
Emotion and Cognition: What Is Intelligence and What Is Not?	417	(1)
The Theory of Emotional Intelligence	418	(5)
Emotion as Information	418	(1)
Emotional Perception	419	(1)
Emotional Integration	420	(1)
Understanding Emotion	421	(1)
Management of Emotion	422	(1)
Emotional Intelligence as a Standard Intelligence	423	(3)
Measuring Emotional Intelligence as an Ability	423	(1)
A Description of the MEIS	424	(1)
Scoring the MEIS	425	(1)
Findings with the MEIS	425	(1)
Discussion and Conclusion	426	(2)
References	428	(5)
Author Index	433	(18)
Subject Index	451