Hartmann and Kester's Plant Propagation : Principles and Practices

by Hartmann, Hudson T.; Kester, Dale E.; Davies, Fred T.; Geneve, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780136792352
• ISBN10: 0136792359
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Hardcover w/CD
• Copyright: 2002-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Hallmarked as the most successful book of its kind, this remarkably thorough treatment covers all aspects of the propagation of plantsboth sexual and asexualwith considerable attention given to human (vs natural) efforts to increase plant numbers. The book presents both the art and science of propagation, and conveys knowledge of specific kinds of plants and the particular methods by which those plants must be propagated.A five-part organization outlines general aspects of plant propagation, seed propagation, vegetative propagation, methods of micropropagation, and propagation of selected plants.For anyone with an interest in how plants are grown and utilized for maintaining and adding enjoyment to human life.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
About the Authors	xv
PART I GENERAL ASPECTS OF PROPAGATION	1	(110)
How Plant Propagation Evolved in Human Society	3	(10)
Introduction	3	(1)
Chapter Objectives	4	(1)
Stages of Agricultural Development	4	(1)
Organization of Human Societies	5	(1)
Exploration, Science, and Learning	6	(2)
The Development of Nurseries	8	(1)
The Modern Plant Propagation Industry	9	(4)
Biology of Plant Propagation	13	(28)
Introduction	13	(1)
Chapter Objectives	13	(1)
Alternation of Generations in Reproduction	14	(4)
Seedling versus Clonal Populations	18	(4)
How Genes Impact Plant Propagation	22	(5)
Plant Hormones and Plant Development	27	(3)
Biological Life Cycles in Plants	30	(6)
Legal Protection of Cultivars	36	(5)
The Propagation Environment	41	(70)
Introduction	41	(1)
Chapter Objectives	42	(1)
Environmental Factors Affecting Propagation	42	(4)
Physical Structures for Managing the Propagation Environment	46	(20)
Containers for Propagating and Growing Young Liner Plants	66	(6)
Management of Media and Nutrition in Propagation and Liner Production	72	(10)
Management of Microclimatic Conditions in Propagation and Liner Production	82	(7)
Biotic Factors---Pathogen and Pest Management in Plant Propagation	89	(11)
Post-Propagation Care of Liners	100	(11)
PART II SEED PROPAGATION	111	(164)
The Development of Seeds	113	(28)
Introduction	113	(1)
Chapter Objectives	113	(1)
What is a Seed?	114	(1)
Relationship Between Flower Parts and Seed Parts	115	(3)
General Parts of a Seed	118	(2)
Stages of Seed Development	120	(11)
Unusual Types of Seed Development	131	(2)
Plant Hormones and Seed Development	133	(3)
Ripening and Dissemination	136	(5)
Principles and Practices of Seed Selection	141	(22)
Introduction	141	(1)
Chapter Objectives	141	(1)
Breeding Systems	142	(4)
Categories of Seed-Propagated Cultivars and Species	146	(5)
Control of Genetic Variability During Seed Production	151	(2)
Seed Production Systems	153	(10)
Techniques of Seed Production and Handling	163	(36)
Introduction	163	(1)
Chapter Objectives	163	(2)
Sources For Seeds	165	(2)
Harvesting and Processing Seeds	167	(5)
Seed Testing	172	(11)
Seed Treatments to Improve Germination	183	(5)
Seed Storage	188	(11)
Principles of Propagation From Seeds	199	(50)
Introduction	199	(1)
Chapter Objectives	199	(1)
The Germination Process	199	(21)
Dormancy: Regulation of Germination	220	(1)
Kinds of Primary Seed Dormancy	221	(14)
Secondary Dormancy	235	(1)
Hormonal Control of Dormancy and Germination	236	(13)
Techniques of Propagation by Seed	249	(26)
Introduction	249	(1)
Chapter Objectives	249	(1)
Seedling Production Systems	250	(25)
PART III VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION	275	(362)
Principles of Propagation by Cuttings	277	(64)
Introduction	277	(1)
Chapter Objectives	278	(1)
Descriptive Observations of Adventitious Root and Bud (and Shoot) Formation	278	(14)
Correlative Effects: How Hormonal Control Affects Adventitious Root and Bud (and Shoot) Formation	292	(7)
The Biochemical Basis for Adventitious Root Formation	299	(3)
Molecular/Biotechnological Advances in Asexual Propagation	302	(2)
Management and Manipulation of Adventitious Root and Shoot Formation	304	(2)
Management of Stock Plants to Maximize Cutting Propagation	306	(11)
Treatment of Cuttings	317	(6)
Environmental Manipulation of Cuttings	323	(18)
Techniques of Propagation by Cuttings	341	(70)
Introduction	341	(1)
Chapter Objectives	341	(1)
Types of Cuttings	342	(15)
Sources of Cutting Material	357	(6)
Rooting Media	363	(3)
Wounding	366	(1)
Treating Cuttings with Auxins	367	(7)
Preventative Disease Control	374	(3)
Environmental Conditions for Rooting Leaf Cuttings	377	(11)
Preparing the Propagation Bed, Bench, Rooting Flats, and Containers, and Inserting the Cuttings	388	(1)
Preventing Operation Problems with Mist and Fog Propagation Systems	388	(3)
Management Practices	391	(4)
Care of Cuttings During Rooting	395	(2)
Hardening-Off and Post-Propagation Care	397	(3)
Handling Field-Propagated Plants	400	(3)
Container-Grown Plants and Alternative Field Production Systems	403	(8)
Principles of Grafting and Budding	411	(50)
Introduction	411	(1)
Chapter Objectives	411	(1)
The History of Grafting	412	(1)
Terminology	412	(2)
Seedling and Clonal Rootstock Systems	414	(1)
Reasons for Grafting and Budding	414	(6)
Natural Grafting	420	(1)
Formation of the Graft Union	420	(7)
Graft Union Formation in T- and Chip Budding	427	(2)
Factors Influencing Graft Union Success	429	(7)
Genetic Limits of Grafting	436	(2)
Graft Incompatibility	438	(10)
Scion-Rootstock (Shoot-Root) Relationships	448	(13)
Techniques of Grafting	461	(53)
Introduction	461	(1)
Chapter Objectives	461	(1)
Requirements for Successful Grafting	462	(1)
Types of Grafts	463	(28)
Production Processes of Graftage	491	(10)
Aftercare of Grafted Plants	501	(3)
Field, Bench, and Miscellaneous Grafting Systems	504	(10)
Techniques of Budding	514	(25)
Introduction	514	(1)
Chapter Objectives	514	(1)
Importance and Utilization of Budding	515	(1)
Rootstocks for Budding	515	(2)
Time of Budding---Summer, Spring, or June	517	(7)
Types of Budding	524	(11)
Top-Budding (Topworking)	535	(2)
Double-Working by Budding	537	(1)
Microbudding	538	(1)
Layering and Its Natural Modifications	539	(21)
Introduction	539	(1)
Chapter Objectives	539	(1)
Reasons for Layering Success	540	(1)
Management of Plants During Layering	541	(1)
Procedures in Layering	541	(10)
Plant Modifications Resulting in Natural Layering	551	(9)
Propagation by Specialized Stems and Roots	560	(32)
Introduction	560	(1)
Chapter Objectives	560	(1)
Bulbs	561	(13)
Corms	574	(3)
Tubers	577	(3)
Tuberous Roots and Stems	580	(3)
Rhizomes	583	(3)
Pseudobulbs	586	(6)
Principles and Practices of Clonal Selection	592	(45)
Introduction	592	(1)
Chapter Objectives	592	(1)
History	593	(1)
Using Clones as Cultivars	593	(3)
Origin of Clones as Cultivars	596	(2)
Phenotypic Variations Within Clones	598	(4)
Patterns of Genetic Chimeras Within Clones	602	(6)
Management of Phase Variation During Vegetative Propagation	608	(6)
Pathogens and Plant Propagation	614	(3)
Selection and Management of Propagation Sources	617	(8)
Propagation Sources and Their Management	625	(12)
PART IV CELL AND TISSUE CULTURE PROPAGATION	637	(78)
Principles of Tissue Culture and Micropropagation	639	(51)
Introduction	639	(1)
Chapter Objectives	639	(2)
A Brief History of Tissue Culture and Micropropagation	641	(2)
Types of Tissue Culture Systems	643	(29)
Control of the Tissue Culture Environment	672	(1)
Special Problems Encountered by In Vitro Culture	673	(3)
Variation in Micropropagated Plants	676	(14)
Techniques for Micropropagation	690	(25)
Introduction	690	(1)
Chapter Objectives	690	(1)
Uses for Micropropagation	691	(2)
Disadvantages of Micropropagation	693	(1)
General Laboratory Facilities and Procedures	694	(9)
Micropropagation Procedures	703	(1)
Stage I---Establishment and Stabilization	703	(3)
Stage II---Shoot Multiplication	706	(1)
Stage III---Root Formation	707	(1)
Stage IV---Acclimatization to Greenhouse Conditions	708	(7)
PART V PROPAGATION OF SELECTED PLANT SPECIES	715	(136)
Propagation Methods and Rootstocks for Fruit and Nut Species	717	(41)
Propagation of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines	758	(55)
Propagation of Selected Annuals and Herbaceous Perennials Used as Ornamentals	813	(38)
Subject Index	851	(14)
Plant Index, Scientific Names	865	(8)
Plant Index, Common Names	873

Excerpts

The seventh edition ofPlant Propagation: Principles and Practicescontinues the gradual reorganization and distribution in subject matter among the three active co-authors and the updating of biological concepts that underlie the practical application of the existing plant propagation technology. The first edition in 1959 contains the following excerpt: "The study of plant propagation involves three different aspects. These may be considered as objectives in any course of study involving the propagation of plants. First of all, plant propagation requires a knowledge of mechanical manipulations and technical skills whose mastery requires a certain amount of practice and experience. This would include such things as how to bud or graft or how to make cuttings, etc.This is the art of propagation. Secondly, successful plant propagation requires knowledge of plant growth and structure.This is the science of propagation.Some of this information can be learned empirically by working with the plants themselves, but it should be supplemented, if possible, with information gained from formal courses in botany, horticulture, plant physiology, and genetics. Such knowledge aids propagators in understanding why they do the things they do. It also makes it possible for them to better perform the practices. A third important requirement of successful plant propagation isa knowledge of specific kinds of plants and the particular methods by which those plants must be propagated.To a large extent the method must be geared to the requirements of the particular kind of plant being propagated." In preparing the seventh edition 42 years later we have maintained those same three objectives and, as much as possible, presented them in separate identified chapters as principles and practices although the order has changed somewhat. During the different editions, the amount of material has increased astronomically and the limits of scientific concepts and applicability have expanded beyond the wildest forecasts in 1959. Instead of simply piling more information onto previous information, we have tried to integrate new science and technology into the evolving pattern that characterizes the range from traditional to the present combination of science and technology. First of all, we must recognize the revolutionary impact of biotechnology not only upon the concepts of biology but also its practical applications in the propagation industry. We have had a long enough history to see the historical continuity in the evolution of human progress and scientific advancement. Chapter 1 has remained intact as a historical account of how propagation activities have been a primary backdrop for human progress leading up to our present era. Chapter 2 has been almost completely rewritten to synthesize a comprehensive view of propagation from the standpoint of the gene and the epigenetic control of development. Biotechnology is introduced as three separate branches: (a)cell and tissue culture technology,(b)gene marker technology,and (c)recombinant gene technology.Cell and tissue culture technology, which includes all aseptic aspects of the culture of protoplasts, cells, tissues, shoot tips, embryos, etc., was introduced in the first edition by a section on embryo culture which expanded into a full chapter by the third edition. From there the subject was treated in dual chapters of principles and practices. In this edition, this section has remained intact but is reorganized and partly rewritten. This technology has not only found its place in commercial propagation but is an essential aspect of current genetic engineering. DNA marker-based technology is now coming into its own to directly identify cultivars and to study taxonomic relationships. The ability to sequence genes and to manipulate them in the laboratory has created an essentially new field of biology known as genomics which will ha