Handbook of Forensic Psychology

by O'Donohue; Levensky

• ISBN13: 9780125241960
• ISBN10: 0125241968
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-12-12
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Forensic psychology has mushroomed into a diverse and increasingly complex field that is equal parts law and psychology. Psychologists act as expert witnesses in legal cases - sometimes without knowing much about the laws involved, and legal professionals rely on the assessment of psychologists sometimes without knowing much about how such assessments are made. The purpose of this handbook is to provide professionals with current, practical, and empirically based information to guide their work in forensic settings, or to better their understanding of the issues and debates in forensic psychology. Divided into four sections, the Handbook of Forensic Psychology covers basic issues, assessment, mental disorders and forensic psychology, and special topics. The basic issue chapters present a primer on law for the psychologist, a primer on psychology for attorneys, an overview of ethical issues relevant to forensic psychology, and a chapter on forensic report writing. The assessment section discusses factors and measures relevant for assessing a variety of behaviors, propensities, and capabilities, including dangerousness, violence, suicide, competency, substance abuse, PTSD and neuropsychological evaluations, as well as discussing interviewing children and child custody evaluations. Additional chapters discuss eyewitness testimony, recovered memory, polygraphs, sexual harassment, juror selection, and issues of ethnicity in forensic psychology.

Table of Contents

CONTRIBUTORS	xxi
PREFACE	xxv
PART I BASIC ISSUES
CHAPTER 1 PSYCHOLOGY AND THE LAW
M. GINO BROGDON, SR., DANN H. ADAMS, AND RITY BAHRI
PSYCHIATRIST/PSYCHOLOGIST-PATIENT PRIVILEGE	4	(5)
EXPERT TESTIMONY	9	(5)
INVOLUNTARY CIVIL COMMITMENT	14	(3)
CRIMINAL COMMITMENT	17	(2)
DUALITY AND SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH CLIENTS	19	(1)
MEMORY ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES: REPRESSED MEMORIES	20	(3)
INTERNET PSYCHOTHERAPY	23	(1)
REFERENCES	24	(4)
CHAPTER 2 AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY FOR ATTORNEYS
WILLIAM T O'DONOHUE, KENDRA BEITZ, AND ERIC R. LEVENSKY
PSYCHOLOGY AS A SCIENCE	28	(3)
SOME GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS: WHY ISN'T PSYCHOLOGY AS PROGRESSIVE AS PHYSICS?	31	(7)
GETTING THE MOST FROM PSYCHOLOGY	38	(6)
CONCLUSIONS	44	(1)
REFERENCES	44	(2)
CHAPTER 3 ETHICAL ISSUES IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
MICHAEL LAVIN
FUNDAMENTALS OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY	46	(5)
PEDOPHILIA AS A FORENSIC EXAMPLE	51	(7)
LESSONS	58	(2)
REFERENCES	60	(4)
CHAPTER 4 FORENSIC REPORT WRITING
JEFFREY E. HECKER AND R. JAMIE SCOULAR
UNIQUE FEATURES OF FORENSIC REPORTS	64	(2)
THE FORENSIC REPORT	66	(10)
FORENSIC REPORT WRITING: GENERAL GUIDELINES	76	(4)
REFERENCES	80	(6)
PART II ASSESSMENT
CHAPTER 5 ASSESSMENT OF DANGEROUSNESS AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
LYNNE ECCLESTON AND TONY WARD
OVERVIEW	86	(1)
CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY	87	(2)
CLINICAL VERSUS ACTUARIAL ASSESSMENT	89	(1)
DANGEROUSNESS RESEARCH	90	(2)
METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS	92	(2)
STATIC VERSUS DYNAMIC PREDICTORS OF DANGEROUSNESS	94	(1)
RISK ASSESSMENT: THE CLINICAL INTERVIEW	95	(2)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS	97	(1)
REFERENCES	97	(7)
CHAPTER 6 ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT, COMMUNICATION, AND MANAGEMENT OF RISK FOR VIOLENCE
REBECCA I. DEMPSTER
VIOLENCE RISK ASSESSMENT	104	(12)
RISK COMMUNICATION	116	(3)
RISK MANAGEMENT	119	(4)
CONCLUSIONS	123	(1)
REFERENCES	124	(7)
CHAPTER 7 FORENSIC AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF THE SUICIDAL PATIENT
KIRK STROSAHL
GOALS OF THIS CHAPTER	131	(1)
THE ANATOMY OF A WRONGFUL DEATH LAWSUIT: FROM ADVERSE EVENT TO THE COURTROOM	132	(4)
KEY TENETS OF A WRONGFUL DEATH CLAIM	136	(1)
CHARACTERISTIC CLAIMS IN A WRONGFUL DEATH SUIT	137	(3)
THE SEARCH FOR THE ELUSIVE "STANDARD OF CARE"	140	(1)
SUICIDE AND MALPRACTICE: A STUDY IN LEGAL PARADOX	141	(3)
THE PROBLEMATIC INTERFACE OF ETHICS AND RISK MANAGEMENT	144	(5)
REDUCING THE RISK OF LAWSUIT: SUGGESTIONS FOR ORGANIZATIONS AND CLINICAL PRACTITIONERS	149	(3)
RISK MANAGEMENT AFTER THE INDEX SUICIDE	152	(2)
CONCLUSION	154	(1)
REFERENCES	154	(3)
CHAPTER 8 ASSESSING INTENT AND CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY
RONALD ROESCH, JODI VILJOEN, AND IRENE HUI
LEGAL STANDARDS	157	(3)
ASSESSING MENTAL DISORDERS	160	(5)
SPECIALIZED SCALES FOR CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY ASSESSMENTS	165	(4)
CONCLUSION	169	(1)
REFERENCES	170	(6)
CHAPTER 9 ASSESSING ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCY: USING LEGAL AND EMPIRICAL PRINCIPLES TO INFORM PRACTICE
JENNIFER SKEEM, STEPHEN L. GOLDING, AND PAULA EMKE-FRANCIS
CONCEPTUALIZING ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCY	176	(13)
OPERATIONALIZING AND ASSESSING ADJUDICATIVE COMPETENCY	189	(12)
IMPROVING COMPETENCY ASSESSMENT PRACTICES	201	(4)
CONCLUSION	205	(1)
REFERENCES	205	(8)
CHAPTER 10 ASSESSING MENTAL COMPETENCY IN THE ELDERLY
CRAIG YURY, RUTH A. GENTRY, HILLARY LEROUX, JEFFREY A. BUCHANAN, AND JANE E. FISHER
MENTAL COMPETENCE	213	(15)
CONCLUSION	228	(1)
REFERENCES	228	(6)
CHAPTER 11 CHILD CUSTODY EVALUATIONS
APRIL R. BRADLEY
CURRENT STATUTES	234	(1)
ETHICAL GUIDELINES	234	(1)
PROCEDURES	235	(4)
COLLATERAL INFORMATION AND RECORD REVIEW	239	(1)
INTEGRATING TEST RESULTS AND INTERPRETING THE DATA	240	(1)
ADDITIONAL ISSUES	240	(1)
CONCLUSION	241	(1)
REFERENCES	242	(4)
CHAPTER 12 FORENSIC INTERVIEWING AND ASSESSMENT ISSUES WITH CHILDREN
MATTHEW FANETTI AND RICHARD BOLES
CHILDREN AS WITNESSES IN COURT	246	(3)
TRENDS IN THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH INTO CHILDREN'S EVENT MEMORY	249	(7)
PERSPECTIVES PRIOR TO EVIDENCE GATHERING	256	(2)
STANDARDIZED ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES	258	(4)
CONCLUSION	262	(1)
REFERENCES	263	(4)
CHAPTER 13 EVALUATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DAMAGES
AUX M. MCLEAREN, CHRISTINA A. PIETZ, AND ROBERT L. DENNEY
TORT LAW	267	(2)
CASE LAW	269	(2)
TYPES OF INJURY	271	(2)
PROFESSIONAL ISSUES	273	(2)
APPROACH TO EVALUATION: MULTIPLE DATA SOURCE MODEL	275	(3)
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING	278	(4)
EVALUATION FOR INTELLECTUAL AND NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENT	282	(7)
MODEL APPLICATION	289	(2)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS	291	(2)
CONCLUSION	293	(1)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	293	(1)
REFERENCES	294	(9)
CHAPTER 14 DETECTING MALINGERING IN FORENSIC NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS IN LITIGANTS WITH MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
KYLE E. FERGUSON
WHAT IS MALINGERING?	303	(8)
CONCLUSION	311	(1)
REFERENCES	311	(5)
CHAPTER 15 THE FORENSIC ASSESSMENT OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ELIZABETH V. GIFFORD, BARBARA S. KOHLENBERG, MELISSA M. PIASECKI, AND EMILY I. WEBBER
SUBSTANCE USE AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR	316	(3)
LEGAL ISSUES AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE	319	(4)
ASSSESSMENT	323	(9)
SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT	332	(3)
ASSESSMENT FOR TREATMENT PLACEMENT AND PLANNING	335	(2)
CONCLUSION	337	(1)
REFERENCES	338	(9)
CHAPTER 16 ASSESSMENT OF POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
KIMBERLI TREADWELL AND EDNA FOA
DIAGNOSIS OF PTSD	347	(2)
PREVALENCE	349	(1)
GOALS FOR ASSESSMENT	350	(1)
METHODS OF ASSESSMENT	351	(11)
CONCLUSION	362	(1)
REFERENCES	362	(8)
PART III MENTAL DISORDERS AND FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 17 CONDUCT DISORDERS AND IMPULSE CONTROL IN CHILDREN
STEVEN G. LITTLE, K. ANGELEQUE AKIN-LITTLE, AND UTA H. MOCNIAK
CONDUCT DISORDER	370	(10)
ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER	380	(8)
CONCLUSION	388	(1)
REFERENCES	388	(8)
CHAPTER 18 WHAT EVERY FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGIST SHOULD KNOW ABOUT PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY
ELLISON M. CALE AND SCOTT O. LILIENFELD
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF PSYCHOPATHY	396	(1)
PSYCHOPATHY'S RELATIONS TO ASPD AND CRIME	397	(1)
PSYCHOPATHY IN VARIOUS FORENSIC POPULATIONS	398	(2)
PSYCHOPATHY: ASSESSMENT ISSUES	400	(8)
PSYCHOPATHY AND DISSIMULATION	408	(2)
PSYCHOPATHY: CONCURRENT AND PREDICTIVE RELATIONS WITH CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR	410	(5)
THE PROGNOSIS OF PSYCHOPATHIC CRIMINALS	415	(3)
CONCLUSION: TEN TAKE-HOME MESSAGES FOR FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGISTS	418	(2)
REFERENCES	420	(10)
CHAPTER 19 SEXUAL DEVIANCE AND FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: A PRIMER
TAMARA PENIX SBRAGA
SEXUAL DEVIANCE: A SOCIALLY DRIVEN PROBLEM	430	(4)
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY AND SEXUAL DEVIANCE: WHERE THE TWAIN MEET	434	(1)
FORENSIC ATTENTION: THE BIG SIX	435	(21)
TRENDS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SEXUAL DEVIATES	456	(2)
CONCLUSION	458	(2)
REFERENCES	460	(11)
CHAPTER 20 DISORDERS OF IMPULSE CONTROL
STEPHEN I. HUCKER
IMPULSIVITY AND PERSONALITY DISORDERS	471	(1)
IMPULSIVITY AND CEREBRAL DAMAGE	472	(1)
IMPULSIVITY AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE	472	(1)
IMPULSIVITY AND MAJOR MENTAL DISORDERS	472	(1)
IMPULSIVITY AND CHILDHOOD PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS	472	(1)
SPECIFIC DISORDERS OF IMPULSE CONTROL	473	(7)
IMPULSE CONTROL DISORDER, NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED	480	(1)
REPETITIVE SELF-MUTILATION	481	(1)
COMPULSIVE SHOPPING	481	(1)
CONCLUSION	482	(1)
REFERENCES	483	(6)
CHAPTER 21 DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES AND MENTAL RETARDATION
W. LARRY WILLIAMS, PATRICK M. GREZZI, AND ERIC BURKHOLDER
THE NATURE OF DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES AND MENTAL RETARDATION	489	(1)
A BRIEF HISTORY	490	(3)
DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES, MENTAL RETARDATION, AND THE LAW	493	(3)
FREQUENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS	496	(3)
COMPETENCE ASSESSMENTS OF PEOPLE WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES	499	(5)
TREATMENT AND SERVICE ASSESSMENTS	504	(1)
CONCLUSION	505	(1)
REFERENCES	506	(8)
PART IV SPECIAL TOPICS
CHAPTER 22 ISSUES IN EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
SIMONA GHETTI, JENNIFER M. SCHAAF, JIANJIAN QIN, AND GAIL S. GOODMAN
BASIC MEMORY PROCESSES	514	(5)
STRESS AND EYEWITNESS ACCURACY	519	(3)
EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION	522	(4)
THE RELATION BETWEEN ACCURACY AND CONFIDENCE	526	(5)
INTERVIEWING TECHNIQUES	531	(2)
THE CHILD WITNESS	533	(6)
EMERGING RESEARCH THEMES	539	(3)
CONCLUSION	542	(1)
REFERENCES	543	(13)
CHAPTER 23 IN SEARCH OF RECOVERED MEMORIES
AMY C. TSAI, SARAH K. MORSBACH, AND ELIZABETH F. LOFTLIS
LEGAL HISTORY OF REPRESSION	556	(5)
SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE FOR REPRESSION	561	(8)
SUGGESTIONS FOR PRACTICE	569	(5)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS	574	(1)
REFERENCES	574	(6)
CHAPTER 24 A DAUBERT TESTING OF HYPNOTICALLY REFRESHED TESTIMONY IN THE CRIMINAL COURTS
EARL F. MARTIN
THE COMMON-LAW APPROACH TO HYPNOTICALLY REFRESHED TESTIMONY	580	(5)
THE DAUBERT TEST FOR SCIENTIFIC RELIABILITY	585	(2)
HYPNOTICALLY REFRESHED TESTIMONY AND THE DAUBERT TEST	587	(10)
CONCLUSION	597	(1)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	598	(1)
REFERENCES	598	(4)
CHAPTER 25 A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLYGRAPH
ERIN M. OKSOL AND WILLIAM T. O'DONOHUE
POLYGRAPH TEST PROCEDURES	602	(2)
EXAMINING THE EVIDENCE	604	(9)
A LOOK AT THE POLYGRAPH: THE METHODS	613	(14)
THE ETHICS OF USE OF THE POLYGRAPH: TRANSGRESSIONS AND CONCERNS	627	(3)
CONCLUSION	630	(1)
REFERENCES	631	(4)
CHAPTER 26 NONVERBAL DETECTION OF DECEPTION IN FORENSIC CONTEXTS
MARK FRANK AND PAUL EKMAN
WHAT IS A LIE?	635	(2)
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN SOMEONE LIES?	637	(7)
HOW GOOD ARE WE AT SPOTTING LIES?	644	(2)
HOW THE LEGAL PROCESS AFFECTS CATCHING LIES THROUGH BEHAVIORAL CLUES	646	(3)
CONCLUSION	649	(1)
REFERENCES	650	(5)
CHAPTER 27 FORENSIC ISSUES IN SEXUAL HARASSMENT
CLAUDIA AVINA, ADRIAN H. BOWERS, AND WILLIAM T. O'DONOHUE
WHAT IS SEXUAL HARASSMENT?	655	(3)
HOW FREQUENTLY DOES SEXUAL HARASSMENT OCCUR?	658	(1)
WHO ARE THE TARGETS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT?	659	(1)
WHAT ARE THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON VICTIMS OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT?	660	(1)
WHEN DOES SEXUAL HARASSMENT OCCUR?	661	(1)
THE SEXUAL HARASSMENT INVESTIGATION	662	(13)
SEXUAL HARASSMENT TREATMENT	675	(2)
FUTURE DIRECTIONS	677	(2)
REFERENCES	679	(6)
CHAPTER 28 LEGAL ISSUES IN CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT
SANDRA T. AZAR AND NINA OLSEN
THE WEIGHING OF CHILDREN'S NEEDS: NEW ASSESSMENT ROLES FOR MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS	685	(1)
AN OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL PROCESS	686	(17)
CONCLUSION	703	(1)
ACKNOWLEDGMENT	704	(1)
REFERENCES	704	(10)
CHAPTER 29 PARTNER VIOLENCE: ASSESSMENT, PREDICTION, AND INTERVENTION
ERIC R. LEVENSKY AND ALAN E. FRUZZETTI
DEFINITION OF PARTNER VIOLENCE	714	(1)
PREVALENCE, COURSE, AND CONSEQUENCES OF MALE-TO-FEMALE PARTNER VIOLENCE	714	(1)
ASSESSMENT OF PAST PARTNER VIOLENCE	715	(6)
PREDICTING FUTURE PARTNER VIOLENCE	721	(7)
INTERVENTIONS IN PARTNER VIOLENCE CASES	728	(6)
CONCLUSION	734	(1)
REFERENCES	735	(9)
CHAPTER 30 ELDER ABUSE: GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT
DEBORAH HENDERSON, DUANE VARBLE, AND JEFFREY A. BUCHANAN
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR ELDER ABUSE	744	(2)
RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ELDER ABUSE	746	(5)
BARRIERS TO IDENTIFYING ELDER ABUSE	751	(1)
GUIDELINES FOR THE TREATMENT OF ELDER ABUSE	751	(11)
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS	762	(1)
REFERENCES	763	(5)
CHAPTER 31 INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT
BRADLEY R. JOHNSON
THE HISTORY OF INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT	768	(2)
THE LEGAL BASIS OF CNIL COMMITMENT	770	(1)
INVOLUNTARY COMMITMENT PROCEDURES	770	(6)
CIVIL COMMITMENT OF SEXUAL OFFENDERS	776	(2)
CONCLUSION. ETHICAL ISSUES	778	(1)
REFERENCES	779	(3)
CHAPTER 32 JURORS CAN BE SELECTED: NONINFORMATION, MISINFORMATION, AND THEIR STRATEGIC USES FOR JURY SELECTION
DEBORAH DAVIS AND WILLIAM C. FOLLETTE
SCIENCE AND NONSCIENCE IN JURY SELECTION	782	(1)
USES OF SCIENTIFIC JURY RESEARCH	782	(1)
EVALUATION/SELECTION OF THE JURY POOL	783	(3)
DIAGNOSTIC PROFILING IDENTIFYING (UN)DESIRABLE JURORS	786	(5)
GETTING THE JURORS YOU WANT: THE DIPP METHOD	791	(10)
CONCLUSION	801	(1)
REFERENCES	801	(7)
CHAPTER 33 ISSUES OF ETHNICITY IN FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY: A MODEL FOR HISPANICS IN THE UNITED STATES
MARTHA B. MAHAFFEY
COMPETENCE	808	(2)
SOURCES OF BIAS IN THE LEGAL SYSTEM	810	(3)
CULTURALLY COMPETENT FORENSIC ASSESSMENT	813	(8)
PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING	821	(9)
FORENSIC SPECIFIC MEASUREMENT	830	(7)
CONCLUSIONS AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH	837	(1)
REFERENCES	838	(14)
CHAPTER 34 PSYCHOLOGY IN A SECURE SETTING
KIRK A. BRUNSWIG AND ROBERT W. PARHAM
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CORRECTIONAL AND SECURE SETTINGS	852	(2)
PSYCHOLOGIST ROLES IN CORRECTIONAL AND SECURE SETTINGS	854	(8)
ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE CORRECTIONAL AND SECURE SETTINGS	862	(2)
RESEARCH IN CORRECTIONAL AND SECURE SETTINGS	864	(3)
CONCLUSION	867	(1)
REFERENCES	868	(5)
CHAPTER 35 EVALUATION OF YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
RANDY OTTO AND RANDY BORUM
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM	873	(2)
CLINICAL ISSUES RELEVANT TO JUVENILE FORENSIC EVALUATION	875	(8)
PSYCHOLEGAL QUESTIONS INVOLVING YOUTH IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM	883	(8)
CONCLUSION	891	(1)
REFERENCES	891	(9)
CHAPTER 36 THE ROAD TO PERDITION: EXTREME INFLUENCE TACTICS IN THE INTERROGATION ROOM
DEBORAH DAVIS AND WILLIAM T. O'DONOHUE
FORKS IN THE ROAD: VARIETIES OF CONFESSION	900	(1)
THE ROAD TO PERDITION: COMMON INTERROGATION PRACTICES	901	(16)
SIMPLE ESCAPE: PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL STRESS AS IMPETUS TO CONFESSION	917	(3)
ALPHA AND OMEGA: TWO BASIC APPROACHES TO PERSUASIVE INFLUENCE	920	(43)
THE ROLE OF PERSONALITY VARIABLES AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY	963	(4)
THE CONSEQUENCES OF FALSE CONFESSION	967	(13)
THE ROLE OF THE EXPERT WITNESS	980	(1)
REFERENCES	981	(19)
CHAPTER 37 WHAT'S GOOD FOR THE GOOSE COOKS THE GANDER: INCONSISTENCIES BETWEEN THE LAW AND PSYCHOLOGY OF VOLUNTARY INTOXICATION AND SEXUAL ASSAULT
DEBORAH DAVIS AND ELIZABETH F. LOFTLIS
DOES ALCOHOL USE ENHANCE SEXUAL MOTIVATION/AROUSAL?	1000	(3)
DO MEN AND WOMEN BELIEVE ALCOHOL INCREASES INTEREST IN VOLUNTARY SEXUAL ACTIVITY?	1003	(5)
DOES ALCOHOL USE ACTUALLY PROMOTE VOLUNTARY SEXUAL ACTIVITY?	1008	(1)
ARE MEN AND WOMEN AWARE OF THE LINK BETWEEN INTOXICATION AND VICTIMIZATION?	1009	(3)
DOES WOMEN'S ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION DEPEND UPON SEXUAL INTENTIONS?	1012	(3)
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE LEGAL SYSTEM	1015	(5)
CONCLUSIONS	1020	(2)
REFERENCES	1022	(11)
INDEX	1033