Handbook of Toxicology and Ecotoxicology for the Pulp and Paper Industry

by Robinson, Laura; Thorn, Ian

• ISBN13: 9780632054367
• ISBN10: 0632054360
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-03-16
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This book provides a guide to the use and meaning of toxicological and ecological information in the paper industry. For example, the information provided by suppliers of paper chemicals to paper mills is analysed in detail. This allows for greater understanding by users and therefore awareness of the possible implications of handling a given chemical with respect to its impact on the working environment, the final product and the environment beyond the mill. The information currently available is collected, summarised and systematised so that users bombarded with inconsistent Safety Data Sheets can make intelligent use of them or can ask sensible questions of their suppliers. Emphasis is on providing guidance on how to find a commercially realistic path between over evaluation and under evaluation of potential health and environmental risks.

Author Biography

Laura Robinson, MSc, has worked as a toxicologist both in industry and in consultancy for over ten years. She has extensive experience in chemical risk assessments, occupational exposure issues, assessment and interpretation of toxicological data. She is a qualified teacher and has designed and delivered numerous training courses and written two books.

Ian Thorn is retired from at Eka Chemicals in Weston-Super-Mere, UK. He previously worked in research and development and technical service and development.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Toxicology	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Toxicity testing	p. 2
Toxicity	p. 3
Acute and chronic effects	p. 3
What factors influence toxicity?	p. 4
Testing for these different types of toxicity and the information obtained	p. 5
Which exposure route will be chosen?	p. 5
Acute studies	p. 6
Short-term (repeated dose) studies	p. 8
Long-term studies	p. 9
Chemical irritancy and corrosive effects	p. 11
The skin	p. 11
The eye	p. 15
Respiratory irritation	p. 17
Chemical allergies	p. 19
The immune system	p. 19
Chemical hypersensitivity	p. 20
Contact hypersensitivity (allergic contact dermatitis)	p. 21
Respiratory hypersensitivity (occupational asthma)	p. 23
How to test for allergic reactions	p. 26
Genetic toxicology and carcinogenicity	p. 28
The cell and its genetic material	p. 28
Cell replication - mitosis and meiosis	p. 29
Mutagenicity	p. 29
Carcinogenicity	p. 30
Genetic toxicity testing	p. 33
Testing for chemical carcinogenicity	p. 36
Reproductive toxicology	p. 38
Reproductive toxicity testing	p. 39
Ecotoxicology	p. 43
Introduction	p. 43
The environment	p. 43
Environmental compartments/media	p. 43
Environmental transport and fate	p. 44
Ecotoxicological effects	p. 45
How, where and what is studied?	p. 46
Aquatic toxicity testing	p. 46
Short-term (acute) and long-term (chronic) effects	p. 47
Test design	p. 47
Test species	p. 48
Aquatic plants	p. 51
Summary	p. 51
Chemical persistence and bioaccumulation	p. 52
Introduction	p. 52
Biodegradation	p. 53
Tests for biodegradability in the aquatic environment	p. 53
BOD and COD tests	p. 55
Bioaccumulation	p. 57
Testing for bioaccumulation	p. 57
Bioconcentration study	p. 58
A commonly asked question: 'How do I know whether or not a chemical will upset my waste water treatment process?'	p. 58
Summary	p. 59
Classification and labelling of chemicals according to their hazardous nature	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Europe	p. 61
The Dangerous Substances Directive 67/548/EEC
Risk phrases	p. 63
Safety phrases	p. 64
Labelling	p. 64
Classification criteria	p. 64
Preparations	p. 69
Criteria for the 'Dangerous for the environment' classification	p. 70
Canada	p. 70
Hazard identification	p. 71
Controlled Products Regulations	p. 71
Class D - Poisonous and infectious material	p. 74
USA	p. 75
Health hazards, evaluation, criteria and definitions	p. 75
How are mixtures dealt with?	p. 77
Labelling requirements under OSHA	p. 77
Summary	p. 78
Handling chemicals in the workplace	p. 81
Introduction	p. 81
Risk assessment	p. 81
Some aspects to consider when identifying hazards	p. 82
Some exposure considerations	p. 83
Assessing the exposure	p. 85
How exposure can be monitored	p. 86
Biological exposure monitoring	p. 86
Air contamination monitoring	p. 86
How are exposure limit values used in the workplace and which values should be used?	p. 89
What next?	p. 89
Chemical hazards	p. 89
Chemical irritants	p. 90
Corrosive chemicals	p. 91
Sensitisers	p. 91
Chemicals that are carcinogens, mutagens or toxic for reproduction	p. 92
Toxic chemicals	p. 93
Environmentally hazardous chemicals	p. 93
Regulatory affairs	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Chemical inventories	p. 95
Food contact regulations	p. 96
Germany	p. 97
The Netherlands	p. 98
United States	p. 98
Ecolabelling	p. 99
HPV programmes	p. 99
Issues of concern	p. 100
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)	p. 100
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)	p. 100
Endocrine disrupters (EDs)	p. 102
The Material Safety Data Sheet	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
When should an MSDS be supplied?	p. 103
How is the information organised?	p. 104
Summary	p. 115
How to deal with toxicological or ecotoxicological data gaps	p. 116
How to deal with differences in toxicological information	p. 117
Cationic polyelectrolytes and the problems of testing for their environmental effects	p. 118
Chemical summary sheets	p. 118
Acrylamide Monomer	p. 121
Alkyl Ketene Dimer (AKD) wax dispersion (solvent free)	p. 122
Alkenyl Succinic Anhydride	p. 124
Aluminium Sulphate (solution)	p. 126
Aniline Green Dye	p. 128
Anionic Polyurethane (aqueous)	p. 130
Azo Dye Anionic - yellow	p. 132
Azo Dye Cationic - blue	p. 134
Bentonite	p. 136
Bronopol-type Biocide	p. 138
Calcium Hypochlorite	p. 140
Cationic Polyacrylamide	p. 142
Cationic Starch	p. 144
Chlorine	p. 146
Colloidal Silica Sol	p. 149
Defoamer	p. 151
Fluorescent Whitening Agent (stilbene derivative, aqueous solution)	p. 153
Fluorescent Whitening Agent (stilbene derivative, anionic)	p. 155
Hydrochloric Acid	p. 157
Hydrogen Peroxide	p. 159
N-methylisothiazolinone-type Biocide	p. 162
Polyaluminium Hydroxide Chloride (PAC)	p. 164
Polyamide Amine Epichlorohydrin Resin (20% aqueous)	p. 166
Polyamine (50% aqueous)	p. 168
Polyethyleneimine (modified)	p. 170
Rosin Size Dispersion (30% casein-based)	p. 172
Sodium Chlorate	p. 174
Sodium Dithionite	p. 176
Sodium Hydroxide	p. 178
Sodium Silicate (37% solution)	p. 180
Stearic Acid	p. 182
Styrene-Acrylate Copolymer (aqueous dispersion)	p. 184
Glossary of terms	p. 187
Index	p. 195
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