Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine

by Hillyer; Hillyer; Strauss; Luban

• ISBN13: 9780123487766
• ISBN10: 0123487765
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-01-28
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

The Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine is a companion textbook to the Handbook of Transfusion Medicine, published in 2001. Both of these manuals are intended to be eminently readable as quick references, as well as comprehensive texts covering blood banking and transfusion medicine in both adults and children. The Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine is written in a concise, easy-to-read style and is filled with the most current information and specially selected reference. It provides practical historical, diagnostic, and therapeutic information on diseases unique to the infant and child who require transfusion support. Indeed, during the last several decades, the diagnosis of sick infants and children has become complex and dependent on a broad knowledge of physiology, biochemistry, and genetics and on the application of sophisticated testing and treatment options. These treatment options, including transfusion, are often limited by the size of the infant, availability of medications and unique metabolic, hepatic, and renal clearance mechanisms in the pediatric patient. The Handbook of Pediatric Transfusion Medicine is one of few books in this highly specialized, although widely practiced, field. It serves as an excellent reference for residents and fellows in general medicine, family practice, pediatrics, pediatric hematology-oncology, cardiology, surgery, anesthesiology, and transfusion medicine, as well as for nurses and other technical personnel dealing with infants and children. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
Acknowledgments	xv
About the Editors	xvii
List of Contributors	xix
Blood Donation	1	(10)
Alfred J. Grindon
Overview	1	(1)
Donor Recruitment	1	(1)
Autologous Donation	2	(1)
Directed Donation	3	(1)
Limited Donor Exposure	3	(1)
Blood Collection	3	(5)
Apheresis	8	(1)
Plasmapheresis	8	(1)
References	8	(3)
Component Preparation and Storage	11	(16)
David C. Burghardt
Introduction	11	(1)
Unique Transfusion Needs of the Neonatal and Pediatric Patient	11	(6)
Blood Donation Issues	17	(1)
Anticoagulant-Preservative Solutions	18	(1)
Individual Components for Transfusion	19	(3)
Record Keeping for Component Preparation	22	(1)
Storage of Blood and Blood Products	23	(1)
Summary	24	(1)
References	24	(3)
Blood Components	27	(18)
Cassandra D. Josephson
Christopher D. Hillyer
Introduction	27	(1)
Whole Blood and Packed Red Blood Cells	27	(4)
Platelets	31	(2)
Granulocytes	33	(1)
Plasma Products	34	(2)
Cryoprecipitate	36	(1)
Ordering	36	(1)
Coagulation Factors	37	(1)
Albumin	38	(1)
Gamma-Globulins	39	(3)
References	42	(3)
Red Blood Cell Antigens and Human Blood Groups	45	(18)
Sheilagh Barclay
Introduction	45	(1)
ABO Blood Group System	45	(2)
RH Blood Group System	47	(1)
Kell Blood Group System	48	(1)
Duffy Blood Group System	49	(1)
Clinical Significance	49	(1)
Kidd Blood Group System	49	(1)
MNS Blood Group System	50	(1)
P Blood Group System	51	(1)
Lutheran Blood Group System	51	(1)
Lewis Blood Group System	52	(1)
Diego Blood Group System	53	(1)
Cartwright Blood Group System	53	(1)
Xg Blood Group System	53	(1)
Scianna Blood Group System	54	(1)
Dombrock Blood Group System	54	(1)
Colton Blood Group	55	(1)
LW Blood Group System	56	(1)
Chido-Rogers Blood Group System	56	(1)
Hh Blood Group System	56	(1)
XK Blood Group System	57	(1)
Gerbich Blood Group System	57	(1)
Cromer Blood Group System	57	(1)
Knops Blood Group System	58	(1)
Indian Blood Group System	58	(1)
Ok Blood Group System	58	(1)
RAPH Blood Group System	58	(1)
JMH Blood Group System	59	(1)
Cost Blood Group Collection	59	(1)
Er Blood Group Collection	59	(1)
Ii Blood Group Collection	59	(1)
Globoside Collection	60	(1)
Low-Prevalence Antigens	60	(1)
High-Prevalence Antigens	61	(1)
References	61	(2)
Pretransfusion Compatibility Testing	63	(10)
Susan T. Johnson
Tina M. Pugh
Introduction	63	(1)
ABO(H)	63	(2)
Rh(D)	65	(1)
Other Red Cell Antigens	66	(1)
Direct Antiglobulin Test	67	(1)
Antibody Detection Test (Screen)	67	(2)
Crossmatch (XM)	69	(1)
Turnaround Times	70	(1)
Suggested Reading	71	(1)
References	71	(2)
Serologic Investigation of Unexpected Antibodies	73	(12)
Susan T. Johnson
Tina M. Pugh
Introduction	73	(1)
Common Antibody Identification Methods	73	(4)
Process for Evaluation of Positive Antibody Detection Tests	77	(6)
References	83	(2)
Leukoreduced Products: Prevention of Leukocyte-Related Transfusion-Associated Adverse Effects	85	(8)
Lennart E. Logdberg
Introduction	85	(1)
Rationale for Leukoreduction of Blood Components	85	(1)
Specific Indications for LR Products	85	(3)
Contraindications, Side Effects, and Hazards	88	(1)
Leukoreduction Technologies	88	(1)
Products, Standards, and Quality Control	89	(1)
Universal Leukoreduction	89	(1)
Leukoreduced Blood Products and Pediatric Transfusion Medicine	90	(1)
References	90	(3)
Preparation of Blood Components to Reduce Cytomegalovirus and Other Infectious Risks	93	(8)
John D. Roback
Introduction	93	(1)
Red Blood Cell and Platelet Components with Reduced Infectious Risks	93	(4)
Plasma Components, Derivatives, and Factors to Eliminate Pathogens	97	(1)
Nucleic Acid Targeted Inactivation Strategies	97	(1)
Summary	98	(1)
References	98	(3)
Irradiated Products	101	(12)
Edward C.C. Wong
History	101	(1)
Pathogenesis	101	(1)
Clinical Manifestations	102	(1)
Diagnosis of TA-GVHD	102	(1)
Time Course of Microchimerism	102	(1)
Groups at Risk	103	(1)
The Irradiation Process	103	(1)
Instrumentation for Irradiation	104	(1)
Components to be Irradiated	105	(1)
Storage of Red Cells and Platelets after Irradiation	106	(1)
Selection of Radiation Dose	107	(1)
Quality Assurance Measures	108	(1)
Confirming That Irradiation Occurred	108	(1)
New Methods in the Prevention of TA-GVHD	109	(1)
Treatment of TA-GVHD	110	(1)
References	110	(3)
Washed and/or Volume-Reduced Blood Components	113	(8)
S. Gerald Sandler
Jayashree Ramasethu
Introduction	113	(1)
Washed Red Blood Cells	113	(4)
Washed And Volume-Reduced Platelet Concentrates	117	(2)
References	119	(2)
Technical Considerations/Mechanical Devices	121	(10)
Edward C.C. Wong
Patricia T. Pisciotto
Introduction	121	(1)
Intravenous Delivery Systems for Blood and Components	121	(5)
Exchange Transfusion in the Newborn	126	(2)
References	128	(3)
Red Blood Cell Transfusions in the Neonate, Infant, Child, and Adolescent	131	(6)
Ronald G. Strauss
Introduction	131	(1)
RBC Transfusions for Children and Adolescents	131	(2)
RBC Transfusions for Neonates and Infants	133	(2)
References	135	(2)
Transfusion of the Pediatric Surgery, Trauma, and Intensive Care Unit Patient	137	(12)
Thomas J. Raife
Jorge A. Di Paola
Abstract	137	(1)
Age, Size, and Rate of Transfusion	137	(2)
Red Blood Cell Transfusion	139	(1)
Platelet Transfusions	140	(2)
Cryoprecipitate and Fresh Frozen Plasma	142	(4)
Hemostatic Agents in Acute Care	146	(1)
References	147	(2)
Pediatric Transfusion in Developing Countries	149	(10)
Kenneth A. Clark
Introduction	149	(1)
Special Transfusion Issues in Resource-Restricted Countries	149	(2)
Blood Collection and Processing in Developing Countries	151	(2)
Risks of Infectious Disease Transmission by Transfusion	153	(2)
Current Transfusion Practices	155	(1)
Prevention Measures to Reduce Need for Transfusion	156	(1)
References	156	(3)
Exchange Transfusion in the Infant	159	(8)
Nancy Robitaille
Anne-Monique Nuyt
Alexandros Panagopoulos
Heather A. Hume
Introduction	159	(1)
Rationale and Indications	159	(2)
Procedure	161	(1)
Selection of Donor Blood	162	(1)
Complications	163	(1)
References	164	(3)
Granulocyte Transfusions in the Neonate and Child	167	(14)
Maria Luisa Sulis
Lauren Harrison
Mitchell S. Cairo
Abstract	167	(1)
Introduction	167	(1)
Myelopoiesis	168	(1)
Neonatal Neutropenia and Dysfunction	168	(1)
Childhood Neutropenia	169	(2)
Mobilization of Donor Granulocytes	171	(2)
Therapeutic Granulocyte Transfusions in Children and Adults	173	(4)
Granulocyte Transfusion in the Neonate	177	(1)
Summary and Recommendations of Granulocyte Transfusions	178	(1)
References	179	(2)
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and Cardiopulmonary Bypass	181	(10)
David F. Friedman
Lisa M. Montenegro
Introduction	181	(1)
Circuit for ECMO and CPB	181	(2)
ECMO	183	(3)
CPB	186	(2)
Summary	188	(1)
References	188	(3)
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn	191	(18)
Jayashree Ramasethu
Introduction	191	(1)
Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Disease	191	(1)
Rh Hemolytic Disease	192	(2)
ABO Hemolytic Disease	194	(1)
Hemolytic Disease Due to Other Red Cell Antibodies	195	(3)
T Activation	198	(1)
Autoimmune Hemolytic Disease	199	(1)
Red Cell Enzyme Deficiencies	199	(1)
Red Cell Membrane Defects	200	(1)
Disorders of Hemoglobin Synthesis	201	(1)
Other Causes of Hemolytic Disease in Neonates	202	(1)
Therapy	202	(5)
References	207	(2)
Hemoglobinopathies	209	(12)
Krista L. Hillyer
Introduction	209	(1)
Sickle Cell Disease	209	(8)
Thalassemias	217	(1)
References	218	(3)
The Bleeding Child: Congenital and Acquired Disorders	221	(24)
Brian M. Wicklund
Abstract	221	(1)
Introduction	221	(1)
Coagulation Overview	221	(1)
Clinical Evaluation of Bleeding Problems	222	(1)
Laboratory Evaluation	223	(2)
Specific Factor Assays	225	(1)
Inherited Coagulation Disorders	225	(13)
Acquired Hemorrhagic Disorders	238	(3)
References	241	(4)
Transfusion of the Patient with Autoimmune Hemolysis	245	(8)
Karen E. King
Introduction	245	(1)
Clinical Presentation and Laboratory Findings	245	(1)
Classification	245	(1)
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia	246	(1)
Cold Agglutinin Syndrome	247	(1)
Mixed-Type Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia	248	(1)
Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia	248	(1)
Less Common Types of Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia	249	(1)
Transfusion Therapy in Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia	250	(1)
References	251	(2)
Platelet Transfusions in the Infant and Child	253	(18)
Matthew Saxonhouse
William Slayton
Martha C. Sola
Introduction	253	(1)
Platelet Products and Special Preparations	253	(2)
Platelet Transfusions in Children	255	(4)
Platelet Transfussions in Neonates	259	(4)
Reactions to Platelet Transfusions	263	(2)
Potential Alternatives to Platelet Transfusions	265	(1)
References	265	(6)
Bone Marrow--Derived Stem Cells	271	(12)
Grace S. Kao
Steven R. Sloan
Introduction	271	(1)
Product Description	271	(2)
Collection and Storage	273	(1)
Special Preparation and Processing	274	(4)
Expected Response	278	(1)
Alternative HPC Sources	279	(1)
References	280	(3)
Peripheral Blood Stem Cells	283	(12)
Grace S. Kao
Steven R. Sloan
Introduction	283	(1)
Product Description	283	(2)
Collection	285	(2)
Special Preparation	287	(3)
Ordering and Administration	290	(1)
Potential Adverse Effects	291	(1)
Alternative HPC Sources	292	(1)
References	292	(3)
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells	295	(6)
Laura C. Bowman
Michael A. Briones
Ann E. Haight
Introduction	295	(1)
Collection, Storage, and Handling	295	(2)
Clinical Applications	297	(2)
References	299	(2)
Transfusion Reactions	301	(16)
Anne F. Eder
Introduction	301	(1)
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions	301	(6)
Febrile Nonhemolytic Transfusion Reactions	307	(2)
Allergic Transfusion Reactions	309	(2)
Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions	311	(3)
Special Considerations for Newborn Infants	314	(1)
References	315	(2)
Noninfectious Complications of Pediatric Transfusion	317	(12)
Jed B. Gorlin
Introduction	317	(1)
Transfusion Reactions	317	(3)
Metabolic Complications	320	(2)
Cardiac Overload	322	(1)
Alloimmunization	322	(1)
T Antigen Activation	322	(1)
Dilutional Coagulopathy	323	(1)
Complications of Iron Overload from Chronic Transfusion	323	(2)
References	325	(4)
Infectious Complications	329	(14)
Faranak Jamali
Paul M. Ness
Introduction	329	(1)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus	329	(2)
Hepatitis	331	(2)
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV)	333	(1)
Cytomegalovirus	334	(1)
Parvovirus B19	335	(1)
Parasitic Infections	336	(1)
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease	337	(1)
Bacterial Infections	337	(2)
References	339	(4)
Therapeutic Apheresis	343	(10)
Bruce C. Mcleod
Haewon C. Kim
Introduction	343	(1)
Goals of Therapeutic Apheresis	343	(2)
Indication Categories	345	(1)
Physiology and Adverse Effects	346	(1)
General Approach to Pediatric Patients Needing Therapeutic Apheresis	347	(1)
Planning Pediatric Procedures	348	(1)
Vascular Access	348	(1)
Hemodynamic Challenges	349	(1)
Procedural Modifications for Pediatric Patients	349	(2)
Summary	351	(1)
Suggested Reading	351	(2)
Therapeutic Cytapheresis	353	(12)
Anne F. Eder
Haewon C. Kim
Introduction	353	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines	353	(1)
General Technical Considerations for Pediatrics	354	(1)
Erythrocytapheresis/Red Cell Exchange Transfusion	354	(5)
Leukapheresis	359	(2)
Plateletpheresis (Thrombocytapheresis)	361	(1)
Adverse Reactions	362	(1)
References	363	(2)
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Rationales and Indications	365	(10)
Bruce C. Mcleod
Introduction	365	(1)
Guillain-Barre Syndrome	365	(2)
Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy	367	(1)
Sydenham's Chorea and PANDAS	367	(1)
Rasmussen's Encephalitis	368	(1)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura	369	(1)
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	370	(1)
Familial Hypercholesterolemia	370	(1)
Refsum's Disease	371	(1)
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis	371	(1)
Solid Organ Transplantation	372	(1)
Other Diseases	373	(1)
Summary	374	(1)
References	374	(1)
Appendix Transfusion Formulas	375	(4)
Cassandra D. Josephson
Approximate Blood Volumes (BV)	375	(1)
Plasma Volume (PV)	375	(1)
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Transfusion	375	(1)
Estimation of Blood Volume Exchanged	375	(1)
Partial Exchange Transfusion for Polycythemia	376	(1)
Exchange Transfusion for Anemia	376	(1)
Preparation of Blood Product with Specific Hct Using FFP	376	(1)
Platelet Transfusion	376	(1)
Coagulation	376	(1)
Massive Transfusions	377	(1)
Composition of Anticoagulants	377	(2)
Index	379