Handbook on Enterprise Architecture

by Bernus, Peter; Nemes, Laszlo; Schmidt, Gunter

• ISBN13: 9783540003434
• ISBN10: 3540003436
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-11-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

This Handbook is about methods, tools and examples of how to architect an enterprise through considering all life cycle aspects of Enterprise Entities (such as individual enterprises, enterprise networks, virtual enterprises, projects and other complex systems including a mixture of automated and human processes). The book is based on ISO15704:2000, or the GERAM Framework (Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology) that generalises the requirements of Enterprise Reference Architectures. Various Architecture Frameworks (PERA, CIMOSA, Grai-GIM, Zachman, C4ISR/DoDAF) are shown in light of GERAM to allow a deeper understanding of their contributions and therefore their correct and knowledgeable use. The handbook addresses a wide variety of audience, and covers methods and tools necessary to design or redesign enterprises, as well as to structure the implementation into manageable projects.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
1 Introduction
Peter Bernas, Laszlo Nemes	1	(21)
1.1 Enterprise Architecture	1	(8)
1.2 The Business Process Perspective	9	(1)
1.3 Extended, virtual Enterprises	10	(2)
1.4 Enterprise Integration Methods	12	(1)
1.5 The Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture And Methodology (The GERAM Enterprise Architecture Framework)	13	(4)
References	17	(5)
Part I Architecture Frameworks - Organising Enterprise Architecture Knowledge
2 GERAM - The Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology
IFIP-IFAC Task Force on Architectures for Enterprise Integration	22	(43)
2.1 Introduction	22	(2)
2.2 The Framework for Enterprise Engineering and Enterprise Integration	24	(4)
2.3 Description of GERAM Framework Components	28	(32)
2.4 Historical Note	60	(2)
References	62	(3)
3 A Mapping of Individual Architecture Frameworks (GRAI, PERA, C4ISR, CIMOSA, ZACHMAN, ARTS) onto GERAM
Ovidiu Noran	65	(148)
3.1 Introduction	65	(3)
3.2 Life Cycle Phases	68	(13)
3.3 Life History: The Timeline Aspect in Methodologies	81	(14)
3.4 The Modelling Frameworks of Reference Architectures	95	(27)
3.5 Modelling Languages	122	(18)
3.6 Methodologies	140	(11)
3.7 Reference Models	151	(16)
3.8 Other Relevant Constructs	167	(18)
3.9 Enterprise Engineering Tools	185	(14)
3.10 The Big Picture and Conclusions	199	(4)
3.11 Glossary of Term Used in this Chapter	203	(1)
References	204	(9)
Part II Strategy Making and Business Planning
4 Strategy as a Creation of Corporate Future
Brane Kalpic, Krsto Pandza, Peter Berrius	213	(42)
4.1 Introduction	213	(1)
4.2 What is Strategy and Why it Matters?	214	(7)
4.3 Resources and Capabilities	221	(12)
4.4 The Strategy Process	233	(17)
4.5 Conclusion	250	(1)
References	251	(4)
5 Leadership: Better Relationships through Better Communication
Hugh Mackay	255
5.1 Introduction	255	(1)
5.2 Changing People's Minds	256	(3)
5.3 Defending the Cage	259	(3)
5.4 Attitudes and Behaviour: Which Causes Which?	262	(3)
5.5 Is It Really People's 'Minds' that We Want to Change?	265	(2)
5.6 How Do We Change People's Behaviour?	267	(6)
5.7 What is the Role of Communication in all This?	273	(1)
5.8 What if We Can't Change the Environment?	274	(2)
5.9 Consultation: The Key to Managing Change	276	(2)
References	278
6 Capability Improvement
Ted Goramson	201	(90)
6.1 Introduction	201	(1)
6.2 Problems and a New Role for Enterprise Modelling	202	(2)
6.3 Agile Virtual Enterprise and Fluid Supply Chains	204	(82)
6.4 Dimensions of Capability Improvement	286	(4)
6.5 Conclusion	290	(1)
7 Developing the Business Model - A Methodology for Virtual Enterprises
Martin Tølle, Johan Vesterager	291	(18)
7.1 Introduction	291	(1)
7.2 Introducing the VE Concept	292	(2)
7.3 VEDAM	294	(2)
7.4 Life History Example	296	(4)
7.5 VE Methodology (VEM)	300	(6)
7.6 Conclusion	306	(1)
References	307	(2)
8 Analysing the Present Situation and Refining Strategy
Greg Uppington, Peter Bernus	309	(24)
8.1 Introduction	309	(1)
8.2 The Importance of a Clear Direction: The Identification Phase	309	(3)
8.3 Significant Events and Change Initiatives	312	(2)
8.4 Organisational Performance Assessment	314	(1)
8.5 Determining the Scope of Change in Enterprise Entities Involved in the Company's Business Model - What Enterprise Entities Will Be Affected?	315	(3)
8.6 Foundations of Change	318	(1)
8.7 The Function of the Identification Activity	319	(1)
8.8 Assessing the Present Situation and the Feasibility of the Intended Change	320	(13)
References 33l
9 Developing the Enterprise Concept -The Business Plan
Arturo Molina	333	(40)
9.1 Introduction	333	(1)
9.2 Strategy Schools Revised	334	(1)
9.3 Framework for Enterprise Concept Definition	335	(6)
9.4 Methodology for Enterprise Concept Definition	341	(1)
9.5 Creation of the Business Concept: Mission, Vision and Intended Bet of Cultural Attributes	341	(6)
9.6 Development of Strategy: A Decision-making Process	347	(8)
9.7 Definition of an Action Plan	355	(9)
9.8 Conclusion	364	(1)
References	365	(8)
Part III Defining the Requirements for Enterprise Change
10 Enterprise Modelling - The Readiness of the Organisation
Ron Hysom	373	(44)
10.1 Introduction - The Enterprise Problem Space	373	(1)
10.2 Perspective Dimensions	374	(1)
10.3 Stages of the Enterprise Improvement Life Cycle	375	(3)
10.4 Enterprise Dimension	378
10.5 Structure Dimensions	377	(2)
10.6 Behaviour Dimensions	379	(1)
10.7 Value Dimension	380	(1)
10.8 Knowledge Dimensions	381
10.9 Assessment of the Capability to Use Enterprise Modelling Technology	303	(114)
11 Modelling Function and Information
Peter Bernus	417	(18)
11.1 Introduction	417	(2)
11.2 Modelling the Function of the Enterprise Entity	419	(7)
11.3 Modelling Information	426	(3)
11.4 Reference Models for Function and Data Modelling	429	(3)
11.5 Conclusion	432	(1)
References	432	(3)
12 Modelling the Management System - Enterprise Management and Activities
Cielito Olegario, Peter Bernus	435	(66)
12.1 Introduction: The Function of the Management and Control System of Enterprise Entities	435	(2)
12.2 Modelling the Management and Control System - What Decisions and Controls are Needed?	437	(7)
12.3 Models of the Mission Delivery Process as Used in the Design of the Decision System	444	(4)
12.4 The Nature of Decision Links Useful Principles	448	(6)
12.5 Enterprise Building Transactions	454	(10)
12.6 A Reference Model for Creating and Sustaining Virtual Enterprises	464	(32)
12.7 Conclusion	496	(1)
References	497	(4)
13 Resource Requirements of Enterprise Management
Martin Zelm	501	(14)
13.1 Introduction	501	(4)
13.2 Languages to Model Processes and Resources	505	(5)
13.3 Resource Requirements Determination in the Virtual Enterprise	510	(2)
13.4 Outcomes of Resource Requirements Determination	512	(1)
References	513	(2)
14 Enterprise Modelling
Michael Grunninger	515	(30)
14.1 Applications of Enterprise Modelling	515	(3)
14.2 Ontologies	518	(3)
14.3 Desiderata for Enterprise Modelling Ontologies	521	(4)
14.4 Languages for Enterprise Modelling	525	(3)
14.5 Ontologies for Enterprise Modelling	528	(4)
14.6 Ontologies for Sets of Enterprise Modelling Concepts	532	(2)
14.7 Challenge Problems for Enterprise Modelling	534	(11)
Part IV Developing the Master Plan - Architectural Design of the Changed Enterprise
15 Preliminary Design: Translating Requirements to Design Specifications
David Chen, Bruno Vallespir, Guy Doumeingts	545	(30)
15.1 Preliminary Design and General Activity of Design	545	(11)
15.2 Main Characteristics of Preliminary Design	556	(5)
15.3 From Function & Data to Resource & Organisation: The Assignment Issue	561	(12)
15.4 Conclusion	573	(1)
References	573	(2)
16 Organisational Design
Peter Bernus	575	(20)
16.1 Introduction	575	(1)
16.2 The Relationship Between the Decisional and Organisational Structures	576	(9)
16.3 Defining the Organisational Structure - Organisational Fit and Principles	585	(9)
16.4 Conclusion	594	(1)
References	594	(1)
17 Application Reference Models and Building Blocks for Management and Control
Michael Rosemann	595	(22)
17.1 Introduction	595	(1)
17.2 Types of Reference Models	596	(7)
17.3 An Example Application Reference Model: SAP	603	(3)
17.4 Some Limitations of Existing Application Reference Models	606	(1)
17.5 Configuration of Application Reference Models	606	(7)
17.6 Conclusion and Outlook	613	(1)
References	614	(3)
18 Designing the Information Technology Subsystem
Luis M. Camarinha-Matos, Hamideh Afsarmanesh	617	(66)
18.1 Introduction	617	(1)
18.2 Integration Levels	618	(12)
18.3 Shop-floor Infrastructure Design	630	(11)
18.4 Intra-Enterprise Infrastructure Design	641	(21)
18.5 Inter-enterprise Infrastrcture Design	662	(13)
18.6 Conclusion	675	(1)
References	676	(7)
Part V Case Studies
19 Ford Motor Company's Investment Efficiency Initiative: A Case Study
James L. Nevins, Robert I. Winner, Danny L. Reed	683	(42)
19.1 Introduction	683	(3)
19.2 The Need for Investment Efficiency at Ford	686	(3)
19.3 The Investment Efficiency Process	689	(4)
19.4 Basic Targets of Investment Efficiency at Ford	693	(2)
19.5 Strategies of Investment Efficiency	695	(6)
19.6 Product and Process Compatibility Tools	701	(10)
19.7 Future Small Car Program Pilot	711	(4)
19.8 Organizational Changes at Ford	715	(2)
19.9 Lessons Learned	717	(1)
19.10 Discussion Items	718	(2)
19.11 Glossary of Specific Terms Used in This Chapter	720	(3)
19.12 Acronyms	723	(1)
References	724	(1)
20 The Business Process (Quiet)Revolution; Transformation to Process Organization
Meir Levi	725	(14)
20.1 Introduction	725	(1)
20.2 Process Classification	726	(2)
20.3 Process Management with FirstStep	728	(1)
20.4 The new Business Process Construct	728	(2)
20.5 FirstStep Methodology and Process Standards	730	(1)
20.6 Deploying Process Framework with the Enterprise Process Center	731	(3)
20.7 Initial Case Report	734	(2)
20.8 Summary and Conclusion	736	(1)
References	736	(3)
21 Farley Remote Operations Support System
John Mo	739	(18)
21.1 Introduction	739	(1)
21.2 Knowledge Representation and Process Modelling	740	(2)
21.3 Fundamentals of IDEF3	742	(3)
21.4 The Role of IDEF3 in Providing the Solution	745	(3)
21.5 The System Framework	748	(5)
21.6 Conclusion	753	(1)
References	753	(4)
22 The use of GERAM to support SMEs Development in Mexico
A. Molina, R. Carrasco	757	(22)
22.1 Introduction	757	(1)
22.2 The Use of the Concept of Life Cycle	758	(4)
22.3 Organizing SMEs Using GERA (Generic Enterprise Reference Architecture)	762	(6)
22.4 Documentation of Processes and Methods in SMEs Using EEMs (Enterprise Engineering Methodologies)	768	(9)
22.5 Conclusion	777	(1)
References	777	(2)
Index	779