Handbook of Industrial Chemistry Organic Chemicals

by Ali, M.; El Ali, Bassam

• ISBN13: 9780071410373
• ISBN10: 0071410376
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-01-12
• Publisher: McGraw Hill

Summary

The definitive guide for the general chemical analyses of non-petroleum based organic products such as paints, dyes, oils, fats, and waxes.* Chemical tables, formulas, and equations * Covers all of the chemical processes which utilize organic chemicals * Physical properties for the most common organic chemicalsContents:Safety Considerations in ProcessIndustries * Industrial Pollution Prevention and Waste Management * Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes * Soaps and Detergents * Sugar and Other Sweeteners * Paints, Pigments,and Industrial Coatings * Dyestuffs, Finishing and Dyeing of Textiles * Industrial Fermentation * Pharmaceutical Industry *Agrochemicals * Chemical Explosives * Petroleum Processing and Petrochemicals *Polymers and Plastics

Author Biography

Dr. Mohammad Farhat Ali (Dharan, Saudi Arabia), Professor or Industrial and Petroleum Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroluem & Minerals. His areas of research are: Characterization Studies, Heavy ends, Residues and Asphalt, Quality of Crude Oils and Products, Refining Process Technology, Waste Oil Recycling and Stability Characteristics of Jet Fuels.

Dr. Bassam M. El Ali (Dharan, Saudi Arabia), Associate Professor, Industrial Chemistry, Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis King Fahd University Areas of Research: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis using Transition Metal Complexes (Hydrocarboxylation, Hydroformylation, Oxidation, Coupling and Hydrogenation Reactions, Investigation of Organometallic Intermediates and mechanisms of Various Homogeneous Reactions and Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Catalysis of Supported Catalytic Systems.

Table of Contents

Contributors	vii
Preface	ix
Chapter 1. Introduction: An Overview of the Chemical Process Industry and Primary Raw Materials	1	(10)
1.1 The Chemical Process Industry	1	(1)
1.2 Development of the Chemical Industry	2	(1)
1.3 Characteristics of the Chemical Industry	3	(2)
1.4 Raw Materials, Manufacturing, and Engineering	5	(3)
1.5 Environmental Aspects	8	(1)
References	9	(2)
Chapter 2. Safety Considerations in Process Industries	11	(38)
2.1 Introduction	12	(2)
2.2 OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and PSM (Process Safety Management)	14	(2)
2.3 Incident Statistics and Financial Aspects	16	(1)
2.4 Safety Decision Hierarchy	16	(1)
2.5 Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment (HARA)	17	(1)
2.6 Types of Hazards in Industries	18	(22)
2.6.1 Heat and temperature	18	(1)
2.6.2 Pressure hazards	19	(2)
2.6.3 Electrical hazards	21	(2)
2.6.4 Mechanical hazards	23	(1)
2.6.5 Toxic materials	24	(3)
2.6.6 Fire and explosion	27	(3)
2.6.7 Accelerator and falling objects	30	(1)
2.6.8 Confined space	31	(2)
2.6.9 Radiation	33	(4)
2.6.10 Noise and vibrations	37	(2)
2.6.11 Ergonomics	39	(1)
2.7 Risk Management Plan	40	(7)
2.7.1 The role of safety personnel	40	(1)
2.7.2 Personal protective equipment (PPE)	41	(3)
2.7.3 Appraising plant safety and practices	44	(1)
2.7.4 Planning for emergencies	45	(2)
References	47	(2)
Chapter 3. Industrial Pollution Prevention	49	(36)
3.1 Definition of Industrial Waste	50	(1)
3.2 types of Industrial Wastes	51	(3)
3.2.1 Classification of industrial waste	52	(2)
3.3 Public Concern over Pollution	54	(2)
3.4 Legislation to Waste Management	56	(1)
3.5 Industrial Pollution Prevention	57	(1)
3.6 Assessment of Industrial Pollution Prevention	58	(3)
3.6.1 Assessment of waste generation	58	(1)
3.6.2 Feasibility of the industrial pollution prevention	59	(1)
3.6.3 Feasibility implementation	59	(2)
3.7 Waste Management	61	(3)
3.7.1 Procedural change	61	(2)
3.7.2 Technology change	63	(1)
3.7.3 Input material change	64	(1)
3.7.4 Product change	64	(1)
3.8 Recycling	64	(5)
3.8.1 Options in recycling	65	(1)
3.8.2 Recycling technologies	66	(3)
3.9 Waste Treatment	69	(91)
3.9.1 Physical treatment	70	(3)
3.9.2 Chemical treatment	73	(2)
3.9.3 Biological treatment	75	(2)
3.10 Waste Disposal by Incineration	77	(8)
3.10.1 Rotary kiln incinerators	78	(1)
3.10.2 Liquid injection incinerators (LII)	79	(2)
3.10.3 Fluidized bed incinerators	81	(1)
3.10.4 Multiple-hearth incinerators	81	(4)
Chapter 4. Edible Oils, Fats, and Waxes	85	(38)
4.1 Introduction	86	(2)
4.2 Fatty Acids	88	(4)
4.3 Glycerides	92	(2)
4.4 Physical Properties of Triglycerides	94	(4)
4.4.1 Melting point	94	(1)
4.4.2 Specific heat	94	(1)
4.4.3 Viscosity	94	(2)
4.4.4 Density	96	(1)
4.4.6 Refractive index	96	(1)
4.4.6 Polymorphism	96	(1)
4.4.7 Other physical properties	96	(2)
4.5 Chemical Properties of Triglycerides	98	(4)
4.5.1 Hydrolysis	98	(1)
4.5.2 Methanolysis	98	(1)
4.5.3 Interesterification	98	(1)
4.5.4 Hydrogenation	99	(1)
4.5.5 Isomerization	100	(1)
4.5.6 Polymerization	100	(1)
4.5.7 Autoxidation	100	(2)
4.6 Sources of Edible Oils and Main Fats	102	(1)
4.7 Oils and Fats: Processing and Refining	103	(12)
4.8 Fats and Oils Stability and Antioxidants	115	(3)
4.9 Methods of Analysis and Testing of Fats and Oils	118	(3)
4.9.1 Identification and compositional analysis	118	(2)
4.9.2 Quality control tests	120	(1)
References	121	(2)
Chapter 5. Soaps and Detergents	123	(40)
5.1 Soap	123	(7)
5.1.1 Introduction	123	(1)
5.1.2 History	124	(1)
5.1.3 Raw materials	125	(1)
5.1.4 Chemistry of soaps	125	(1)
5.1.5 Classification of soaps	126	(1)
5.1.6 Manufacturing of soaps	127	(3)
5.1.7 Environmental aspects	130	(1)
5.2 Detergent	130	(26)
5.2.1 Introduction and history	130	(2)
5.2.2 Principle groups of synthetic detergents	132	(1)
5.2.3 Surfactants	133	(11)
5.2.4 Inorganic builders	144	(5)
5.2.5 Sundry organic builders	149	(4)
5.2.6 Manufacturing of detergents	153	(3)
5.3 Environmental Aspects	156	(3)
5.3.1 Emissions and controls	156	(1)
5.3.2 Wastewater and the environment	157	(1)
5.3.3 Biodegradation	158	(1)
5.4 Economic Aspects	159	(1)
References	160	(3)
Chapter 6. Sugar	163	(38)
6.1 Introduction	163	(1)
6.2 The Chemistry of Saccharides	164	(3)
6.3 Properties of Sucrose	167	(1)
6.4 Historical Survey and World Production	168	(2)
6.5 Cane Sugar	170	(14)
6.5.1 Raw sugar manufacture	170	(10)
6.5.2 Refining of raw sugar	180	(4)
6.6 Beet Sugar	184	(5)
6.7 Other Sugars	189	(2)
6.8 By-Products of the Sugar Industry	191	(1)
6.9 Other Sweeteners	192	(279)
6.9.1 Acesulfame-K	194	(1)
6.9.2 Alitame	194	(1)
6.9.3 Aspartame	195	(1)
6.9.4 Cyclamate	195	(1)
6.9.5 Saccharin	196	(1)
6.9.6 Sucralose	197	(1)
6.10 Sugar Analysis	197	(1)
References	198	(3)
Chapter 7. Paints, Pigments, and Industrial Coatings	201	(58)
7.1 Introduction	201	(3)
7.2 Constituents of Paints	204	(27)
7.2.1 Pigments	204	(5)
7.2.2 Inorganic pigments	209	(8)
7.2.3 Organic pigments	217	(4)
7.2.4 Binders	221	(5)
7.2.5 Solvents	226	(1)
7.2.6 Additives	227	(4)
7.3 Paint Formulation	231	(3)
7.4 Paint Manufacture	234	(12)
7.4.1 Pigment dispersion	234	(3)
7.4.2 Processing operations	237	(1)
7.4.3 Classification and types of paints	238	(7)
7.4.4 Varnishes	245	(1)
7.4.5 Lacquers	245	(1)
7.5 Paint Application and Causes for Paint Failure	246	(8)
7.5.1 Techniques of paint application	246	(2)
7.5.2 Causes for paint failure	248	(6)
7.6 Testing and Quality Control	254	(1)
7.7 Environmental Impacts and Risks	255	(1)
References	256	(3)
Chapter 8. Dyes: Chemistry and Applications	259	(30)
8.1 Introduction	259	(1)
8.2 Colorants	260	(1)
8.3 Classification of Dyes	261	(7)
8.4 Textile Fibers	268	(4)
8.5 The Application of Dyes	272	(2)
8.6 Intermediates	274	(12)
8.6.1 Miscellaneous reactions	285	(1)
8.7 Manufacture of Dyes	286	(1)
8.8 Environmental and Health Aspects	287	(1)
References	288	(1)
Chapter 9. Industrial Fermentation	289	(42)
9.1 Introduction and History	290	(2)
9.2 Biochemical and Processing Aspects	292	(12)
9.2.1 Overview	292	(1)
9.2.2 Microorganisms	293	(3)
9.2.3 Culture development	296	(2)
9.2.4 Process development	298	(2)
9.2.5 Bioreactors	300	(3)
9.2.6 Downstream processing	303	(1)
9.2.7 Animal and plant cell cultures	304	(1)
9.3 Food and Feed Treatment by Fermentation	304	(7)
9.3.1 Food conservation	304	(5)
9.3.2 Feed and agriculture	309	(1)
9.3.3 Single cell protein (SCP)	309	(2)
9.4 Industrial Chemicals by Fermentation	311	(7)
9.4.1 Ethanol	311	(1)
9.4.2 Other industrial alcohols	312	(1)
9.4.3 Organic acids	313	(1)
9.4.4 Amino acids	314	(2)
9.4.5 Vitamins	316	(1)
9.4.6 Industrial enzymes	317	(1)
9.5 Pharmaceutical Products by Fermentation	318	(5)
9.5.1 Pharmaceuticals by direct fermentation	318	(1)
9.5.2 Pharmaceuticals via biotransformation	319	(3)
9.5.3 Biopolymers	322	(1)
9.6 Environmental Biotechnology	323	(4)
9.7 Social and Economic Aspects	327	(1)
Bibliography	328	(3)
Chapter 10. The Pharmaceutical Industry	331	(50)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Use and Economic Aspects	332	(5)
10.3 Discovery and Development of Drugs	337	(10)
10.3.1 Introduction	337	(2)
10.3.2 Classical drug discovery and early development	339	(2)
10.3.3 Modern drug discovery	341	(3)
10.3.4 Preclinical testing	344	(1)
10.3.5 Clinical testing	345	(2)
10.4 Classification and the Chemistry of Pharmaceutical Products	347	(18)
10.4.1 The analgesics	347	(4)
10.4.2 Antiallergy and antiasthmatic drugs	351	(2)
10.4.3 Antibacterials and antibiotics	353	(4)
10.4.4 Antidepressants	357	(2)
10.4.5 Antiepileptics	359	(1)
10.4.6 Antihypertensives	359	(2)
10.4.7 Antiulcers	361	(1)
10.4.8 Antipsychotic agents	362	(1)
10.4.9 Diuretics	363	(1)
10 4.10 Contraceptives	364	(1)
10.4.11 Vitamins	364	(1)
10.5 Industrial Processes in Pharmaceutical Industry	365	(5)
10.5.1 Research and development	366	(1)
10.5.2 Chemical manufacturing	366	(4)
10.6 Manufacturing of Pharmaceutical Products	370	(8)
10.6.1 The manufacturing of aspirin	370	(1)
10.6.2 The manufacture of pyribenzamine	371	(1)
10.6.3 Formulation, mixing, and compounding	372	(6)
10.7 Quality Control	378	(1)
References	379	(2)
Chapter 11. Agrochemicals	381	(48)
11.1 Introduction and History	381	(4)
11.2 Chemical Pest Control	385	(18)
11.2.1 Herbicides	386	(4)
11.2.2 Insecticides	390	(2)
11.2.3 Fungicides	392	(4)
11.2.4 Miscellaneous compounds	396	(5)
11.2.5 Chemical synthesis of pesticides	401	(2)
11.3 Formulated Products	403	(4)
11.4 Biological Pest Control	407	(3)
11.5 Testing Requirements for New Pesticides	410	(10)
11.5.1 General information and physical and chemical properties	410	(3)
11.5.2 Toxicity	413	(1)
11.5.3 Residues in food	414	(1)
11.5.4 Human safety risk assessment	415	(2)
11.5.5 Environmental fate and environmental toxicology	417	(3)
11.6 Social and Economic Aspects	420	(6)
11.6.1 Social consequences of pesticide use	420	(2)
11.6.2 Economic aspects	422	(4)
Bibliography	426	(3)
Chapter 12. Chemical Explosives and Propellants	429	(44)
12.1 Chemical Explosives	430	(19)
12.1.1 Introduction	430	(1)
12.1.2 Development of explosives	430	(5)
12.1.3 Classification of explosives	435	(9)
12 1.4 Chemistry of explosives	444	(5)
12.2 Propellants	449	(6)
12 2.1 Gun propellants	449	(4)
12.2.2 Rocket propellants	453	(2)
12.3 Pyrotechnics	455	(3)
12.3.1 Sound producers	456	(1)
12.3.2 Light producers	456	(1)
12.3.3 Heat producers	457	(1)
12.3.4 Smoke producers	457	(1)
12.4 Manufacturing of Explosives	458	(4)
12.4.1 TNT production	458	(1)
12.4.2 Black powder production	459	(2)
12.4.3 RDX and HMX production	461	(1)
12.5 Thermochemistry of Explosives	462	(5)
12.5.1 Oxygen balance	463	(1)
12.5.2 Heat of formation	464	(1)
12.5.3 Heat of explosion	465	(2)
12.5.4 Explosive power and power index	467	(1)
12.6 Safety and Environmental Considerations	467	(2)
12.7 Classification, Transportation, and Storage of Explosives	469	(2)
12.7.1 Explosives classification	469	(1)
12.7.2 Transportation of explosives	470	(1)
12.7.3 Storage of explosives	470	(1)
References	471	(2)
Chapter 13. Petroleum and Petrochemicals	473	(38)
13.1 Introduction	473	(4)
13.2 Desalting and Dewatering	477	(1)
13.3 Evaluation	478	(1)
13.4 Distillation	478	(3)
13.5 Cracking, Coking, Hydrocracking, and Reforming	481	(16)
13.6 Treating Processes	497	(2)
13.7 Petroleum Products	499	(1)
13.8 Fuel Gas (Refinery Gas) and Liquefied Petroleum Gas	499	(1)
13.9 Gasoline	499	(2)
13.10 Solvents	501	(1)
13.11 Kerosene	502	(1)
13.12 Fuel Oil	502	(1)
13.13 Lubricating Oil	503	(1)
13.14 Petroleum Wax	504	(1)
13.15 Asphalt	505	(1)
13.16 Coke	506	(1)
13.17 Petrochemicals	507	(2)
Bibliography	509	(2)
Chapter 14. Synthetic Polymers	511	(110)
14.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions	511	(2)
14.2 Classification of Polymers	513	(7)
14.3 Polymers Industry	520	(1)
14.4 Polymer Structure	520	(21)
14.5 Polymer Structure-Property Relationships	541	(15)
14.5.1 Thermal properties	541	(5)
14.5.2 Mechanical properties	546	(2)
14.5.3 Solubility	548	(6)
14.5.4 Viscosity	554	(2)
14.6 Rheology	556	(4)
14.7 Molecular Weight of Polymers	560	(4)
14.8 The Synthesis of High Polymers	564	(30)
14.8.1 Condensation or step-reaction polymerization	569	(3)
14.8.2 Addition or chain-reaction polymerization	572	(1)
14.8.3 Free radical polymerization	573	(9)
14.8.4 Ionic polymerization	582	(12)
14.9 Polymerization Techniques	594	(6)
14.10 Copolymerization	600	(7)
14.11 Modification of Synthetic Polymers	607	(4)
14.12 Degradation, Stability, and Environmental Issues	611	(5)
14.13 Polymer Additives	616	(2)
References	618	(3)
Index	621