Handbook Of Microbial Biofertilizers

by Rai; Mahendra

• ISBN13: 9781560222705
• ISBN10: 1560222700
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2006-02-28
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Sharply focused, up-to-date information on microbial biofertilizers--including emerging options such as Piriformospora indicaand Matsutake The Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers provides in-depth coverage of all major microbial biofertilizers (rhizobia, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and cyanobacteriaas well as new and emerging growth promoters (endophytes). It examines the role of microbes in growth promotion, bioprotectors, and bioremidiators, and presents protocols and practical strategies for using microbes in sustainable agriculture. An abundance of helpful charts, tables, and figures make complex information easy to access and understand. In this first-of-its-kind volume, contributors from 11 countries and several continents address important issues surrounding microbial biofertilizers, including: the rhizobium-host-arbuscular mycorrhizaltripartite relationship mycorrhiza as a disease suppresser and stress reducer mycorrhiza helping bacteria the impact of functional groups of soil microorganisms on nutrient turnover PBPRs as biofertilizers and biopesticides the potential of wild-legume rhizobia for use as a biofertilizers the expanding role of blue-green algae in sustainable agriculture the role of microbial fertilizers in sustainable plant production new and emerging endophytes the commercial potential of biofertilizers In this young century, the use of biofertilizers is already growing rapidly. It has been recognized that these environment-friendly bioprotectors, growth boosters, and remediators are essential for soil/plant health. The Handbook of Microbial Biofertilizers is designed to fit the expanding information needs of current and future biotechnologists, microbiologists, botanists, agronomists, environmentalists, and others whose work involves sustained agriculture.

Table of Contents

About the Editor	xv
Contributors	xvii
Foreword	xxi
Ian Robert Hall
Preface	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Potential and Possible Uses of Bacterial and Fungal Biofertilizers	1	(28)
Francesco Gentili
Ari Jumpponen
Introduction	1	(2)
N2-Fixing Bacteria As Microbial Biofertilizers	3	(1)
Symbiotic N2-Fixing Bacteria	3	(3)
Cyanobacteria	6	(1)
N2-Fixing Associated Bacteria	7	(1)
Free-Living N2-Fixing Bacteria	8	(1)
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria	8	(1)
Phosphorus-Solubilizing Bacteria	9	(1)
Plant Hormone Production by Bacteria	9	(1)
Fungi and Their Potential As Biofertilizers	10	(1)
Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers	11	(2)
Use of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi As Biofertilizers	13	(1)
Other Root-Colonizing Fungi	14	(1)
Multiple Inoculations and Interactions Among Potential Biofertilizers	15	(3)
Future Perspectives and Conclusions	18	(11)
Evaluation of the Functional Group of Microorganisms as Bioindicators on the Rhizosphere Microcosm	29	(22)
Ulisses Brigatto Albino
Galdino Andrade
Introduction	29	(2)
The Functional Groups	31	(3)
Methods to Assess the Soil Functional Microorganism Groups	34	(1)
Protocols	35	(11)
Future Perspectives	46	(1)
Conclusions	46	(5)
Tripartite Relationship of Rhizobium, AMF, and Host in Growth Promotion	51	(38)
Nanjian Raman
Thangaswamy Selvaraj
Introduction	51	(1)
Rhizobium and AMF Interactions	52	(6)
Rhizobium, AMF, and Biochemical Activities	58	(2)
Enzyme Activities	60	(2)
Growth Hormones	62	(1)
Calcium and Phosphorus Requirements	63	(1)
Heavy Metals	64	(4)
Plant Uptake of Metals	68	(1)
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria	69	(1)
Coexistence of Rhizobium and AM Symbioses	69	(2)
Conclusions and Future Perspectives	71	(18)
Biological Fertilizers for Sustainable Rice Production	89	(28)
S. Kannaiyan
K. Kumar
Introduction	89	(1)
Azolla Biofertilizer for Rice Crop	90	(2)
Nitrogen-Fixing Blue Green Algae	92	(2)
Acid-Tolerant Cyanobacteria	94	(2)
N2-Fixing Stem-Nodulating Sesbania Biofertilizer for Rice	96	(4)
Sesbania As Biofertilizer for Rice	100	(1)
Neem Cake and N Use Efficiency	100	(3)
Urea Super Granules and N Use Efficiency	103	(1)
Soil Enzyme Activity	104	(1)
Induction of Nodule-Like Structures in Rice Roots for N2 Fixation	104	(3)
Azospirillum Biofertilizer for Rice	107	(1)
Phosphobacterial Biofertilizer	107	(1)
Future Perspectives	108	(1)
Conclusions	109	(8)
Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria: Their Ecological Impact in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis	117	(20)
Robin Duponnois
Introduction	117	(1)
The Mycorrhizosphere Effect	118	(5)
Evidence	123	(2)
Biological Properties	125	(1)
Mechanisms Involved in the MHB Effect	126	(2)
Application	128	(1)
Conclusions and Perspectives	129	(8)
Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria As Biofertilizers and Biopesticides	137	(46)
Manas Ranjan Banerjee
Laila Yesmin
Joseph Kevin Vessey
Introduction	137	(2)
Biofertilizers	139	(2)
Endophytic and Rhizospheric Relationships Between PGPR and Their Hosts	141	(2)
Mode of Action of PGPR As Biofertilizers	143	(11)
Biopesticides	154	(3)
Mode of Action of PGPR As Biopesticides	157	(7)
Viability and Shelf Life of PGPR	164	(1)
Benefits of PGPR	165	(2)
Limitations of PGPR	167	(1)
Future Perspectives	168	(2)
Conclusions	170	(13)
Sustainable Agriculture and the Rhizobia/Legumes Symbiosis	183	(20)
Joao Ruy Jardim Freire
Enilson Luiz Saccol de Sa
Introduction	183	(1)
Diversity of Rhizobia	184	(4)
The Selection of Rhizobia Strains	188	(1)
Desirable Characteristics	189	(1)
Production and Quality of the Inoculants	190	(1)
Techniques of Inoculation	190	(1)
Soil Limiting Factors	191	(2)
Some Management Practices	193	(2)
Future Perspectives	195	(1)
Conclusions	196	(7)
Wild-Legume Rhizobia: Biodiversity and Potential As Biofertilizer	203	(20)
Hamdi Hussein Zahran
Introduction	203	(1)
Taxonomy and Biodiversity of Wild-Legume Rhizobia	204	(2)
Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems Established with Wild Rhizobia	206	(3)
Behavior of Wild-Legume Rhizobia Under Extreme Conditions	209	(3)
Future Perspectives	212	(2)
Conclusions	214	(9)
Potential of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming Systems	223	(18)
Tanu
Anil Prakash
Alok Adholeya
Introduction	223	(1)
Mycorrhizae in Organic Farming	224	(2)
Factors Affecting Mycorrhizal Inoculum Potential	226	(4)
Selection of AM Fungi	230	(1)
Integration of AM Fungi and Composts for Disease Control	230	(1)
Organic Manure and AMF Inoculum Production	231	(1)
Application of AM Fungi	231	(1)
Future Perspectives	232	(1)
Conclusions	233	(8)
Role of Mycorrhizae in Forestry	241	(30)
Hanna Dahm
Introduction	241	(1)
Ecological Significance of Mycorrhizae	241	(2)
Types of Mycorrhizae on Forest Trees	243	(5)
Occurrence of Mycorrrhizal Fungi in Soils of Native Forests	248	(1)
Soil Type and Humus Properties	249	(1)
Ecological Specificity	250	(1)
Competition Among Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Forest Soil	250	(2)
Favorable Effects of Mycorrhizae on Plant Growth	252	(6)
Factors Affecting Ectomycorrhizal Reduction	258	(3)
Receptiveness of Forest Soils to Ectomycorrhizal Association	261	(1)
Practical Aspects of Mycorrhizae: Perspectives	262	(3)
Conclusions	265	(6)
Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Osmotic Stress Alleviation in Arbuscular	271	(18)
Mycorrhizal Plants
Juan Manuel Ruiz-Lozano
Introduction	271	(3)
Uptake and Transfer of Water Through the Fungal Hyphae to the Host Plant	274	(2)
Amelioration of Plant Gas Exchange	276	(1)
Changes in the Water Retention Properties of the Soil	277	(1)
Stimulation of Assimilative Activities Essential for Plant Growth	278	(1)
Osmotic Adjustment	278	(2)
Protection Against the Oxidative Damage Generated by Drought	280	(3)
Future Perspectives and Conclusions	283	(6)
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation in Nursery Practice	289	(36)
Miguel Marin
Introduction	289	(1)
Types of Mycorrhizae	290	(2)
Mycorrhizae Effects on Plant Physiology	292	(3)
Interaction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Soil Microbiota	295	(1)
Mycorrhizae As Substitute for Fertilizers	296	(2)
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Horticultural Systems	298	(2)
Endomycorrhizal Technology in Different Propagation Systems	300	(2)
Management of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Nursery Plant Production	302	(7)
Future Perspectives	309	(1)
Conclusions	310	(15)
Interaction Between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root Pathogens	325	(28)
Leonor Costa Maia
Norma Suely Sobral da Silveira
Uided Maaze Tiburcio Cavalcante
Introduction	325	(1)
Root Colonization	326	(1)
Changes Produced by Mycorrhization	326	(3)
Interaction: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Pathogenic Fungi	329	(5)
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi x Bacteria	334	(2)
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi x Nematodes	336	(4)
Future Perspectives	340	(1)
Conclusions	341	(12)
Production of Seedlings Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Performance After Outplanting	353	(42)
Orivaldo Jose Saggin-Junior
Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva
Introduction	353	(2)
Prerequisites for the Inoculation of Seedlings with AMF	355	(7)
Production of Inoculants for Seedlings	362	(6)
Production of Seedlings Inoculated with AMF	368	(14)
Future Perspectives of Mycorrhizal Seedling Production	382	(1)
Conclusions	383	(12)
Status of Endomycorrhizal (AMF) Biofertilizer in the Global Market	395	(22)
Polachi Raja
Introduction	395	(1)
World Fertilizer Consumption	396	(1)
Alternative Farming Systems	397	(1)
Sustainable Agriculture Systems	398	(2)
Effective Microorganisms	400	(1)
Evolution of AMF	401	(3)
Techniques of AMF Inoculum Propagation	404	(2)
AMF Benefits of Symbiosis	406	(1)
Impact of AMF in Agriculture	406	(1)
Availability and Cost of Mycorrhizal Inoculum	407	(1)
Producers and Formulators of AMF Inoculum	407	(1)
Future Perspectives	407	(5)
Conclusions	412	(5)
Role of Cyanobacteria As Biofertilizers: Potentials and Limitations	417	(16)
Pilar Irisarri
Introduction	417	(1)
Current Status of Cyanobacterial Use As Biofertilizers	418	(1)
Availability of Fixed Nitrogen to Rice Plants	419	(1)
Cultivation of Cyanobacteria for Biofertilizer	420	(1)
Inoculation and Crop Yield	421	(1)
Reasons for the Failure of Inoculation	422	(2)
Benefits of Cyanobacteria Beyond Nitrogen Input to the Agroecosystem	424	(1)
Is Inoculation with Cyanobacteria Worthwhile?	425	(1)
Integrated Soil Fertility Management	426	(1)
Future Perspectives	427	(1)
Conclusions	428	(5)
Cyanobacterial Biofertilizers for Rice: Present Status and Future Prospects	433	(26)
Siba Prasad Adhikary
Bagmi Pattanaik
Introduction	433	(1)
Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae)	434	(6)
Factors Governing Distribution of Cyanobacteria During the Crop Growth Cycle	440	(1)
Seasonal Variation of Cyanobacterial Growth in Paddy Fields	441	(2)
Phosphorus	443	(2)
Cyanobacteria Biofertilizer for Increased Crop Yield and Maintenance of Soil Quality	445	(1)
Algalization Technology	446	(3)
Future Perspectives	449	(1)
Conclusions	450	(9)
A Comparative Study on Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria in South American and European Rice Fields	459	(18)
Carlos Hugo Prosperi
Introduction	459	(3)
Measuring Nitrogen Fixation in the Field	462	(1)
Determination of Nitrogenase Activity in Vivo	463	(1)
Samples Collection and Identification	463	(1)
The Diversity of Cyanobacteria	464	(7)
Future Perspectives	471	(1)
Appendix: Identification Key for Most Common Cyanobacteria in Rice Fields of Argentina and Spain	472	(5)
Piriformospora indica As a New and Emerging Mycofertilizer and Biotizer: Potentials and Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture	477	(20)
Sarika Shende
Kanchan Bhagwat
Prasad Wadegaonkar
Mahendra Rai
Ajit Varma
Introduction	477	(1)
The Morphology and Cultural Characteristics	478	(1)
Mycelial Penetration in Host	478	(1)
Ultrastructure of Hyphal Wall	478	(1)
Molecular Systemetics	479	(1)
Root Colonization Potential in Diverse Hosts	480	(1)
In Vitro Rapid Proliferation of Roots of Withania somnifera	480	(1)
Rhizoctonia-Like Growth Promotion of Orchids	480	(1)
Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites	481	(1)
Mechanisms Involved During Colonization	482	(1)
Mycorrhiza-Like Endophytes	483	(1)
Protoplast Fusion for Better Understanding of Interaction	483	(2)
Strategies for Mass Production of Inocula	485	(1)
Immobilization of Spores and Hyphae: A Step Forward for Inoculum Production	485	(1)
Application in Horticulture	486	(2)
Potential for Control of Phytopathogenic Rootborne Microbes	488	(2)
Conclusions and Future Directions	490	(7)
Matsutake: A Natural Biofertilizer?	497	(46)
Wang Yun
Ian Robert Hall
Introduction	497	(2)
Matsutake in the Commercial World	499	(3)
Taxonomic History of Matsutake	502	(1)
Ecology	502	(6)
Morphology of Matsutake Infections	508	(11)
Cultivation of Tricholoma matsutake	519	(7)
Relationship Between Matsutake and Its Host Plants	526	(5)
Future Challenges	531	(1)
Conclusions	532	(11)
Index	543