Handbook of Australian Languages Volume 5

by Dixon, R. M. W.; Blake, Barry J.

• ISBN13: 9780195549980
• ISBN10: 0195549988
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-31
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Of the 5000-odd languages in the world, about half are spoken by only a few people and are endangered. A large number of Australian Aboriginal languages are in this situation, but efforts are being made to maintain such languages and even to revive languages no longer in active use. In this volume we present descriptions of three languages with fewer than 200 speakers: Bunuba in the Kimberley district of Western Australia, Ndjebbana in central Arnhem Land, and Nganhcara on Cape York. Whatever the fate of these languages, the present descriptions will serve as a record of their current state and a resource for the future. Each description follows the standard Handbook format and the terminology is designed to make the data accessible to more than just a specialist readership. The volume also contains a survey of the way Australia's indigenous languages are being used today in education and the media.

Table of Contents

List Of Maps	xv
Preface	xvi
Contributors' Addresses	xviii
Abbreviations	xix
AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES: THEIR CONTEMPORARY STATUS AND FUNCTIONS
Mary Laughren
Introduction	1	(1)
Aboriginal Languages Within an Australian National Language Policy	2	(2)
National Aboriginal Languages Program	2	(1)
Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Languages Program	2	(1)
Regional Aboriginal Language Resource Centres	3	(1)
Aboriginal And Torres Strait Islander Education Policy	3	(1)
Languages Other Than English	4	(1)
Aboriginal Languages in Education	4	(16)
Bilingual Education Programs	5	(3)
Bilingual Education Programs In The Northern Territory	5	(2)
Bilingual Education Programs Beyond The Northern Territory	7	(1)
Language Instruction Programs	8	(10)
Northern Territory	9	(3)
Victoria	12	(1)
South Australia	13	(1)
Queensland	14	(1)
Western Australia	15	(1)
New South Wales	16	(1)
Indigenous Languages Framework	17	(1)
Aboriginal Languages And Aboriginal Teacher Education	18	(1)
Aboriginal Languages And Aboriginal Linguists	19	(1)
Non-Traditional Modes of Linguistic Expression	20	(7)
Written Language In Print	20	(2)
Aboriginal Literature For The General Public	21	(1)
Major Texts Translated Into Aboriginal Languages	22	(1)
Aboriginal Place Names	22	(1)
Written Language On Video	23	(1)
Written Language In Electronic Media	23	(1)
Standardised Orthographies	23	(1)
Aboriginal Languages And The Mass Media: Radio, Television, Film, Sound Recordings	24	(1)
Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association	24	(1)
Torres Strait Media Association	24	(1)
Warlpiri Media Association	24	(1)
Puranyanu Rangka Kerrem Aboriginal Radio	25	(1)
Ernabella TV	25	(1)
Broadcasting For Remote Aboriginal Communities Scheme	25	(1)
National Broadcasters And Aboriginal Languages	25	(1)
Aboriginal Language In Film	25	(1)
Non-Traditional Oral Forms Of Aboriginal Language Use	25	(2)
Interpreting And Translation Services In Aboriginal Languages	27	(1)
Aboriginal Language Research and Documentation	27	(8)
Acknowledgements	29	(1)
Appendix Regional Aboriginal Language Resource Centres	30	(5)
BUNUBA
Alan Rumsey
Introduction	35	(5)
Linguistic Type	35	(1)
Language Name And Dialect Variation	36	(1)
Territory And Neighbours	36	(1)
Speech Styles	37	(1)
Present Situation	37	(1)
Past Investigations	38	(2)
Phonology	40	(10)
Phonemes And Their Realisation	40	(7)
A Note On Spelling	40	(1)
Pronunciation	41	(6)
Phonotactics	47	(2)
Stress	49	(1)
Morphology	50	(55)
Parts Of Speech	51	(1)
Noun Morphology	52	(18)
Case Markers	52	(12)
Nominal Number Marking	64	(2)
Other Nominal Markers	66	(3)
Nominal Reduplication	69	(1)
Pronoun Morphology	70	(5)
Cardinal Pronouns	70	(3)
Other Free-Standing Pronouns	73	(2)
Verb Morphology	75	(24)
The Roots And Their Conjugation Classes	76	(1)
The Preverb	77	(3)
Pronominal Prefixes	80	(8)
Tense And Mode	88	(5)
Reflexive-Reciprocal Marking	93	(1)
Number Suffixes	94	(2)
Subordinate Clause Marker	96	(1)
Proximad Suffix	96	(1)
Oblique Pronominal Suffixes	96	(1)
Continuative Aspect	97	(1)
Iterative Aspect	97	(1)
Verbal Qualification	98	(1)
Other Parts Of Speech	99	(6)
Adverbs	99	(1)
Mode Particles	100	(1)
Qualifying Clitics	101	(4)
Interjections	105	(1)
Syntax	105	(18)
Sentence Types	105	(7)
Simple Sentences Which Include A Verb	105	(6)
Simple Sentences Without Verbs	111	(1)
Phrases	112	(6)
Verb Phrases	112	(1)
Noun Phrases	112	(6)
Reflexive-Reciprocal Clauses	118	(2)
Complex Sentences	120	(3)
Finite Subordinate Clauses	120	(1)
Purposive Clauses	121	(1)
Ma Framing Constructions	122	(1)
Gun.Gunma `Mother-In-Law Talk'	123	(5)
Contexts Of Use	123	(1)
The Structure Of Gun.Gunma	124	(4)
Person Reference	124	(1)
Patterns Of Word Replacement	125	(1)
The Gun.Gunma Verb Complex	126	(2)
Texts	128	(6)
Crocodile And Parrot (Johnny Marr)	128	(2)
How And How Not To Treat Cattle (Billy Oscar)	130	(4)
Vocabulary	134	(21)
Vocabulary In Semantic Fields	133	(9)
Alphabetical Vocabulary	142	(13)
Acknowledgements	152	(3)
NDJEBBANA
Graham McKay
The Language and its Speakers	155	(15)
Linguistic Type	155	(1)
Tribal And Language Names	156	(1)
Territory And Neighbours	157	(1)
Sociolinguistic Information	157	(10)
Present Situation	167	(1)
Previous Investigations	168	(1)
Sources For The Present Study	169	(1)
Phonology	170	(20)
Phonemes And Their Realisations	170	(7)
Stops	170	(4)
Liquids, Nasals, Semivowels	174	(1)
Vowels	174	(1)
Stress And Vowel Length	175	(1)
Contraction	175	(1)
Minimal Pairs	176	(1)
Phonotactics	177	(3)
Syllable Structure	177	(1)
Initial Segments Of Syllable And Word	177	(2)
Final Segments Of Syllable And Word	179	(1)
Final Consonant Clusters	179	(1)
Intersyllabic Consonant Clusters	179	(1)
Stress, Vowel Alternations And Underlying Forms	180	(4)
Stress Shifting And Underlying Forms	182	(1)
Vowel Harmony	183	(1)
Stop Alternations	184	(3)
Stop Gemination And Lenition Rules	184	(1)
Root Initial Alternations On Verbs	185	(1)
Exceptions Amongst Verbs	185	(1)
Stop Alternations Amongst Nominals	186	(1)
Exceptions Amongst Nominals	187	(1)
Discourse Feature Of Vowel Length For Extent	187	(1)
Practical Orthography	188	(2)
Orthographic Model	188	(1)
Orthographic Conventions (Spelling Rules)	188	(1)
Morphophonemic Processes And The Orthography	189	(1)
The Orthography In Use	189	(1)
Morphology	190	(85)
Parts Of Speech	190	(1)
Nominals	190	(12)
Case Inflections	191	(1)
Nominal Classes---Gender	192	(2)
Nominal Classes---Possession	194	(5)
Extent Suffix	199	(2)
Other Nominal Affixes	201	(1)
Pronominal Forms	202	(11)
Pronominal Categories	202	(2)
Independent And Suffix Pronouns	204	(4)
Pronominal Prefix Forms	208	(3)
Analysis Of Pronominal Prefix Forms	211	(2)
Indefinite Forms	213	(3)
Interrogative/Indefinite Forms	213	(2)
Uncertainty Indefinites	215	(1)
Demonstratives	216	(2)
Verb Morphology	218	(57)
Elements Of The Verb Complex	218	(1)
Transitivity Classes	219	(3)
Pronominal Affixes	222	(1)
Tense, Mood And Aspect: An Overview	222	(4)
Tense/Mood Inflectional Affixes	226	(14)
Verb Conjugation Classes---Summary	240	(3)
Conjugation 1	243	(5)
Conjugation 2	248	(3)
Conjugation 3	251	(1)
Conjugation 4	251	(2)
Conjugation 5	253	(1)
Conjugation 6	254	(2)
Conjugation 7	256	(1)
Conjugation 8	257	(1)
Irregular Verbs	258	(2)
Morphophonemic Processes Of The Verb	260	(2)
Derivational Affixes	262	(5)
Verb Compounding With Balo	267	(1)
Phrasal Verbs	268	(4)
Verb Auxiliary Construction	272	(1)
Agreement: Person, Number, Gender	273	(2)
Syntax	275	(37)
Basic Clause	275	(1)
Verb As Predicate	276	(16)
Transitivity In The Basic Verbal Clause	278	(1)
Expanding Core Arguments: Independent Pronouns And Nominals	279	(2)
Circumstantial Modification Of Basic Clause	281	(1)
Cohesive Repetition	282	(1)
Constituent Order Within The Clause	283	(3)
Auxiliary Construction	286	(3)
Repetition For Duration And Extent	289	(1)
Reflexive/Reciprocal Clauses	290	(1)
To Accompany, Collaborate Or Do It `With' Someone	290	(1)
Existential Clauses	291	(1)
Non-Verbal Predicate	292	(1)
Noun Phrase	293	(3)
Nominal Plus Qualifier Phrases	293	(1)
Possession Phrases	294	(2)
Negation And The Counterfactual	296	(4)
Clause Negation	296	(1)
Nominal Phrase Negation	297	(2)
Counterfactual Clauses	299	(1)
Imperative Clauses And Other Instructions	300	(2)
Single Word Imperative Interjections	300	(1)
Imperatives	301	(1)
Future As Imperative	301	(1)
Negative Imperative	301	(1)
Hortative Clauses	302	(1)
Questions	302	(1)
Yes/No Questions	302	(1)
Tag Questions	303	(1)
Information Questions	303	(1)
Aversative Clauses	303	(2)
Coordination	305	(3)
Clause Linking	305	(2)
Nominal Phrase Coordination	307	(1)
Subordination	308	(4)
Time Clauses With Extent Suffix	308	(1)
Complement Clauses	308	(2)
Clause As Noun Phrase Or Qualifier	310	(1)
Time And Place Clauses	310	(2)
Conditional Clauses	312	(1)
Semantics	312	(3)
Comparison	313	(1)
Sameness Or Similarity	313	(1)
Sameness Or Identity	313	(1)
Gradable Comparison	314	(1)
Technology And Gender Classes	314	(1)
Alienability And Possession Marking	314	(1)
Texts	315	(13)
Text 7	315	(3)
Text 9	318	(4)
Text 25	322	(6)
Vocabulary	328	(29)
Semantic Fields Wordlist	328	(12)
Alphabetical Wordlist	340	(11)
List Of Affixes	351	(6)
Acknowledgements	353	(1)
Appendices	354	(1)
Appendix 1 Identification Of Persons	354	(1)
Appendix 2 Ndjebbana And Eastern Arnhem Land Subsection Names	354	(3)
KUGU NGANHCARA
Ian Smith
Steve Johnson
Dedication	357	(1)
The Language and its Speakers	357	(16)
Linguistic Type	357	(1)
Social Group And Language Names	358	(5)
Patrilectal Characteristics	361	(2)
Territory And Neighbours	363	(2)
Sociolinguistic Situation	365	(4)
Patrilect As Social Reality	365	(1)
Individual And Clan-Linked Variation	366	(2)
Dialect, Sociolect And Patriclan	368	(1)
Present Situation	369	(3)
Aurukun	370	(1)
Edward River	371	(1)
Previous Work	372	(1)
This Study	372	(1)
Phonology	373	(11)
Phonemes And Their Realisation	373	(5)
Consonants	374	(2)
Vowels	376	(2)
Phonotactics	378	(4)
Consonants	378	(3)
Vowels	381	(1)
Reduplication	382	(1)
Sandhi Phenomena	383	(1)
Final Velar Nasal Reduction	383	(1)
Initial Stop Lenition	383	(1)
Apocope	383	(1)
Epenthesis	384	(1)
Accent And Syllable Timing	384	(1)
Morphology and Morphophonemics	384	(31)
Parts Of Speech	386	(2)
Noun	386	(1)
Pronoun	386	(1)
Adjective	386	(1)
Quantifier	387	(1)
Demonstrative	387	(1)
Verb	388	(1)
Adverb	388	(1)
Particle	388	(1)
Interjection	388	(1)
Case Marking And Noun Morphology	388	(9)
Case-Marking Enclitics	389	(6)
Demonstratives	395	(2)
Derivations	397	(1)
Pronouns	397	(8)
Free Pronoun Declension	397	(1)
Bound Pronouns I: Form	398	(3)
Bound Pronouns II: External Syntax	401	(1)
Bound Pronouns III: Internal Syntax	402	(2)
Interrogatives (Indefinites)	404	(1)
Verb Morphology	405	(10)
Transitivity	405	(1)
Conjugation	406	(1)
Central Concord System	406	(3)
Imperative	409	(1)
Historic	410	(1)
Durative/Iterative	410	(1)
Wik Iyanh Forms	411	(1)
Infinitive	411	(1)
Reciprocal	411	(1)
Causative	412	(2)
Inchoative	414	(1)
Intransitive -Ma	414	(1)
Transitive Verbaliser (English Loans)	414	(1)
Syntax	415	(29)
Verbal Clauses	415	(3)
Constituent Order	415	(1)
Core Constituents: S, A, O	415	(1)
Non-Core NP	415	(1)
Adjective Phrase	416	(1)
Floating Absolutive NP	416	(1)
Adverbial	417	(1)
Adverbial Phrase	417	(1)
Non-Existential Verbless Clauses	418	(1)
Case-Marked NP	418	(1)
Adjective Phrase Or Quantifier	418	(1)
Locational Or Temporal Expression	418	(1)
Floating Absolutive NP	418	(1)
Verbless Clauses As Basic Clause Type	419	(1)
Existential Clauses	419	(1)
Noun Phrase	419	(6)
Associated Pronoun	420	(1)
Number	421	(1)
Case Marking I: Clitics As Case Markers	421	(2)
Case Marking II: Sequences Of Case-Marking Enclitics	423	(1)
Case Marking III: The Irregular Demonstrative Forms	424	(1)
Case Marking IV: Implications For The Status Of Privative And Comitative	424	(1)
Word-Level Derivations	425	(3)
Reciprocal	426	(1)
Inchoative	427	(1)
Causative	427	(1)
Possession	428	(1)
Subordination	428	(6)
General Subordinate Clause With -Ni	430	(2)
Infinitival Subordinate Clauses	432	(2)
Coordination	434	(1)
Conjoined NPs	434	(1)
Clausal Conjunction	434
Conditionals	345	(1)
Polar Interrogatives	346	(90)
Negation	436	(1)
Imperatives	437	(1)
Pre- And Post-Verbal Particles And Enclitics	438	(4)
Other Sentential Particles And Enclitics	442	(2)
Interjections (Including Vocatives)	444	(1)
Semantics and the Lexicon	444	(11)
Compounds	444	(2)
Nominal Compounds	444	(1)
Verbal Compounds	445	(1)
`Generics' (Classifiers)	446	(2)
Minha `Animal (Meat)'	446	(1)
Nga'a `Seafood'	446	(1)
Mayi `Vegetable'	446	(1)
Waka `Grass'	447	(1)
Yuku `Thing, Tree'	447	(1)
Agu `Place'	447	(1)
Pama `Man', Kuyu `Woman', Pukpe `Child'	447	(1)
Kugu `Speech'	448	(1)
Unclassified Words	448	(1)
Kinship Terms	448	(1)
Directionals	449	(5)
Core Directionals	449	(1)
Basic Demonstrative-Directionals	449	(3)
Side	452	(1)
Direction Of Motion	452	(1)
Motion Towards And Away From A Reference Point	452	(2)
Respect Register	454	(1)
Texts	455	(17)
Some Customs Surrounding Childbirth	456	(7)
Curlew And Crow (A Dreamtime Story)	463	(4)
Fighting	467	(5)
Vocabulary	472	(18)
Vocabulary By Semantic Field	472	(7)
Alphabetical Vocabulary	479	(7)
List Of Grammatical Morphemes	486	(4)
Author's Note	488	(1)
Acknowledgements	489	(1)
References	490