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What is included with this book?
Understand the future of oil production with this comprehensive guide
Heavy oil, also known as viscous oil, is oil too viscous to flow normally from wells and reservoirs. In recent decades it has become increasingly important as a source of liquid oil for use in industrial processes. This places all the greater importance on proper analysis of heavy oil and its properties, so that it can be more effectively refined and deployed to meet ever-growing energy needs.
Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis provides a comprehensive introduction to the analysis of viscous oil and its properties. It discusses the full range of tests and analytical procedures by which the behavior and refinability of viscous oil samples can be predicted and connects theoretical knowledge to refinery practice throughout. Additionally, its incorporation of the latest environmental regulations makes it an invaluable resource.
Readers will also find:
This book is a useful reference for scientists and engineers in the oil refining industries, chemists and researchers in heavy oil and adjacent industries, and government officials and regulators.
James G. Speight, PhD, is an independent fuel and environmental consultant with an international reputation for expertise in fuel properties and environmental impacts. He has authored over 100 books and papers and has received numerous awards and distinctions for his research and work in oil refinement and processing.
Preface
Chapter 1: History and Terminology
1.0 Introduction
2.0 Historical Perspectives
2.1 Pre-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen
2.2 Post-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen
3.0 Definitions and Terminology
3.1 Non-Viscous Feedstocks
3.1.1 Crude Oil
3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil
3.1.3 High Acid Crude Oil
3.1.4 Foamy Oil
3.2 Viscous Feedstocks
3.2.1 Gas Oil
3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil
3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil
3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen
3.2.5 Residua
3.2.6 Asphalt
3.2.7 Tar and Pitch
3.2.8 Sludge
4.0 Classification
5.0 Feedstock Evaluation
6.0 Modern Analytical Perspectives
7.0 References
Chapter 2: Sampling and Measurement
2.0 Sampling
2.1 Sampling Protocol
2.1.1 Sampling Semi-Volatile and Non-Volatile Compounds
2.1.2 Solids
2.1.3 Extract Concentration
2.1.4 Sample Cleanup
2.2 Representative Sample
2.3 Sampling Error
3.0 Measurement
4.0 Method Validation
4.1 Requirements
4.2 Method Detection Limit
4.3 Accuracy
4.4 Precision
5.0 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
5.1 Quality Control
5.2 Quality Assurance
6.0 Assay and Specifications
6.1 Assay
6.2 Specifications
6.3 Metallic Constituents
6.4 Water Content
7.0 Environmental Issues
8.0 References
Chapter 3: Chemical Composition
2.0 Elemental Composition
3.0 Chemical Composition
3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents
3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives
3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives
3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives
3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives
3.2 Non-hydrocarbon Constituents
3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds
3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds
3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds
3.3 Metallic Constituents
3.4 Porphyrins
4.0 Chemical Composition by Distillation
4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil
4.2 Vacuum Residua
5.0 Composition by Spectroscopic Methods
5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy
5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
5.3 Mass Spectrometry
5.4 Other Techniques
6.0 References
Chapter 4: Fractional Composition
2.0 Distillation
3.0 Solvent Treatment
3.1 Asphaltene Separation
3.1.1. Influence of Solvent Type
3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution
3.1.3 Influence of Temperature
3.1.4. Influence of Contact Time
3.2 Fractionation
4.0 Adsorption Methods
4.1 Chemical Factors
4.2 Fractionation Methods
5.0 Chemical Methods
6.0 The Asphaltene Fraction
7.0 Carbenes and Carboids
Chapter 5: Chemical Properties
2.0 Acid Number
3.0 Elemental Analysis and Metals
4.0 Emulsion Formation
5.0 Evaporation
6.0 Flash Point and Fire Point
7.0 Functional Group Analysis
8.0 Halogenation
9.0 Hydrogenation
10.0 Oxidation
11.0 Thermal Methods
12.0 Miscellaneous Methods
13.0 References
Chapter 6: Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties
2.0 Physical Properties
2.1 Adhesion
2.2 Density and Specific Gravity
2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension
2.4 Viscosity
3.0 Electrical Properties
3.1 Conductivity
3.2 Dielectric Constant
3.3 Dielectric Strength
3.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor
3.5 Static Electrification
4.0 Optical Properties
4.1 Optical Activity
4.2 Refractive Index
5.0 References
Chapter 7: Thermal Properties
2.0 Ash Production
3.0 Carbon Residue
4.0 Critical Properties
5.0 Enthalpy
6.0 Heat of Combustion
7.0 Latent Heat
8.0 Liquefaction and Solidification
9.0 Pour Point
10.0 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships
11.0 Softening Point
12.0 Specific Heat
13.0 Thermal Conductivity
14.0 Volatility
15.0 References
Chapter 8: Chromatographic Analysis
2.0 Adsorption Chromatography
3.0 Gas Chromatography
4.0 Gel Permeation Chromatography
5.0 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
6.0 Ion-Exchange Chromatography
7.0 Simulated Distillation
8.0 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
9.0 Thin Layer Chromatography
10.0 References
Chapter 9: Structural Group Analysis
2.0 Physical Property Methods
2.3 Density Method
2.6 Density-Temperature Coefficient Method
2.1 Direct Method
2.5 Dispersion-Refraction Method
2.2 Waterman Ring Analysis
2.7 Molecular Weight-Refractive Index Method
2.4 N-D-M Method
2.8 Miscellaneous Methods
3.0 Spectroscopic Methods
3.1 Electron Spin Resonance
3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3 Mass Spectrometry
3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
3.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
3.6 X-ray Diffraction
4.0 Heteroatom Systems
4.1 Nitrogen
4.2 Oxygen
4.3 Sulfur
4.4 Metals
5.0 Miscellaneous Methods
Chapter 10: Molecular Weight Determination
2.0 Methods For Molecular Weight Measurement
2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry
2.2 Freezing Point Depression
2.3 Boiling Point Elevation
2.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography
2.5 Mass Spectrometry
2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
3.0 Molecular Weight of Volatile Fractions
4.0 Molecular Weight of Non-Volatile Fractions
4.1 Resins
4.2 Asphaltenes
4.3 Carbenes and Carboids
Chapter 11: Instability and Incompatibility
2.0 Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility
3.0 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility
3.1 Acidity
3.2 Asphaltene Content
3.3 Density/Specific Gravity
3.4 Elemental Analysis
3.5 Metals Content
3.6 Pour Point
3.7 Viscosity
3.3 Volatility
3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, and Bottom Sediment/Water (BS&W)
4.0 Determination of Instability and Incompatibility
Chapter 12: Use of the Data
2.0 Use of the Data
3.0 Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping
3.1 Property Predictions
3.2 Predicting Separations
3.3 Process Predictability
4.0 Environmental Aspects of Processing
4.1 Gaseous Emissions
4.2 Liquid Effluents
4.3 Solid Effluents
5.0 Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations
5.1 Definitions
5.2 Environmental Regulations
5.3 Environmental Analysis
Glossary
Conversion Tables
About the Author
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