Health, Illness, and Healing

by Charmaz, Kathy; Paterniti, Debora A.

• ISBN13: 9780935732986
• ISBN10: 0935732985
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-02-01
• Publisher: Roxbury Pub Co

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	xv	(1)
About the Contributors	xvi
Introduction	1	(4)
Section 1: Defining Health and Illness	5	(44)
Introduction	5	(3)
The Problematics of Defining Health: Dilemmas and Decisions	8	(23)
1. Conceptions of Health Mechanic suggests the importance of a broad definition of health in understanding health seeking and illness behaviors	8	(10)
David Mechanic
2. Accounts of Health and Illness: Dilemmas and Representations Radley and Billig contend that views of health and illness are inherently social and ideological rather than being fixed and stable states and that these views change in relation to intentions, audiences, and images of self.	18	(13)
Alan Radley
Michael Billig
Views of Health Within Social Movements	31	(18)
3. The Origins of the Health Movement Goldstein shows how broad definitions of health and illness generate movements that define particular attitudes and behaviors as requiring medical definition and attention.	31	(11)
Michael S. Goldstein
4. The Imperative of Health: Public Health and the Regulated Body Lupton discusses the implications of health promotion strategies in the United States, Great Britain, and Australia for instilling fear and promoting public surveillance by juxtaposing "the grotesque" and "the civilized."	42	(7)
Deborah Lupton
Section 2: The Self in Social Context	49	(96)
Introduction	49	(3)
Becoming and Being Ill	52	(10)
5. Seeing Through Pain Franks sheds light on what pain means and how experiencing it can force the person to see the world anew.	52	(4)
Arthur W. Frank
6. Mastectomy and Reconstruction Gross and Ito's interview excerpt portrays an unusually well-informed woman who took control of her treatment for breast cancer.	56	(3)
Amy Gross
Dee Ito
7. The Desert Mairs relates her relief to receive a serious diagnosis that legitimized her claims to physical illness after long months of unvalidated disturbing sensations.	59	(3)
Nancy Mairs
Illness, Disability, and the Self	62	(59)
8. The Damaged Self Murphy reflects upon how becoming progressively disabled felt like punishment, elicited negative responses from others, and caused him to feel guilt and shame.	62	(10)
Robert F. Murphy
9. `Discoveries' of Self in Illness Charmaz's argument is threefold: 1) until chronically ill adults learn concretely how physical losses affect their daily lives, neither their expectations for recovery nor their self-concepts change, 2) distressing discoveries of loss become turning points for change in self-concept, and 3) struggling with loss may result in gaining a more valued self.	72	(11)
Kathy Charmaz
10. Illness and Identity Karp argues that people with depression have careers as mental patients with profound implications for their sense of identity.	83	(12)
David A. Karp
11. The Body, Identity, and Self: Adapting to Impairment Charmaz clarifies relationships between body and self and analyzes how they change in chronically ill adults as they must adapt to an altered body again and again.	95	(18)
Kathy Charmaz
12. The Rigors of Kidney Dialysis for Robert Banes Abraham's story of Robert Banes' kidney dialysis brings to life social class and race differences in the incidence of disease and death as well as in the quality and distribution of care.	113	(8)
Laurie Kaye Abraham
Illness and the Work Routine	121	(24)
13. A Weekend in the Life of a Medical Student Klass gives a personal account of the rigors of learning and doing medicine on the hospital wards during her third year of medical school.	121	(10)
Perri Klass
14. Never Enough Time: How Medical Residents Manage a Scarce Resource Yoels and Clair detail how medical residents learn to control medical work and the intensity of their work schedules under pressing and limited time conditions.	131	(14)
William C. Yoels
Jeffrey Michael Clair
Section 3: Caretaking and Caregiving Relationships	145	(74)
Introduction	145	(3)
Patients and Caregivers	148	(48)
15. Respect, Satisfaction, and Health Care: Canada and the U.S. Respect for medical professionals and satisfaction with care are displayed comparatively for the United States and Canada in two graphics.	148	(2)
David U. Himmelstein
Steffie Woolhandler
16. The Caregivers' Perspective Abel corrects the gerontological concept of "caregiver burden" as she finds adult daughters willingly caring for their mothers, despite dilemmas in preserving their mothers' dignity, autonomy, and safety.	150	(15)
Emily K. Abel
17. Care and Control: Managing Stress by Medicalizing Deviance Lyman shows how staff members' view of Alzheimer's disease, interpretations of client behavior, and adherence to a medical model result in their taking control over clients.	165	(12)
Karen Lyman
18. Narratives of Aging and Social Problems in Medical Encounters With Older Persons This analysis reveals how physicians might miss important diagnostic information by not attending to the context that frames elderly patients' explanations of illness	177	(9)
Howard Waitzkin
Theron Britt
Constance Williams
19. Prevalence and Sources of Patients' Unmet Expectations for Care Kravitz and his coauthors examine the origins of patients' unmet expectations for care and what these expectations mean to medical treatment.	186	(10)
Richard L. Kravitz
Edward J. Callahan
Debora A. Paterniti
Deirdre Antonius
Marcia Dunham
Charles E. Lewis
Understanding Caretaking: Practitioner Socialization	196	(23)
20. `If It's Not Charted, It Didn't Happen' Diamond uncovers the invisible work performed by nurse aides as they care for institutionalized patients.	196	(11)
Timothy Diamond
21. Mr. Kilwauski Hafferty discloses some startling aspects of new medical students' perceptions of death and their patients as they are forced to deal with the unexpected death of an elderly man.	207	(12)
Frederic Hafferty
Section 4: Professional and Organizational Constraints	219	(68)
Introduction	219	(3)
Defining Domains of Practice	222	(41)
22. My Past In an autobiographic account, Harrison reveals the dilemmas and experiences of being a woman in medicine with a new specialty--family medicine.	222	(4)
Michelle Harrison
23. Radicalization: Going Through Changes Katz Rothman describes different, often conflicting, perspectives on and approaches to childbirth between hospital nurses and nurse midwives formulating a "new model" of birthing.	226	(13)
Barbara Katz Rothman
24. Boundary Encroachment and Task Delegation: Clinical Pharmacists on the Medical Team Mesler details the problems of defining and maintaining medical work boundaries that plague clinical pharmacists.	239	(12)
Mark A. Mesler
25. What it Means to Be a Nurse In this selection, Chambliss shows the contradictory mission of nursing: to be simultaneously "in charge" and "under control."	251	(12)
Daniel F. Chambliss
Organizational Definitions of Health and Wellness	263	(24)
26. Wellness in the Work Place: Potentials and Pitfalls of Work-site Health Promotion Conrad investigates the benefits and hazards of promoting fitness and health in the workplace, charging that the phenomenon is not only culturally specific but exemplifies a specific approach to health policy more generally.	263	(13)
Peter Conrad
27. Stress and Burnout in the Social World of Hospice Levy and Gordon suggest that burnout comes not merely from emotional requirements of hospice work but from ideological demands imposed by the "good death" philosophy.	276	(11)
Judith A. Levy
Audrey K. Gordon
Section 5: Social and Cultural Structures of Care	287	(164)
Introduction	287	(4)
The Social and Cultural Shaping of Medical Care	291	(56)
28. Medical Metaphors of Women's Bodies: Menstruation and Menopause Martin delineates how physicians invoke medical metaphors about women's bodies that reflect social, historical, and cultural conditions rather than biological facts.	291	(11)
Emily Martin
29. The Rise of the Surgical Fix Davis chronicles the rise of cosmetic surgery as a popular phenomenon, comparing its popularity in the United States under the market model of medicine with welfare models of medicine found in European countries.	302	(20)
Kathy Davis
30. The Marketing of Rehabilitation Goods and Services Albrecht argues that rehabilitation employs marketing strategies for developing, evaluating, and distributing goods and services to maximize profit and organizational survival in the competitive business environment of health care.	322	(15)
Gary L. Albrecht
31. Robust Resistance Todd recounts the best effects of Eastern and Western medicine in a tale of her son's struggles and triumphs with cancer.	337	(10)
Alexandra Dundas Todd
The Distribution of Health and Illness	347	(76)
32. Race and Infant Mortality These graphics report national and racial differences in mortality rates for blacks and whites in the United States and between the United States and six developed countries.	347	(2)
David U. Himmelstein
Steffie Woolhandler
33. U.S. Socioeconomic and Racial Differences in Health: Patterns and Explanations Examining the links between race, socioeconomic status, and health conditions, Williams and Collins examine why the health status of African Americans in the United States seems to be worsening in comparison to whites and other racial groups.	349	(28)
David R. Williams
Chiquita Collins
34. Pathways of Health and Death Verbrugge, a social epidemiologist, compares rates for the most common causes of morbidity and mortality for United States men and women.	377	(18)
Lois M. Verbrugge
35. Latina and African American Women: Continuing Disparities in Health These authors argue that long-standing social inequalities account for health differentials between Latina and African American women and nonminority women in the United States.	395	(20)
Marsha Lillie-Blanton
Rose Marie Martinez
Andrea Kidd Taylor
Betty Garman Robinson
36. Impact of Marital Status on Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients Gordon and Rosenthal show how being unmarried can jeopardize the results of hospitalization, suggesting the importance of social support for hospitalization and illness outcomes.	415	(8)
Howard S. Gordon
Gary E. Rosenthal
Organizing Systems of Health Care	423	(28)
37. Why the U.S. Health Care System Does Not Respond to People's Needs Navarro critically reveals the complexities of the American health care system--the connections between health care and the American class system and corporate America--and notes its deficiencies compared to other countries' systems of care.	423	(13)
Vicente Navarro
38. The Canadian System These graphics compare rates of technology and innovation in the United States and Canada.	436	(2)
David U. Himmelstein
Steffie Woolhandler
39. Japan's Medical Care System Iglehart studies several controversial aspects of the Japanese medical care system, including physician services, health insurance, drug prescription and dispensing.	438	(9)
John K. Iglehart
40. Twenty Years of Care in Japan A personal journey through the Japanese health system is recounted by both patient and caregiver.	447	(4)
Hiroko Akiyama
Section 6: The Social Construction of Illness: The Case of AIDS	451	(76)
Introduction	451	(3)
41. Brad Callanan and Kelley tell the story of a young man dying of AIDS whose parents gave loving care despite their shock about his homosexuality	454	(3)
Maggie Callanan
Patricia Kelley
42. Update: Trends in AIDS Incidence, Deaths, and Prevalence--United States, 1996 Data from the Centers for Disease Control show the history of AIDS incidence and prevalence as well as fifteen years of HIV's opportunistic infections and suggest directions for medical treatment and social policy.	457	(6)
Centers for Disease Control
43. The Invisible Epidemic: The Story of Women and AIDS Corea discusses some problems with the Centers for Disease Control's classification of people infected by HIV and the insensitivity of CDC guidelines for establishing risk for women with HIV.	463	(4)
Gena Corea
44. Becoming a Person with HIV Disease Weitz explores how people with HIV Disease learn about what their conditions portend, why they believe they contracted them, and how they cope with an uncertain future.	467	(11)
Rose Weitz
45. Ethical Problems Involving Sexuality Cameron takes medical ethics into patients' lives as she examines continuities and contradictions between beliefs and sexual practices of people with AIDS and HIV Disease.	478	(10)
Miriam E. Cameron
46. Confronting Deadly Disease: The Drama of Identity Construction Among Gay Men with AIDS Sandstrom outlines how gay men reconstructed an empowered self after facing the uncertainty and stigma of having AIDS.	488	(13)
Kent L. Sandstrom
47. AIDS and Its Impact on Medical Work: The Culture and Politics of the Shop Floor Bosk and Frader reveal the complexities of everyday interaction at the dawn of HIV and AIDS in medicine, emphasizing how the "new disease" changed the context of medical work and understandings of medical practice.	501	(11)
Charles L. Bosk
Joel Frader
48. AIDS Prevention Outreach Among Injection Drug Users: Agency Problems and New Approaches This selection discusses the achievements and pitfalls associated with enlisting community members in HIV health education and outreach programs for intravenous drug users.	512	(15)
Robert S. Broadhead
Douglas D. Heckathorn
Section 7: The Future of Health, Illness, and Healing	527
Introduction	527	(3)
Bioethical Issues	530	(37)
49. Playing God In this selection, Dr. Hilfiker wrestles with dilemmas presented to him by life and death medical decisions and the "best interest" of patients.	530	(4)
David Hilfiker
50. Baby Doe Before Regulations Through two detailed accounts of genetically deformed infants Bosk discovers a process of collective decision making where no individual wants to take full responsibility for critical decisions about genetic defects.	534	(15)
Charles Bosk
51. The `Do Not Resuscitate' Order as Ritual Zussman illustrates the moral quality inherent in DNR orders and describes the problematics of establishing and carrying out these orders as a result of their moral quality.	549	(6)
Robert Zussman
52. On the Ragged Edge: Needs, Endless Needs Callahan defines the tensions framing health policy and organizational decision making in providing health care in America: meeting individual demands for care and attempting to do so at an efficient cost.	555	(12)
Daniel Callahan
Directions for Health Policy	567
53. The Rising Costs of Health Care These graphics display the cost of health care to individuals and to the United States government.	567	(2)
David U. Himmelstein
Steffie Woolhandler
54. The Disability Wars Kenny's personal tragedy of chronic illness, disability, and the limits of worker's compensation exemplifies some of the inefficiencies of health insurance for chronically ill individuals.	569	(5)
Timothy Kenny
55. The Politics of Women's Health Shumaker and Smith trace the history of women's health as a policy issue and raise questions regarding public interest in women's health benefits and medical research.	574	(8)
Sally A. Shumaker
Teresa Rust Smith
56. Rationing Medical Care: A Sociological Reflection In this selection, Conrad and Brown outline three perspectives on rationing health care and discuss the efficacy of these perspectives for combating rapidly increasing costs of health care in the United States.	582	(9)
Peter Conrad
Phil Brown
57. Why Major Reform Is Needed Strauss and Corbin stress that major reform of the American health care system would result from adopting a model built upon the views and circumstances of people who have chronic conditions.	591
Anselm L. Strauss
Juliet M. Corbin