Healing with Whole Foods

by Pitchford, Paul

• ISBN13: 9781556434303
• ISBN10: 1556434308
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Trade Paper
• Copyright: 2002-11-05
• Publisher: North Atlantic Books

Summary

Used as a reference by students of acupuncture, this is a hefty, truly comprehensive guide to the theory and healing power of Chinese medicine. It's also a primer on nutritionincluding facts about green foods, such as spirulina and blue-green algae, and the "regeneration diets" used by cancer patients and arthriticsalong with an inspiring cookbook with more than 300 mostly vegetarian, nutrient-packed recipes. The information on Chinese medicine is useful for helping to diagnose health imbalances, especially nascent illnesses. It's smartly paired with the whole-foods program because the Chinese have attributed various health-balancing properties to foods, so you can tailor your diet to help alleviate symptoms of illness. For example, Chinese medicine dictates that someone with low energy and a pale complexion (a yin deficiency) would benefit from avoiding bitter foods and increasing "sweet" foods such as soy, black sesame seeds, parsnips, rice, and oats. (Note that the Chinese definition of sweet foods is much different from the American one!) Pitchford says in his dedication that he hopes the reader finds "healing, awareness, and peace" from following his program. The diet is certainly acetic by American standards (no alcohol, caffeine, white flour, fried foods, or sugar, and a minimum of eggs and dairy) but the reasons he gives for avoiding these "negative energy" foods are compelling. From the adrenal damage imparted by coffee to immune dysfunction brought on by excess refined sugar, Pitchford spurs you to rethink every dietary choice and its ultimate influence on your health. Without being alarmist, he adds dietary tips for protecting yourself against the dangers of modern life, including neutralizing damage from water fluoridation (thyroid and immune-system problems may result; fluoride is a carcinogen). There's further reading on food combining, female health, heart disease, pregnancy, fasting, and weight loss. Overall, this is a wonderful book for anyone who's serious about strengthening his or her body from the inside out.

Author Biography

Paul Pitchford is a teacher and nutrition researcher. In his healing work with individuals, he develops rejuvenative plans based on awareness and dietary practices. His early training, following ancient traditional practice, was primarily through apprenticeships and private instructions with masters of meditation and East Asian medicine. For more than three decades, he has applied the unifying wisdom of Far Eastern thought to the major dietary therapies available in the West to create a new vision of health and nutrition.

Table of Contents

Origins	1	(48)
Access to Healing with Whole Foods	7	(1)
Section 1: Whole Foods	8	(15)
Section 2: Integrative Nutrition	23	(3)
Section 3: Dietary Patterns and Directions	26	(23)
PART I: THE ROOTS OF DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Yin-Yang and Beyond	49	(7)
The Principle of Extremes	51	(1)
Support and Transformation	52	(1)
Transcending Yin and Yang	52	(4)
Qi Vitality	56	(2)
The Six Divisions of Yin and Yang	57	(1)
Heat/Cold: The Thermal Nature of Food and People	58	(9)
The Physiology of Warming and Cooling Foods	59	(2)
Heat Patterns and Their Causes	61	(2)
Signs of Heat	61	(1)
Suggestions for Chronic Heat Conditions	62	(1)
Suggestions for Acute Heat Conditions	63	(1)
Deficiency and Heat	63	(3)
Deficient Yin Symptoms	63	(1)
Building the Foundations of Receptivity: Preserving the Yin	64	(1)
Deficient Yin and Blood Sugar Imbalances	65	(1)
Specific Foods Which Tonify the Yin	65	(1)
Cold Patterns and Their Causes	66	(1)
Signs of Coldness	66	(1)
Specific Remedies	66	(1)
Typical Patterns	67	(1)
Interior/Exterior: Building Immunity	67	(22)
Signs of an Exterior Condition	68	(1)
Colds, Flus and Other Exterior Conditions	68	(1)
Suggestions for Treating Exterior Conditions	68	(2)
Signs of Interior, Deeper Conditions	70	(1)
Immunity And the Protective Qi Concept	71	(13)
Candida Overgrowth: Immune Inhibitor	71	(2)
Causes of Candida Problems	73	(1)
Controlling Candida with Diet	73	(2)
Other Helpful Products	75	(1)
Variables in the Candida-Controlling Diet	76	(2)
Oxygenation	78	(6)
Further Insights into Immunity	84	(5)
Free Radicals: Immune Defenders and Destroyers	84	(1)
Activity and Immunity	85	(1)
Sexual Activity	85	(1)
Protective Qi and Whole Foods	86	(1)
Immunity: From Ultimate to Devastated	86	(1)
Unity and Immunity	87	(1)
Undercutting the Desire Cycle	87	(1)
Attitude	87	(2)
Excess and Deficiency	89	(16)
Excess	89	(2)
Dietary Recommendations for Excess	90	(1)
Deficiency	91	(3)
Dietary Recommendations for Deficiency	91	(1)
Animal Products	92	(1)
Deficiency Combined with Heat, Cold, and Other Factors	93	(1)
Guidelines for Treating Severe Deficiencies	93	(1)
Summary of the Six Divisions of Yin and Yang	94	(4)
Applying the Six Divisions	97	(1)
Further Diagnostic Foundations: The Six Influences	98	(7)
Seeing a Condition as It Is	98	(3)
The Art of Healing	101	(4)
PART II: ESSENTIALS OF NUTRITION
Dietary Transition	105	(17)
Wear Only One Hat	105	(1)
Healing Reactions	106	(1)
Chlorophyll and Dietary Transition	107	(1)
Foods Which Counteract Toxins	108	(1)
Recommended Proportions of Food Groups	108	(1)
Transition from Meat-based Diet to Whole Plant-based Diet	109	(1)
Standard Herbal Preparations	110	(1)
Excesses and Toxins	111	(8)
Toxic Metals	111	(1)
Radiation	112	(1)
Drugs	113	(1)
Parasites	114	(1)
Mucus	115	(1)
Excess Weight	115	(1)
Guidelines for Long-Term Weight Reduction	116	(3)
Emotional/Psychological Discharges	119	(2)
Summary of Suggestions for Easing Emotional and Mental Discharges	121	(1)
Transition Patterns	121	(1)
Common Causes of Difficulty During Transition	121	(1)
Water	122	(7)
Mountain Streams and Country Wells	123	(1)
Recycled Water in Cities	123	(1)
Chlorination	123	(1)
Fluoridation	124	(1)
Undesirable Properties of Fluoridation	124	(1)
Fluorine in Food	125	(1)
Other Chemicals	125	(1)
Our Personal Waterways	125	(1)
Filters and Purifiers	126	(1)
Purified Water as Cleansing Agent	127	(1)
Filtered Water	127	(1)
The Meat and Water Connection	127	(1)
Personal Water Consumption	128	(1)
Excess or Insufficient Water Consumption	129	(1)
Protein and Vitamin B12---The Plant and Animal Kingdoms as Sources	129	(29)
Amino Acids	129	(4)
Attraction to Meat and Animal Products	133	(1)
The Food Chain	134	(1)
Vegetarians	135	(1)
Vitamin B12 and the Modern Vegetarian	136	(2)
Plant Sources of Vitamin B12	138	(2)
Fermented Foods	138	(1)
Algae: Micro-Algae and Seaweeds	138	(1)
Nutritional Yeast	139	(1)
Vitamin B12 During Pregnancy and Lactation	140	(1)
A Margin of Safety for Vegetarians	140	(2)
Further Protein Perspectives	142	(2)
Protein Deficiency	144	(1)
Improving Protein Utilization	145	(1)
The Higher Sources of Vegetable Protein	145	(4)
Greens, Provitamin A, and Protein	146	(1)
Highest Sources of Protein	147	(1)
Protein and Brain Function	148	(1)
Micro-Algae and Meat: A Comparison	148	(1)
Sources of Animal Protein	149	(5)
Dairy and Mucous Conditions	149	(1)
Dairy Recommendations	150	(1)
Is Milk-Drinking Natural?	150	(1)
The Ethical Issue	150	(1)
Goat's Milk	151	(1)
Pollen and Royal Jelly	151	(1)
Eggs, Fish, Fowl, and Mammal Meats	152	(2)
Choices---When Animal Foods Are Necessary	154	(1)
Properties and Common Uses of Fish and Meats	155	(3)
Meat Preparation for Deficiencies and Dietary Transition	158	(1)
Oils and Fats	158	(29)
The Nature of Fats	159	(1)
The Saturated Fat/Cholesterol Connection	160	(2)
Cleansing the Heart and Arteries	162	(1)
The Omega-3 Effect in Heart Disease, Immune Deficiency, Brain Development, and Malnutrition	162	(4)
DHA and Brain/Nerve Renewal	163	(1)
DHA and Other Fatty Acids in Malnutrition	163	(1)
Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids	164	(2)
Further Benefits of Omega-3 Oils	166	(1)
Heart and Artery Renewal	166	(3)
Polyunsaturated Oils and the Essential Fatty Acids	169	(2)
The Prostaglandins: An Insight into the Essential Fatty Acids	170	(1)
Gamma-Linolenic Acid (GLA) and PGE1	171	(2)
Actions of PGE1 Against Disease	171	(2)
Vegetarian Diet and the Fatty Acids	173	(3)
The Original Diet	174	(2)
Eating Better-Quality Fatty Acids	176	(1)
Saturated Fats	177	(1)
Monounsaturated Oils	177	(2)
Types of Oils	179	(2)
Unrefined Oils	179	(1)
Cold-pressed and Expeller-pressed Oils	179	(1)
Refined Oils	180	(1)
The Danger of Polyunsaturated Vegetable Oils, Margarine, and Shortening	181	(1)
Clarified Butter as Cooking Oil	182	(1)
Oil Guidelines	183	(3)
Storage of Oils	186	(1)
Living Without Extracted Oils	187	(1)
How to Prepare Baking Pans Without Oil	187	(1)
Sweeteners	187	(9)
Excess Sweet Syndromes	189	(1)
Use and Misuse of Sugar	189	(1)
Satisfying the Sweet Tooth	190	(1)
Honey	191	(1)
Comparison of Sweeteners	192	(1)
Recommendations	193	(3)
The Grain Malts	193	(1)
Unrefined Sugar---Unrefined Cane Juice Powder	194	(1)
Stevia	194	(1)
Lactose and Fruit Extracts	195	(1)
Using Sweeteners with Awareness	195	(1)
Salt	196	(8)
The Sodium/Potassium Relationship	200	(2)
Salt Summary	202	(2)
Excess Salt	203	(1)
Insufficient Salt	203	(1)
Potassium for Sodium Balance	203	(1)
Steps Toward Moderate Salt Use	203	(1)
Use of Salt in Common Remedies	204	(1)
Condiments, Caffeine, and Spices	204	(7)
Condiments and Chemical Ingredients	204	(3)
Vinegar	205	(1)
Black Pepper	206	(1)
Mustard	206	(1)
Baking Powder and Baking Soda	206	(1)
Monosodium Glutamate	207	(1)
The Caffeine Products	207	(2)
Coffee	207	(2)
Tea	209	(1)
Spices	209	(2)
Vitamins and Supplements	211	(6)
Supplemental Vitamin C	213	(2)
Supplements as Medicine	215	(1)
Supplements for Prevention	215	(1)
Vital Alternatives	215	(2)
Calcium	217	(10)
The Magnesium Connection	218	(1)
The Hormonal Activity of Magnesium	218	(1)
The Relaxing Effect	219	(1)
Chlorophyll: Regulator of Calcium	219	(1)
Three Calcium Soups	220	(1)
The Similar Calcium Needs of the Older Woman and the Female Athlete	221	(3)
Recommendations for Increasing Calcium Absorption	224	(1)
Accelerated Calcium Absorption Through Silicon	225	(2)
Silicon Foods	226	(1)
Balancing Sweet Foods and Maintaining Calcium	227	(1)
Green Food Products	227	(23)
Highest Sources of Chlorophyll, Beta-Carotene, Protein, and Other Nutrients	227	(2)
Micro-Algae	229	(10)
Spirulina	231	(1)
Chlorella	232	(2)
Wild Blue-Green	234	(1)
Slim's Wild Blue-Green Adventure	235	(2)
Dunaliella	237	(1)
Micro-Algae Dosage	237	(2)
Wheat and Barley Grass	239	(3)
Wheat Grass Cultivation	241	(1)
Choosing Micro-Algae and Cereal Grass	242	(4)
General Guidelines	242	(1)
Considerations and Specific Uses	243	(3)
Greens in the Diet	246	(1)
Vitamin A and Beta-Carotene	246	(4)
Causes of the Widespread Vitamin A Deficit	246	(1)
Major Properties of Vitamin A	247	(1)
Specific Actions Attributed to Beta-Carotene	247	(1)
Signs of Vitamin A Deficiency	248	(2)
Survival Simplified	250	(1)
Enjoyment of Food	251	(9)
Overeating and Aging	251	(1)
Achieving a Balanced Appetite	252	(1)
The Art of Chewing	252	(1)
Other Concerns About Eating and Nourishment	253	(1)
Meal Schedules: The Nature of One, Two, or Three Daily Meals	254	(6)
Two Meals Per Day	255	(1)
Three-Meal Schedule	256	(1)
The Morning Elixir	257	(1)
The Purifying Morning Meal	258	(1)
Local Food	258	(1)
Between-Meal Snacks for Low Blood Sugar	258	(2)
For All Meal Plans	260	(1)
Food Combinations	260	(14)
The Importance of Food Combining	260	(1)
Plan A: Food Combining for Better Digestion	261	(4)
Plan B: Food Combining for Best Digestion	265	(5)
Plan B Food Combining: Exceptions	265	(5)
Plan C: The One-Pot Meal	270	(1)
The Art of Presentation	271	(1)
Allergies and Food Combining	272	(2)
Allergies and the Sproutable Foods	272	(1)
The Four-Day and Six-Week Plans	273	(1)
Physical and Mental Sources of Allergy	273	(1)
Fasting and Purification	274	(9)
Cleansing and Building	274	(7)
Fasting and the Acid- and Mucus-Forming Foods	275	(2)
Five Fasts	277	(2)
For Good Fasting	279	(2)
Reasons for Fasting	281	(1)
Five Fasts	281	(1)
When Not To Fast	281	(1)
Food for Spiritual Practices and Retreats	281	(2)
Food for Children	283	(22)
Teaching Good Eating Habits	284	(1)
Food for Babies	285	(5)
When Mother's Milk Is Not Available	286	(1)
Raw and Pasteurized Milks	286	(1)
Homogenized Milk	287	(1)
Dairy Quality	287	(1)
Animal versus Human Milk	288	(1)
Cow's Milk	288	(1)
Goat's Milk	288	(1)
Mother's Milk	289	(1)
Fermented Dairy Products	289	(1)
Dairy Summary	290	(1)
Food Groups and Proportions	290	(3)
Preparation of Baby Food During and After Weaning	291	(1)
Animal Product Quality	292	(1)
The Vegetarian Child	292	(1)
Food for Preventing and Treating Deficiencies	293	(6)
Soy	293	(1)
Micro-Algae	294	(1)
Amaranth and Quinoa	295	(1)
Royal Jelly and Other Animal Products	295	(2)
Foods to Use with Caution	297	(2)
Food and Behavior	299	(1)
Suggestions for Conception and Pregnancy	299	(2)
Taoist Prohibitions at the Time of Conception	300	(1)
During Pregnancy	300	(1)
The Child Within	301	(4)
Healing and Bonding	301	(4)
PART III: THE FIVE ELEMENT AND ORGAN SYSTEMS
Five Elements: Seasonal Attunement and the Organs in Harmony and Disease	305	(3)
Seasonal Attunement	305	(1)
The Organs in Harmony and Disease	306	(1)
Creation and Control Cycles	307	(1)
Therapeutic Use of the Five Flavors	308	(8)
Pungent	310	(1)
Salty	311	(1)
Sour	312	(1)
Bitter	313	(1)
Sweet	314	(2)
Wood Element	316	(15)
Spring	316	(2)
Spring Foods	317	(1)
Renewal and Raw Food	317	(1)
Spring Cooking	318	(1)
The Liver in Harmony and Disease	318	(13)
Symptoms of Liver Imbalance	318	(1)
Common Syndromes of the Liver	319	(2)
The Effect of Excess on the Family of Organs	321	(1)
Wind and the Nature of Liver Disharmony	321	(1)
Gall Bladder Renewal	322	(1)
The Source of Disharmony	323	(3)
Dietary Principles for Healing the Liver	326	(3)
An Alcohol- and Drug-Abused Liver	329	(2)
Fire Element	331	(8)
Summer	331	(1)
Summer Food and Preparation	331	(1)
The Heart in Harmony and Disease	332	(7)
Common Syndromes of the Heart-Mind	333	(3)
Healing the Heart	336	(1)
Calming and Focusing the Mind	336	(2)
The Calming Effect of Whole Foods	338	(1)
Earth Element	339	(7)
Late Summer: An Interchange of All Seasons	339	(2)
The Interchanges of the Seasons	340	(1)
Late Summer and the Interchanges: Food and Its Preparation	340	(1)
The Spleen-Pancreas in Harmony and Disease	341	(1)
Specific Syndromes of the Spleen-Pancreas	341	(4)
Dampness, Mucus, and Microbes	343	(1)
Dampness and Degenerative Disease	344	(1)
Waste and the Earth Element	345	(1)
Metal Element	346	(8)
Autumn	346	(1)
Autumn Foods	346	(1)
Dryness	347	(1)
The Lungs in Harmony and Disease	347	(7)
Attachments as an Indicator of Lung Vitality	348	(1)
Resolving Grief and Sadness	348	(1)
The Physical Indications of Lung Vitality	348	(1)
Causes of Common Lung Disorders	349	(1)
Common Syndromes of the Lungs	349	(3)
Protecting the Lungs and Colon	352	(1)
Protective and Purifying Foods	352	(2)
Water Element	354	(17)
Winter	354	(1)
Winter Food and Preparation	354	(1)
Salty and Bitter: Flavors for the Cold Season	355	(1)
The Kidneys in Harmony and Disease	355	(10)
General Symptoms of Kidney Imbalance	356	(1)
Common Syndromes of the Kidneys	356	(4)
Jing: The Source of Kidney Vitality	360	(1)
Nourishing the Jing	361	(1)
Finding Personal Jing Nourishment	361	(3)
Choosing the Appropriate Jing Tonic	364	(1)
The Aging Process	365	(6)
PART IV: DISEASES AND THEIR DIETARY TREATMENT
Blood Sugar Imbalances	371	(7)
Diabetes	371	(4)
Beneficial Oils	373	(1)
Healing Considerations	374	(1)
Hypoglycemia	375	(3)
The Hypoglycemic Personality	377	(1)
The Stomach and Intestines	378	(9)
``Stomach Fire'' and Heat-Caused Ulcers	378	(1)
Tongue Coating and Digestion	379	(1)
Colitis and Enteritis	379	(1)
Diverticulosis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome	380	(1)
Celiac Disease	381	(1)
Dysentery	382	(1)
Diarrhea	383	(1)
Constipation	383	(4)
Blood Disorders	387	(18)
Blood Deficiency	387	(1)
Hair and Blood Quality	388	(2)
The Current ``Age of Anxiety''	389	(1)
Bleeding	390	(5)
Major Causes of Bleeding	390	(2)
Stagnant Blood: Gynecological and other Disorders	392	(1)
Common Conditions of Stagnant Blood	393	(2)
Menstrual Disorders	395	(10)
Prevention and Good Habits	395	(1)
General Nutrition	396	(2)
Specific Menstrual Disorders	398	(7)
Cancer and the Regeneration Diets	405	(19)
Regeneration Diets for Cancer and Degenerative Diseases	407	(2)
Other Treatments	409	(1)
Traditional and Modern Perspectives	410	(6)
Recommended Food Groups	416	(8)
Other Degenerative Disorders	424	(23)
Rheumatic and Arthritic Conditions	425	(4)
Alcoholism and other Intoxicant Abuses	429	(5)
Asthma	434	(1)
AIDS	435	(3)
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)	438	(1)
Genital Herpes	439	(1)
Severe Skin Diseases	440	(2)
Schizophrenia and other Mental Illness	442	(5)
PART V: RECIPES AND PROPERTIES OF VEGETAL FOODS
Vibrational Cooking	447	(9)
Cooking Methods	449	(3)
Cookware	452	(2)
Glossary	454	(1)
Healing with the Recipes	454	(2)
Grains	456	(33)
Balancing Personal Constitution with Grains	457	(2)
Amaranth	459	(2)
Barley	461	(1)
Buckwheat	462	(3)
Corn	465	(2)
Millet	467	(2)
Oats	469	(1)
Quinoa	470	(2)
Rice	472	(8)
Mochi	476	(1)
Congee	477	(1)
Thirty-three Common Congees	478	(2)
Rye	480	(1)
Wheat	481	(6)
Spelt	481	(1)
Kamut	482	(2)
Noodles	484	(2)
Seitan	486	(1)
Cereals	487	(2)
Breads	489	(17)
Different Flours and Combinations	490	(1)
Naturally Leavened Bread	491	(10)
The Bounty of Rye by Jacques de Langre	501	(3)
Black Rye Bread	504	(2)
Legumes: Beans, Peas, and Lentils	506	(24)
Healing Properties of Legumes	507	(4)
Improving the Digestibility of Legumes	511	(2)
Techniques for Cooking Legumes	513	(6)
Miso	519	(3)
Tempeh	522	(4)
Tofu	526	(4)
Nuts and Seeds	530	(5)
Healing Properties of Nuts and Seeds	532	(3)
Vegetables	535	(33)
Healing Properties of Vegetables	536	(15)
Cooking Vegetables	551	(2)
Cutting Vegetables	553	(15)
Sprouts	568	(3)
Alfalfa	568	(3)
Salads	571	(9)
Notes on Parasites and Poisons	572	(1)
Spring Salads	573	(1)
Summer Salads	574	(1)
Fall Salads	575	(1)
Winter Salads	576	(1)
Dressings	577	(3)
Seaweeds	580	(16)
Agar-Agar	582	(2)
Dulse	584	(2)
Hijiki and Arame	586	(2)
Kombu and Kelp	588	(3)
Nori	591	(1)
Wakame	592	(3)
Irish Moss and Corsican	595	(1)
Soups	596	(6)
Spring Soups	597	(1)
Summer Soups	598	(1)
Fall Soups	599	(1)
Winter Soups	600	(2)
Sauces	602	(4)
Condiments	606	(2)
Chutneys and Relishes	607	(1)
Spreads and Pates	608	(1)
Pickles	609	(3)
Grain and Seed Milks	612	(1)
Rejuvelac and Yogurt	613	(1)
Fruit	614	(10)
Healing Properties of Fruit	616	(8)
Desserts	624	(16)
Recipe Locator	636	(4)
Summary	640	(13)
Epilogue	653	(1)
Appendix A: Parasite Purge Program	654	(13)
Appendix B: The Effect of Root Canals on Health	667	(3)
Bibliography	670	(11)
References and Notes	681	(23)
Resources	704	(6)
Index	710

Excerpts

From Part I, Chapter 2: The Principle of Extremes
When the excessive principle reaches its limit, the extreme yin or yang transforms into its opposite. This is known as the “Principle of Extremes.” This principle is readily observed in warm-blooded animals, when a fever is produced in response to an exposure to cold, or when chills result from an excess of summer heat.

Other examples:
1. Extreme activity, such as hard physical work, necessitates rest.
2. If activity is very fierce and yang (such as in war), death (which is very yin) can be the result.
3. People frequently become more child-like with extreme age. Also, with advancing years, a person gradually exhibits less physical strength but, if healthy, greater wisdom. This represents the loss of bodily attachment to earth and the shifting of focus toward heaven, an example of extreme yin changing to extreme yang.
4. As internal heat and blood pressure become higher (yang), a stroke resulting in paralysis (yin) becomes more likely.
5. Extremely energizing substances such as cocaine cause utter debility later. One also is eventually weakened by stimulants such as caffeine and refined sugar.
6. In meditation, proper concentration on a single object ultimately results in universal awareness.

The process by which phenomena change into their opposites may be described graphically with spirals, a very common pattern in the universe. These cycles of change are progressively quicker while contracting, slower while expanding. Such cycles are balanced by opposing cycles. For instance, when the national economy slows toward stagnation, cycles of emotional anxiety become ever more intense. Another pair of spirals illustrates the way in which metabolic cycles in the body take longer to fully repeat with age, with a simultaneously greater need for nutrients. For this reason, we need less quantity but more nutritionally concentrated food as we grow older.

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Excerpted from Healing with Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition by Paul Pitchford
All rights reserved by the original copyright owners. Excerpts are provided for display purposes only and may not be reproduced, reprinted or distributed without the written permission of the publisher.