A Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse The Biomedical Aspects

by Winger, Gail; Woods, James H.; Hofmann, Frederick G.

• ISBN13: 9780195172782
• ISBN10: 0195172787
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-06-03
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

This comprehensive text on the pharmacological, medical, and legal aspects of drug abuse has been thoroughly updated for the Fourth Edition, and a new chapter on club drugs added. The chapter on medical effects was completely rewritten to focus on infections that develop in i.v. drug abusers,and information on the international regulation of drug use was added to the chapter on drug abuse and the law. The book is written at a level appropriate for upper level undergraduate students, graduate or medical students, and drug counselors. All major drugs of abuse are covered: tobacco, opiods,central stimulants (including cocaine, amphetamine, and caffeine), alcohol and other sedatives marijuana, club drugs (MDMA, GHB, and ketamine), hallucinogens, and volatile solvents. For each type the authors discuss history and culture, the characteristic patterns of use, subjective andphysiological effects, mechanisms of pharmacological action, and toxic effects. Epidemiological aspects are discussed as well as pharmacological treatment possibilities where applicable.

Author Biography

Gail Winger, PhD, is Research Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Michigan James H. Woods, PhD, is Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Michigan Frederick G. Hofmann, PhD, is late Professor Emeritus of Pharmacology at Columbia University

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(16)
Some Definitions	2	(4)
The Problem of Drug Abuse	6	(2)
Patterns and Development of Drug Use	8	(4)
Predictors of Initiation of Drug Abuse	9	(2)
Correlates of Cessation of Drug Use	11	(1)
Neurological Aspects of Drug Abuse	12	(5)
Tobacco and Nicotine	17	(18)
Tobacco Culture	17	(2)
Epidemiology and Patterns of Use	19	(3)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics	22	(1)
Effects of Nicotine	23	(3)
Subjective Effects	23	(1)
Physiological Dependence and Tolerance	24	(1)
Physiological Effects	24	(2)
Mechanism of Central Action	26	(1)
Morbidity and Mortality	27	(4)
Coronary Heart Disease	27	(1)
Cancer	28	(1)
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease	29	(1)
Smoking and Fetal Development	29	(1)
Passive Smoking	29	(2)
Treatment of Nicotine Addiction	31	(4)
Opioids	35	(20)
Culture and History	35	(4)
Opioid Drugs	39	(3)
Patterns of Use	42	(2)
Effects of Opioid Drugs	44	(4)
Subjective Effects	44	(1)
Analgesia	45	(1)
Gastrointestinal System	45	(1)
Respiration	46	(1)
In Utero Effects	46	(1)
Physiological Dependence	47	(1)
Tolerance	48	(1)
Mechanism of Action	48	(1)
Absorption and Fate	49	(1)
Toxicity	50	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of Abuse	51	(4)
Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Benzodiazepines	55	(26)
Alcohol	56	(17)
Epidemiology and Patterns of Use	56	(2)
Genetics and Alcoholism	58	(1)
Central Nervous System Effects of Alcohol	59	(5)
Absorption, Distribution, and Metabolism	64	(2)
In Utero Effects of Alcohol	66	(1)
Beneficial Effects of Alcohol	67	(1)
Morbidity	67	(4)
Mortality	71	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of Alcholism	72	(1)
Barbiturate and Nonbarbiturate Sedative-Hypnotics	73	(1)
Benzodiazepines and other Minor Tranquilizers	73	(8)
Effects of Benzodiazepines	73	(1)
Patterns of Use	74	(1)
Mechanism of Action	75	(1)
Tolerance and Physiological Dependence	76	(1)
Other Minor Tranquilizers	77	(4)
Depressants of the Central Nervous System: Volatile Solvents and Aerosols	81	(13)
Preparations Used	83	(1)
Patterns of Use	84	(2)
Effects of Volatile Solvents	86	(1)
Habitual Use of Volatile Solvents	87	(1)
Physiological Dependence	87	(1)
Toxic Effects of Volatile Solvents: Morbidity and Mortality	87	(7)
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons	88	(1)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons	88	(1)
Halogenated Hydrocarbons (Alkyl Halides)	89	(1)
Ketones	90	(1)
Esters	90	(1)
Nitrites	90	(4)
Club Drugs: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Ketamine, and Agents Taken in Similar Patterns	94	(14)
Methylenedioxymethamphetamine	95	(2)
Chemistry and Mechanism of Action	95	(1)
Effects and Toxicity	96	(1)
Patterns of Use	97	(1)
Metabolism	97	(1)
Gamma Hydroxybutyrate	97	(2)
Effects and Phamacokinetics	98	(1)
Dependence and Withdrawal	99	(1)
Medical Indications	99	(1)
Hallucinogens	99	(9)
Ketamine and Phencyclidine	100	(4)
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide	104	(4)
Marijuana and Hashish	108	(15)
Epidemiology and Patterns of Use	109	(1)
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics	110	(2)
Physiological Dependence and Tolerance	112	(1)
Effects of Marijuana	113	(3)
Subjective Effects	113	(2)
Physiological Effects	115	(1)
Mechanism of Central Action	116	(1)
Adverse Effects	117	(2)
Acute Adverse Effects	117	(1)
Persistent Adverse Effects	118	(1)
Medical Use	119	(4)
Central Nervous System Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines, Related Drugs, and Caffeine	123	(19)
Cocaine	124	(4)
Mechanism of Action, Absorption, and Fate	126	(1)
Toxicity	127	(1)
The Amphetamines	128	(3)
Neurotoxicity	131	(1)
Mechanism of Action, Absorption, and Fate	131	(1)
Effects of Amphetamine and Cocaine	131	(3)
Patterns of Use	132	(2)
Physiological Dependence on Stimulants	134	(1)
Khat Chewing and Cathinone	134	(1)
Caffeine and Theophylline	135	(4)
Patterns of Use	136	(1)
Effects	136	(1)
Physiological Dependence	137	(2)
Drugs Used to Treat Hyperactivity and Obesity	139	(3)
Medical Issues Associated with Drug Abuse	142	(12)
Infections Resulting from Intravenous Drug Use	142	(8)
Heart	143	(1)
Lung	144	(1)
Central Nervous System	144	(1)
Liver	145	(1)
Skin and Soft Tissue	146	(2)
Bone and Joint	148	(1)
Immune System	148	(2)
Pulmonary Health Risks from Smoking Illicit Drugs	150	(4)
Marijuana	150	(1)
Cocaine	151	(3)
Drug Abuse and the Law	154	(17)
Drug Abuse and American Federal Law	154	(11)
Drug Abuse and International Law	165	(6)
Index	171