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9780824703509

Handbook of Detergents, Part D: Formulation

by ;
  • ISBN13:

    9780824703509

  • ISBN10:

    0824703502

  • Edition: 1st
  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2005-07-27
  • Publisher: CRC Press

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Summary

Beyond use in the consumer markets, detergents affect applications ranging from automotive lubricants to remediation techniques for oil spills and other environmental contaminants, paper and textile processing, and the formulation of paints, inks, and colorants. Faced with many challenges and choices, formulators must choose the composition of detergents carefully. The fourth and latest installment of the Handbook of Detergents, Part D: Formulation enables formulators to meet the demands of the increasing complexity of formulations, economic and sustainability constraints, and reducing the impact of detergents on the environment to which they will eventually be released.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Detergents
1(26)
Michael S. Showell
Introduction
2(2)
Common Detergent Ingredients
4(9)
Surfactants
4(1)
Dispersing Polymers
4(4)
Builders and Chelants
8(1)
Bleaching Systems
9(1)
Solvents
10(1)
Performance Enhancing Minor Ingredients
11(2)
Representative Detergent Formulations
13(2)
Laundry Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Dishwash Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Hard Surface Cleaning Formulations
13(1)
Personal Care Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Oral Care Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Agricultural Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Automobile Detergent Formulations
13(1)
Detergent Formulations for Cleaning Food Processing Equipment
14(1)
Detergent Formulations for Metal Component Cleaning
15(1)
Detergency Theory and Mechanisms
15(12)
Removal Mechanisms
19(4)
Suspension Mechanisms
23(1)
Acknowledgments
24(1)
References
25(2)
Statistical Mixture Design for Optimization of Detergent Formulations
27(24)
Samir S. Ashrawi
George A. Smith
Introduction
27(2)
Mixture Design Experiments
29(2)
Examples of Mixture Design Experiments
31(18)
Heavy Duty Liquid Detergent Optimization
32(7)
Light Duty Liquid Detergent Optimization
39(6)
Detergent Concentrate Robustness Study
45(4)
Conclusions
49(2)
References
49(2)
Laundry Detergent Formulations
51(54)
Randall A. Watson
Introduction
52(2)
Scope of Chapter
52(1)
Why Different Forms?
52(2)
Unifying Formulation Concepts
54(2)
Typical Laundry Detergent Ingredients
56(10)
Surfactants
56(1)
Anionic Surfactants
56(1)
Nonionic Surfactants
56(2)
Cationic Surfactants
58(1)
Others
58(1)
Builders
58(1)
Polymers
59(2)
Enzymes
61(1)
Bleach
62(1)
Chelating Agents
63(1)
Perfumes
63(2)
``Minors''
65(1)
Heavy Duty Granules
66(5)
Phosphate vs. Nil-Phosphate
67(2)
Low Density vs. High Density
69(1)
Machine Wash vs. Handwash
70(1)
Heavy Duty Liquids
71(11)
Isotropic Liquids
71(5)
Structured Liquids
76(3)
Bleach-Containing Liquids
79(2)
Dual-Bottle Liquids
81(1)
Unit Dose Detergents
82(8)
Tablets
82(5)
Liqui-Tabs
87(2)
Sheets
89(1)
Laundry Bars
90(3)
Specialty Detergents
93(6)
Care Formulas
94(2)
2-in-1 Detergents
96(3)
Summary
99(6)
Acknowledgments
100(1)
References
100(5)
Dishwashing Detergents for Household Applications
105(48)
Jichun Shi
William M. Scheper
Mark R. Sivik
Glenn T. Jordan
Jean-Francois Bodet
Brian X. Song
Summary
106(1)
Introduction
106(3)
Market Penetration of Residential Automatic Dishwashers
107(1)
Smaller Households
108(1)
Busier Consumer Lifestyles
108(1)
Hand Dishwashing Detergents
109(13)
Chemistry of Hand Dishwashing
109(1)
Hand Dishwashing Process
109(1)
Methods of Hand Dish Washing
110(1)
Mechanisms of Cleaning by Hand Dishwashing Detergents
111(1)
Basic Building Blocks of Hand Dishwashing Detergents
112(1)
Surfactants
112(1)
Foam or Suds Stabilizers
113(2)
Hydrotropes and Dissolution Aids
115(1)
Recent Developments in Key Hand Dishwashing Technologies
115(1)
Surfactants
115(1)
Low-IFT Grease Cleaning Technologies
116(2)
Suds Boosting Polymers
118(2)
Product Dissolution Aids
120(1)
Enzymes
121(1)
Bleaches
121(1)
New Product Forms
121(1)
Dish Wipes
121(1)
Hand Dishwashing Implement
122(1)
Summary of Recent Patents for Hand Dishwashing Detergents
122(1)
Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
122(21)
Chemistry of Automatic Dishwashing
122(1)
Automatic Dishwashing Process
122(10)
New Product Forms for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
132(1)
Key Consumer Benefits of Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
133(1)
Major Ingredients in Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
133(2)
Bleach Catalyst Technologies for Automatic Dishwashing
135(1)
Bleach Metal Catalyst Technology Design
135(3)
Product Performance of the Cobalt (III) Bleach Catalyst
138(1)
Bleach Technologies for Hydrophobic Stains
138(1)
Low-Foaming Nonionic Surfactants
139(2)
Glass Surface Care Technologies
141(1)
Anticorrosion Glass Care
142(1)
Antifilming Surface Care
142(1)
Summary of Recent Patents for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents
143(1)
Concluding Remarks
143(10)
References
150(3)
The Formulation of Liquid Household Cleaners
153(26)
Stefano Scialla
Introduction
154(5)
Background
154(1)
Classification of Household Soils
154(2)
Classification of Household Surfaces
156(1)
Test Methods
157(1)
Encrusted grease and soap scum removal
157(1)
Limescale removal
158(1)
Shine performance
158(1)
Foaming profile
158(1)
Surface Cleaner Formulations
159(15)
All-Purpose Cleaners
159(1)
Suds and Other Aesthetic Parameters
159(1)
Performance Profile
159(1)
Technology
160(4)
Bathroom Cleaners
164(1)
Suds and aesthetics
164(1)
Technology
165(2)
Toilet Bowl Cleaners
167(2)
Bleach Cleaners
169(1)
Cream Cleansers
170(1)
Glass Cleaners
171(1)
Carpet Cleaners
172(1)
Spotters and High Traffic Cleaners
172(1)
Shampoos
173(1)
Spray Extraction Formulations
173(1)
Future Trends
174(5)
Acknowledgments
175(1)
References
175(4)
Liquid Bleach Formulations
179(28)
Stefano Scialla
Oreste Todini
The Formulation of Liquid Bleaches
180(2)
Introduction
180(1)
Evaluation of the Performance of Liquid Bleaches
180(1)
Washing Procedure
180(1)
Stain Removal Test
180(1)
Fabric Oxidation
181(1)
The Formulation of Liquid Chlorine Bleaches
182(9)
Introduction
182(1)
Stability of Hypochlorite Liquid Bleach Formulations
183(4)
Fabric Safety Profile of Hypochlorite Bleaches
187(4)
The Formulation of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide Bleaches
191(11)
Introduction
191(1)
Stability of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide
192(6)
Boosting the Performance of Liquid Hydrogen Peroxide
198(1)
Activation by Peracid Precursors
198(1)
Peracids in Equilibrium with Hydrogen Peroxide
199(1)
Activation by Alkaline pH
200(1)
Color and Fabric Safety
201(1)
Future Trends
202(5)
Acknowledgments
203(1)
References
203(4)
Personal Care Formulations
207(54)
Achim Ansmann
Peter Busch
Hermann Hensen
Karlheinz Hill
Hans-Udo Krachter
Michael Muller
Introduction
208(8)
Trends for Cosmetic Cleansing Formulations
208(1)
Evolution of Cleaning
208(2)
Future Cleansing Concepts
210(1)
Psychological Trends
211(3)
Testing Strategy To Evaluate the Dermatological Properties of Surfactants
214(2)
Formulation Techniques
216(17)
Emulsions
216(2)
Physicochemical Stability
218(2)
Liquid Crystals and Gel Phases
220(1)
Nanoemulsions
221(4)
Multiple Emulsions
225(2)
Gel Emulsions (High Internal Phase Emulsions)
227(1)
Microemulsions and PIER
227(3)
Surfactant Concentrates
230(1)
Encapsulated Systems
231(2)
Formulations---Examples and Concepts
233(8)
Shampoos Based on Alkyl Polyglycosides
234(1)
Shower Gels
235(1)
Peeling Preparations
235(1)
Microemulsions as Bath Oils
236(1)
Facial Cleansers
236(1)
Hair Conditioners
236(1)
Styling and Permanent Wave Products
237(1)
Creams and Lotions for Sensitive Skin
238(2)
Sun Protective Lotions
240(1)
Active Face Creams
241(1)
Performance Properties
241(16)
Testing Methods for the Hair
242(1)
Wet Combing
242(1)
Dry Combing
242(1)
Tensile Strength
243(1)
Hair Thickness
244(1)
Shadow-Image Analysis of Tresses of Hair
245(1)
Atomic Force Microscopy
245(1)
Oscillation Properties of Hair
246(1)
Hair Gloss
247(1)
Foam
247(1)
Cleansing Effects
248(1)
Testing Methods for the Skin
249(1)
Skin Surface Properties
249(2)
Spreading Behavior of Cosmetics
251(2)
Mechanical Properties
253(1)
Sensory Properties/Sensory Assessment
254(1)
Skin Moisture
255(1)
Skin Surface Lipids
256(1)
Skin Surface pH
256(1)
Trademarks
257(4)
References
257(4)
Special Purpose Cleaning Formulations: Auto Care and Industrial/Institutional Products
261(18)
Felix Mueller
Jorg Peggau
Shoaib Arif
Introduction
262(1)
Auto Care
262(8)
Manual Car Wash
262(1)
Automatic Prewash/Main Wash
262(1)
Main Car Wash (Brush Wash or Touchless)
263(2)
Rinse/Drying Aids
265(1)
Exterior Car Care Agents/Polishes
266(1)
Interior Car Care/Leather Care
267(2)
Rim/Tire Care
269(1)
Glass/Windshield Cleansing
269(1)
Industrial and Institutional Products for Special Purposes
270(6)
Gel Cleansing Products
270(1)
Quick Dry Floor Cleansers
271(1)
Nanostructured Floor Tile Cleansing
272(1)
Odor Control Products
273(1)
Water-Based Steel Cleaner
273(2)
Glass Cleaning
275(1)
Sugar-Based Surfactants for CIP
276(1)
Cleaning with Natural Raw Materials
276(1)
Conclusion
276(3)
References
277(2)
Surfactant Applications in Textile Processing
279(26)
Jiping Wang
Yong Zhu
Introduction
280(4)
Textile Fiber Consumption
280(1)
Textile Processes
281(1)
Uniqueness of Textile Chemicals
282(1)
Surfactant's Role in Textile Processing
283(1)
Surfactant's Market in Textile Chemicals
283(1)
Surfactants in Textile Preparation
284(5)
Naturally Occurring Impurities on Textile Fibers
284(1)
Impurities on Raw Cotton
284(1)
Impurities on Raw Wool
284(1)
Impurities on Raw Silk
285(1)
Process-Added Impurities on Textile Fibers
285(1)
Sizing Agents
285(1)
Yarn Lubricants
286(1)
Desizing Agents
286(1)
Scouring Agents
287(1)
Bleaching Assistants
288(1)
Surfactant Applications in Textile Dyeing
289(8)
Leveling Agents
290(1)
Cellulose Dyeing
290(1)
Polyester Dyeing
291(1)
Wool Dyeing
292(1)
Acrylic Fiber Dyeing
292(2)
Dispersing Agents
294(1)
Wetting and Penetrating Agents
294(1)
Foaming and Defoaming
295(1)
Aftertreatment Applications
296(1)
Surfactant Applications in Textile Printing
297(1)
Surfactant Applications in Textile Finishing
298(7)
Softeners
298(2)
Antistatics
300(1)
Other Finish Applications
301(1)
Antimicrobial Finishing
301(1)
Water/Oil Repelling and Soil-Release Finishing
301(1)
Optical Finishing
302(1)
References
302(3)
Detergent Formulations in Separation Science
305(20)
Edmondo Pramauro
Alessandra Bianco Prevot
Introduction
305(20)
Micellar Solubilization
306(1)
Experimental Determination of Binding Constants
307(1)
Indirect Evaluation of KB
308(1)
Micelle-Mediated Separation/Preconcentration Techniques
308(1)
Micellar Extraction of Sparingly Soluble Compounds from Solid Matrices
308(1)
Preconcentration/Extraction Based on Thermal Phase Separation (Cloud-Point Extraction)
309(4)
Micellar Ultrafiltration
313(3)
Micellar Liquid Chromatography
316(2)
Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC)
318(2)
Acknowledgments
320(1)
References
320(5)
Surfactant Formulations in Enhanced Oil Recovery
325(22)
Thanaa Abdel-Moghny
Scope
326(1)
Primary Recovery
326(1)
Secondary Recovery
326(1)
Tertiary Oil Recovery
326(1)
Introduction
327(20)
Enhanced Oil Recovery
327(1)
Chemical Flooding
327(1)
Development of Chemical Flooding
327(2)
Chemical Surfactant
329(1)
Surfactants
329(3)
Cation Exchange
332(1)
Stability
332(1)
Surfactant Flooding
332(1)
Mechanism of Surfactant at Reservoir Rocks
333(1)
Surfactant Mixture
333(1)
Ideal Mixtures
334(1)
Application of Ideal Mixing
334(1)
Nonideal Mixtures
334(1)
Polymer Flooding
335(1)
Alkaline Water Flooding
336(1)
Traditional Surfactant/Polymer Flooding
336(1)
Surfactant-Polymer Interaction in Solution
337(1)
Relation between the Interfacial Tension and Residual Oil Saturation
338(1)
Phase Behavior in EOR
339(1)
Application of Surfactants in Enhanced Oil Recovery
339(1)
Interaction between Surfactant and Polymer at Reservoir Rock
340(1)
Displacement of Oil by Spontaneous Imbibition of Aqueous Surfactant Solution
340(1)
Adsorption of Different Surfactants on Kaolinite
341(1)
Acidified Oil/Surfactant Enhanced Alkaline System
341(1)
Dual Surfactants---System for Enhanced Oil Recovery at High Salinity
341(1)
Ultralow IFT Using Neutralized Oxidized Hydrocarbon Surfactant
342(1)
Mixed Micelles
342(1)
Biosurfactants as New Surfactant
342(1)
Acknowledgments
342(1)
References
343(4)
Surfactant-Based Systems for Environmental Remediation
347(22)
David A. Sabatini
Robert C. Knox
Jeffrey H. Harwell
Ben Shiau
Summary
347(1)
The Problem
348(2)
The Approach
350(1)
Surfactant Fundamentals
351(18)
Key Economic/Technical Factors
353(1)
Minimizing Surfactant Losses
354(1)
Maximizing Contaminant Extraction
354(1)
Surfactant Regeneration/Reuse
355(1)
Mitigating Vertical Migration Concerns
356(2)
Field Results
358(1)
Hill Air Force Base (AFB)---Maximizing Contaminant Extraction
358(3)
Tinker AFB---Surfactant Decontamination for Reinjection
361(1)
Alameda Point NAS---Mitigating Vertical Migration (Supersolubilization)
362(2)
Future Advances/Applications
364(2)
Acknowledgments
366(1)
References
366(3)
Paints and Printing Inks
369(18)
Krister Holmberg
Introduction
369(2)
Paints
370(1)
Printing Inks
371(1)
Surfactants for Stabilization of the Binder Dispersion
371(6)
Lattices
371(3)
Postemulsified Binders
374(3)
Surfactants for Pigment Dispersion
377(6)
Dispersants for Waterborne Formulations
379(4)
Dispersants for Solventborne Formulations
383(1)
Wetting Agents
383(1)
Speciality Surfactants for Paints
384(1)
Surfactants for Fountain Solutions
384(3)
References
385(2)
Surfactant Formulations in Polymerization
387(50)
Gianmarco Polotti
Role of Surfactant
388(4)
Advantages and Disadvantages
388(3)
Alternatives to Their Use
391(1)
Emulsion Polymerization
392(27)
Micellar Nucleation Mechanism
393(3)
Homogeneous Nucleation Mechanism
396(2)
Latex Stabilization
398(2)
Choice of the Surfactant
400(1)
Anionic Surfactants
401(1)
Nonionic Surfactants
402(3)
Anionic/Nonionic Surfactant Mixtures
405(14)
Cationic Surfactants
419(1)
Suspension Polymerization
419(2)
Miniemulsion Polymerization
421(5)
Inverse Emulsion Polymerization
426(11)
References
433(4)
Detergent Formulations in Lubricants
437(36)
Tze-Chi Jao
Charles A. Passut
Introduction
438(1)
Chemistries of Detergents and Dispersants
439(1)
Types of Metallic Detergents
439(6)
Sulfonates
439(3)
Phenates
442(1)
Salicylates
442(1)
Phosphonates and Thiophosphonates
443(1)
Other Detergents
444(1)
Types of Ashless Dispersants
445(6)
Succinimides
445(1)
Esters
446(1)
Oxazolines
447(1)
Mannich Condensates
448(1)
Graft Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers
449(1)
Thiophosphonates
450(1)
Other Dispersants
450(1)
Solution Behavior of Detergents and Dispersants in Oils
451(4)
Micellar Properties of Sulfonate Detergents in Hydrocarbon Solvents
451(1)
Counter Ion Effect on Sulfonate Detergent Micellar Stability
452(1)
Thermodynamic Energetics of Micellar Formation Process
452(1)
Micellar Properties of Other Metallic Detergents in Hydrocarbon Solvents
453(1)
Micellar Properties of Ashless Dispersants
453(1)
Rigidity of Metallic Detergent Micelles
454(1)
Effect of Overbasing on Micellar Structures
454(1)
Overbasing Mechanism
455(1)
Action Mechanisms of Metallic Detergents and Ashless Dispersants
455(4)
Acid--Base Neutralization Mechanisms in Lubricating Oils
455(1)
Rate of Alkalinity Depletion in Oils
456(1)
Peptization Mechanisms to Keep Insoluble Particles in Suspension
457(1)
Prevention of Varnish and Lacquer Deposition Formation
458(1)
As Friction and Wear Reduction Agents
458(1)
Solubilization of Polar Species
458(1)
Additive--Additive Interactions
459(3)
Strength and Type of Additive--Additive Interactions
459(1)
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on Oxidation Stability
460(1)
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on Antiwear and Anti-EP Performance
460(1)
Effect of Additive--Additive Interactions on High-Temperature Deposit Formation
461(1)
General Formulations Utilizing Detergents and Dispersants in Lubricants
462(11)
Use of Detergents and Dispersants in Engine Oil Formulations
462(2)
Use of Detergents and Dispersants in Automatic Transmission Fluids and Gear Oils
464(1)
References
465(8)
N-Alkyl Amide Sulfates
473(10)
Hiromoto Mizushima
Synthesis
475(1)
Chemical Stability in Water
476(1)
Micellar Properties
477(1)
Critical Micellization Concentration (CMC)
477(1)
Micelle Ionization Degree
478(1)
Krafft Temperature
478(3)
Basic Properties as Shampoo Detergent
481(1)
Foaming Capacity
481(1)
Mildness
481(1)
Concluding Remarks
482(1)
Acknowledgement
482(1)
References
482(1)
Future Outlook for Detergent Formulations
483(36)
Kenneth N. Price
Introduction
484(3)
Economics
487(6)
Business Environment
487(1)
Efficiency Breakthroughs
488(3)
More Cost-Effective Design Tools
491(1)
Predictive High-Throughput Screening and Computational Modeling
491(1)
Formulation Work Process---Virtual Formulation
492(2)
Cross Fertilization and Importation of Solutions from Other Industries
494
Consumer Trends---Simplicity and Enhanced Sensory Experiences
493(4)
Innovations in Appliances
497(2)
Compatibility and Complementarity---Innovations in Textiles and Home Hard Surfaces
499(5)
Hard Surfaces Innovations
499(3)
Textile Innovations
502(1)
What Functional Textiles and Hard Surfaces Imply for Detergents
503(1)
Other Textile Trends
503(1)
Innovations in Devices and Substrates---Holistic Solutions
504(1)
Environmental and Regulatory Considerations
505(6)
New Chemical Regulations
505(2)
Sustainability---Important Design Themes for Detergents
507(1)
Cool Water Performance
508(2)
More Efficient Rinse Processes
510(1)
Miscellaneous Design Directions
511(8)
``Reinvented'' Liquid Detergents
511(3)
Home Dry Cleaning
514(1)
Partitioned/Staged Chemistry
515(1)
Advances in Catalytic Chemistry
515(2)
References
517(2)
Index 519

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