Recent decades have witnessed strong declines in fish stocks around the globe, amid growing concerns about the impact of fisheries on marine and freshwater biodiversity. Fisheries biologists and managers are therefore increasingly asking about aspects of ecology, behaviour, evolution and biodiversity that were traditionally studied by people working in very separate fields. This has highlighted the need to work more closely together, in order to help ensure future success both in management and conservation. The Handbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries has been written by an international team of scientists and practitioners, to provide an overview of the biology of freshwater and marine fish species together with the science that supports fisheries management and conservation. This volume, subtitled Fisheries, focuses on a wide range of topics, including the history of fisheries science, methods of capture, marketing, economics, major models used in stock assessments and forecasting, ecosystem impacts, marine protected areas and conservation. It builds on material in Volume 1, Fish Biology, which ranges from phylogenetics and biogeography to physiology, recruitment, life histories, genetics, foraging, reproductive behaviour and community ecology. Together, these books present the state of the art in our understanding of fish biology and fisheries and will serve as valuable references for undergraduates and graduates looking for a comprehensive source on a wide variety of topics in fisheries science. They will also be useful to researchers who need up-to-date reviews of topics that impinge on their fields, and decision makers who need to appreciate the scientific background for management and conservation of aquatic ecosystems. To order volume II, go to the box in the top right hand corner. Alternatively to order volume I, go to: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632054123 or to order the 2 volume set, go to: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0632064838. Provides a unique overview of the study of fish biology and ecology, and the assessment and management of fish populations and ecosystems. The first volume concentrates on aspects of fish biology and ecology, both at the individual and population levels, whilst the second volume addresses the assessment and management of fish populations and ecosystems. Written by an international team of expert scientists and practitioners. An invaluable reference tool for both students, researchers and practitioners working in the fields of fish biology and fisheries.

Paul J.B. Hart is a Reader in the Department of Biology, University of Leicester, UK. His research focuses on the role of trophic ecology and competition in fish speciation and on the management of commercial marine fisheries. His publications include a co-authored textbook Fisheries Ecology (1982) and he has co-edited The Impact of Species Changes in African Lakes (1995) and Reinventing Fisheries Management (1998). He is co-editor of the review journal, Fish and Fisheries (Blackwell Science) and he is a past President of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles.

John D. Reynolds is a Professor of Evolutionary Ecology at the University of East Anglia, UK. His research examines the evolution of reproductive behaviour and life histories, with an emphasis on conservation of marine and freshwater fishes. He has co-authored a textbook, Marine Fisheries Ecology (2001), has co-edited Conservation of Exploited Species (2001) and is co-editor of the journal, Animal Conservation. He was awarded the FSBI medal of the Fisheries Society of the British Isles in 2000.

Contributors

x

Preface

xii

Abbreviations

xiv

The Human Dimension of Fisheries Science

1

(10)

Paul J.B. Hart

John D. Reynolds

Introduction

1

(1)

The origins of fisheries science

1

(1)

The objectives of fisheries management

2

(1)

The development of the institutions of fisheries science

3

(1)

Who owns the fishery and for whom is it managed?

4

(1)

The problem of uncertainty

4

(2)

Development to increase economic efficiency or freedom?

6

(1)

Achieving sustainable development

7

(1)

Conclusions

8

(3)

Part 1: Background to Fisheries

11

(92)

Fish Capture Devices in Industrial and Artisanal Fisheries and Their Influence on Management

13

(24)

Ole Arve Misund

Jeppe Kolding

Pierre Freon

Introduction

13

(1)

Main fish capture techniques

13

(12)

Artisanal fisheries

25

(6)

Conclusions

31

(6)

Marketing Fish

37

(24)

J.A. Young

J.F. Muir

Introduction

37

(1)

Marketing and markets

37

(5)

Determination of values

42

(3)

Creating values

45

(3)

Communicating values

48

(3)

Delivering values

51

(2)

Future values

53

(3)

Conclusions

56

(5)

A History of Fisheries and Their Science and Management

61

(23)

Tim D. Smith

The nature of fishing

61

(2)

Origins of fishing

63

(2)

Overfishing

65

(4)

Graham's Law of Fishing

69

(2)

Scientific bases for management

71

(4)

Post-Second World War

75

(5)

Conclusions

80

(4)

Gathering Data for Resource Monitoring and Fisheries Management

84

(19)

David Evans

Richard Grainger

Fisheries information framework

84

(7)

Fisheries information data

91

(3)

Fisheries data collection and management

94

(5)

Fisheries information presentation

99

(2)

Conclusions

101

(2)

Part 2: Stock Assessment

103

(188)

Surplus Production Models

105

(22)

Jon T. Schnute

Laura Richards

Introduction

105

(2)

Graphical model

107

(2)

Classical differential equations (model 1)

109

(2)

Special cases (model 1)

111

(1)

Equilibrium (model 1)

112

(2)

Growth models

114

(2)

Modern difference equations (model 2)

116

(2)

Equilibrium and dynamic response (model 2)

118

(4)

Estimation: comparing models with data

122

(1)

Model extensions

123

(1)

Conclusions

124

(3)

Dynamic Pool Models I: Interpreting the Past Using Virtual Population Analysis

127

(37)

J.G. Shepherd

J.G. Pope

Introduction: the dynamic pool concept

127

(1)

The distinction between retrospective analysis and forecasting

127

(1)

Virtual population analysis (VPA): the basics

128

(7)

Separable VPA

135

(6)

Tuning of VPA using CPUE and survey data

141

(8)

The extended survivors method (XSA)

149

(7)

Multispecies virtual population analysis

156

(5)

Conclusions

161

(3)

Dynamic Pool Models II: Short-Term and Long-Term Forecasts of Catch and Biomass

164

(25)

J.G. Shepherd

J.G. Pope

Short-term forecasts of catch and biomass

164

(8)

Long-term forecasts of catch and biomass

172

(12)

Multispecies forecasts

184

(2)

Conclusions

186

(3)

A Bumpy Old Road: Size-Based Methods in Fisheries Assessment

189

(22)

Tony J. Pitcher

Introduction

189

(1)

Age and mortality methods

190

(14)

When length is king

204

(3)

Conclusions

207

(4)

Ecosystem Models

211

(17)

Daniel Pauly

Villy Christensen

Introduction: ecosystem models

211

(2)

Multispecies models

213

(1)

Modelling the North Sea, the North Pacific and the Gulf of Thailand

214

(1)

Ecopath and the mass-balance approach

215

(2)

The trophic level concept

217

(2)

Practical uses of trophic levels: tracking food-web changes

219

(1)

Ecosystem structure, Odum's maturity and Ulanowicz's ascendancy

220

(1)

Particle-size spectra in ecosystems

221

(1)

Ecosim, refugia and top-down vs. bottom-up control

222

(1)

Spatial considerations in ecosystem modelling

223

(1)

Towards a transition from single-species to ecosystem-based management

224

(1)

Conclusions

225

(3)

Individual-Based Models

228

(21)

Geir Huse

Jarl Giske

Anne Gro Vea Salvanes

Introduction

228

(1)

Specifying individuals in IBMs

229

(1)

Features of individual-based models

230

(6)

Formulating and testing IBMs

236

(1)

Review of individual-based models in fisheries biology

237

(7)

Conclusions

244

(5)

The Economics of Fisheries

249

(21)

Rognvaldur Hannesson

Introduction

249

(1)

The surplus production model

249

(1)

Fishing effort and fish yield

250

(2)

Sustainable yield

252

(2)

Optimal exploitation

254

(3)

Time discounting

257

(3)

Fluctuations: should catches be stabilized?

260

(1)

Optimum fleet capacity for fluctuating stocks

261

(2)

Management methods

263

(2)

International issues

265

(2)

Conclusions

267

(3)

Choosing the Best Model for Fisheries Assessment

270

(21)

Per Sparre

Paul J. B. Hart

Introduction

270

(1)

Basic concepts

270

(2)

Stochastic modelling

272

(2)

Mechanics of choosing a model

274

(1)

Estimation of parameters

275

(1)

The use of mathematical models in fisheries

276

(7)

A key to models

283

(3)

The importance of testing models

286

(1)

Conclusions

287

(4)

Part 3: Fisheries in a Wider Context

291

(100)

Marine Protected Areas, Fish and Fisheries

293

(26)

Nicholas V.C. Polunin

Introduction

293

(1)

What happens to target species in MPAs?

294

(4)

What are the potential benefits to fishers?

298

(7)

What else do MPAs offer?

305

(2)

Realities, advocacy and implementation of MPAs

307

(4)

Conclusions

311

(8)

Exploitation and Other Threats to Fish Conservation

319

(23)

John D. Reynolds

Nicholas K. Dulvy

Callum M. Roberts

Introduction

319

(2)

Global status of exploited fish populations

321

(1)

Extinction

321

(4)

Exploitation as a cause of declines and extinction

325

(4)

What renders species susceptible to overfishing?

329

(3)

Conservation meets sustainable use

332

(2)

What is needed to safeguard fish biodiversity?

334

(2)

Conclusions

336

(6)

Ecosystem Effects of Fishing

342

(25)

M.J. Kaiser

S. Jennings

Introduction

342

(1)

Effects of harvesting target species

342

(5)

Effects of prey removal on sea birds

347

(2)

How fisheries affect energy subsidies

349

(4)

Effects of removing predators

353

(1)

Effects on benthic communities and habitats

354

(4)

Bycatches and ghost-fishing

358

(3)

Conclusions

361

(6)

Recreational Fishing

367

(24)

I.G. Cowx

Introduction

367

(1)

Types of recreational fishing

368

(5)

Recreational fishery assessment methods

373

(3)

Management of recreational fisheries

376

(4)

Issues relating to the development of recreational fisheries

380

(5)

Value

385

(1)

Conclusions

385

(6)

Index

391

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