Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, Volume 2 Fisheries

by Hart, Paul J. B.; Reynolds, John D.

• ISBN13: 9780632064823
• ISBN10: 063206482X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-09-27
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

Recent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fisheries, focuses on a wide range of topics, including the history of fisheries science, methods of capture, marketing, economics, major models used in stock assessments and forecasting, ecosystem impacts, marine protected areas and conservation. It builds on material in Volume 1, Fish Biology, which ranges from phylogenetics and biogeography to physiology, recruitment, life histories, genetics, foraging, reproductive behaviour and community ecology. Together, these books present the state of the art in our understanding of fish biology and fisheries and will serve as valuable references for undergraduates and graduates looking for a comprehensive source on a wide variety of topics in fisheries science. They will also be useful to researchers who need up-to-date reviews of topics that impinge on their fields, and decision makers who need to appreciate the scientific background for management and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. To order volume II, go to the box in the top right hand corner. Alternatively to order volume I, go to: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632054123 or to order the 2 volume set, go to: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632064838. Provides a unique overview of the study of fish biology and ecology, and the assessment and management of fish populations and ecosystems. The first volume concentrates on aspects of fish biology and ecology, both at the individual and population levels, whilst the second volume addresses the assessment and management of fish populations and ecosystems. Written by an international team of expert scientists and practitioners. An invaluable reference tool for both students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries.

Author Biography

Paul J.B. Hart is a Reader in the Department of Biology, University of Leicester, UK. His research focuses on the role of trophic ecology and competition in fish speciation and on the management of commercial marine fisheries. His publications include a co-authored textbook Fisheries Ecology (1982) and he has co-edited The Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes (1995) and Reinventing Fisheries Management (1998). He is co-editor of the review journal, Fish and Fisheries (Blackwell Science) and he is a past President of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

John D. Reynolds is a Professor of Evolutionary Ecology at the University of East Anglia, UK. His research examines the evolution of reproductive behaviour and life histories, with an emphasis on conservation of marine and freshwater fishes. He has co-authored a textbook, Marine Fisheries Ecology (2001), has co-edited Conservation of Exploited Species (2001) and is co-editor of the journal, Animal Conservation. He was awarded the FSBI medal of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles in 2000.

Table of Contents

Contributors	x
Preface	xii
Abbreviations	xiv
The Human Dimension of Fisheries Science	1	(10)
Paul J.B. Hart
John D. Reynolds
Introduction	1	(1)
The origins of fisheries science	1	(1)
The objectives of fisheries management	2	(1)
The development of the institutions of fisheries science	3	(1)
Who owns the fishery and for whom is it managed?	4	(1)
The problem of uncertainty	4	(2)
Development to increase economic efficiency or freedom?	6	(1)
Achieving sustainable development	7	(1)
Conclusions	8	(3)
Part 1: Background to Fisheries	11	(92)
Fish Capture Devices in Industrial and Artisanal Fisheries and Their Influence on Management	13	(24)
Ole Arve Misund
Jeppe Kolding
Pierre Freon
Introduction	13	(1)
Main fish capture techniques	13	(12)
Artisanal fisheries	25	(6)
Conclusions	31	(6)
Marketing Fish	37	(24)
J.A. Young
J.F. Muir
Introduction	37	(1)
Marketing and markets	37	(5)
Determination of values	42	(3)
Creating values	45	(3)
Communicating values	48	(3)
Delivering values	51	(2)
Future values	53	(3)
Conclusions	56	(5)
A History of Fisheries and Their Science and Management	61	(23)
Tim D. Smith
The nature of fishing	61	(2)
Origins of fishing	63	(2)
Overfishing	65	(4)
Graham's Law of Fishing	69	(2)
Scientific bases for management	71	(4)
Post-Second World War	75	(5)
Conclusions	80	(4)
Gathering Data for Resource Monitoring and Fisheries Management	84	(19)
David Evans
Richard Grainger
Fisheries information framework	84	(7)
Fisheries information data	91	(3)
Fisheries data collection and management	94	(5)
Fisheries information presentation	99	(2)
Conclusions	101	(2)
Part 2: Stock Assessment	103	(188)
Surplus Production Models	105	(22)
Jon T. Schnute
Laura Richards
Introduction	105	(2)
Graphical model	107	(2)
Classical differential equations (model 1)	109	(2)
Special cases (model 1)	111	(1)
Equilibrium (model 1)	112	(2)
Growth models	114	(2)
Modern difference equations (model 2)	116	(2)
Equilibrium and dynamic response (model 2)	118	(4)
Estimation: comparing models with data	122	(1)
Model extensions	123	(1)
Conclusions	124	(3)
Dynamic Pool Models I: Interpreting the Past Using Virtual Population Analysis	127	(37)
J.G. Shepherd
J.G. Pope
Introduction: the dynamic pool concept	127	(1)
The distinction between retrospective analysis and forecasting	127	(1)
Virtual population analysis (VPA): the basics	128	(7)
Separable VPA	135	(6)
Tuning of VPA using CPUE and survey data	141	(8)
The extended survivors method (XSA)	149	(7)
Multispecies virtual population analysis	156	(5)
Conclusions	161	(3)
Dynamic Pool Models II: Short-Term and Long-Term Forecasts of Catch and Biomass	164	(25)
J.G. Shepherd
J.G. Pope
Short-term forecasts of catch and biomass	164	(8)
Long-term forecasts of catch and biomass	172	(12)
Multispecies forecasts	184	(2)
Conclusions	186	(3)
A Bumpy Old Road: Size-Based Methods in Fisheries Assessment	189	(22)
Tony J. Pitcher
Introduction	189	(1)
Age and mortality methods	190	(14)
When length is king	204	(3)
Conclusions	207	(4)
Ecosystem Models	211	(17)
Daniel Pauly
Villy Christensen
Introduction: ecosystem models	211	(2)
Multispecies models	213	(1)
Modelling the North Sea, the North Pacific and the Gulf of Thailand	214	(1)
Ecopath and the mass-balance approach	215	(2)
The trophic level concept	217	(2)
Practical uses of trophic levels: tracking food-web changes	219	(1)
Ecosystem structure, Odum's maturity and Ulanowicz's ascendancy	220	(1)
Particle-size spectra in ecosystems	221	(1)
Ecosim, refugia and top-down vs. bottom-up control	222	(1)
Spatial considerations in ecosystem modelling	223	(1)
Towards a transition from single-species to ecosystem-based management	224	(1)
Conclusions	225	(3)
Individual-Based Models	228	(21)
Geir Huse
Jarl Giske
Anne Gro Vea Salvanes
Introduction	228	(1)
Specifying individuals in IBMs	229	(1)
Features of individual-based models	230	(6)
Formulating and testing IBMs	236	(1)
Review of individual-based models in fisheries biology	237	(7)
Conclusions	244	(5)
The Economics of Fisheries	249	(21)
Rognvaldur Hannesson
Introduction	249	(1)
The surplus production model	249	(1)
Fishing effort and fish yield	250	(2)
Sustainable yield	252	(2)
Optimal exploitation	254	(3)
Time discounting	257	(3)
Fluctuations: should catches be stabilized?	260	(1)
Optimum fleet capacity for fluctuating stocks	261	(2)
Management methods	263	(2)
International issues	265	(2)
Conclusions	267	(3)
Choosing the Best Model for Fisheries Assessment	270	(21)
Per Sparre
Paul J. B. Hart
Introduction	270	(1)
Basic concepts	270	(2)
Stochastic modelling	272	(2)
Mechanics of choosing a model	274	(1)
Estimation of parameters	275	(1)
The use of mathematical models in fisheries	276	(7)
A key to models	283	(3)
The importance of testing models	286	(1)
Conclusions	287	(4)
Part 3: Fisheries in a Wider Context	291	(100)
Marine Protected Areas, Fish and Fisheries	293	(26)
Nicholas V.C. Polunin
Introduction	293	(1)
What happens to target species in MPAs?	294	(4)
What are the potential benefits to fishers?	298	(7)
What else do MPAs offer?	305	(2)
Realities, advocacy and implementation of MPAs	307	(4)
Conclusions	311	(8)
Exploitation and Other Threats to Fish Conservation	319	(23)
John D. Reynolds
Nicholas K. Dulvy
Callum M. Roberts
Introduction	319	(2)
Global status of exploited fish populations	321	(1)
Extinction	321	(4)
Exploitation as a cause of declines and extinction	325	(4)
What renders species susceptible to overfishing?	329	(3)
Conservation meets sustainable use	332	(2)
What is needed to safeguard fish biodiversity?	334	(2)
Conclusions	336	(6)
Ecosystem Effects of Fishing	342	(25)
M.J. Kaiser
S. Jennings
Introduction	342	(1)
Effects of harvesting target species	342	(5)
Effects of prey removal on sea birds	347	(2)
How fisheries affect energy subsidies	349	(4)
Effects of removing predators	353	(1)
Effects on benthic communities and habitats	354	(4)
Bycatches and ghost-fishing	358	(3)
Conclusions	361	(6)
Recreational Fishing	367	(24)
I.G. Cowx
Introduction	367	(1)
Types of recreational fishing	368	(5)
Recreational fishery assessment methods	373	(3)
Management of recreational fisheries	376	(4)
Issues relating to the development of recreational fisheries	380	(5)
Value	385	(1)
Conclusions	385	(6)
Index	391