Heat and Cold Storage with PCM

by Mehling, Harald; Cabeza, Luisa F.

• ISBN13: 9783540685562
• ISBN10: 3540685561
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-11-01
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

"Latent heat storage with phase change materials (PCM) has the potential to improve significantly the efficiency of heat and cold storages and to reduce their size considerably. The book is an introduction into the field for researchers and students. It summarizes and explains the basics, general concepts, and applications with examples in a single text. For a better understanding, many derivations, graphs and tables are included. All aspects from materials analysis and modification, storage design, storage integration, and different application examples are covered. Special focus is on applications in buildings."--BOOK JACKET.

Author Biography

Dr. Harald Mehling, born: 03.08.1966 Education: M.A. (SUNY Buffalo, USA), 1992; Diploma Physics, University of W++rzburg (Germany), 1995; Ph.D., University of W++rzburg (Germany), 1998Since 1995 working at the Bavarian Center for applied Energy Research, since 1998 Group leader "Latent heat storage"Coordinator of the BMWA funded strategic project "Innovative PCM-technology" (budget about 6 Mio Gé¼, 1999-2004)Organizer of two workshops on latent heat storageAuthor or co-author of about 50 publications, with more than 20 reviewedBooks contributions (4 chapters): Thermal energy storage for sustainable energy consumption - fundamentals, case studies and design; NATO Science series II. Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 234, Springer, 2007, ISBN 978-1-4020-5289-7 Editor: H.+û.PaksoyLuisa F. Cabeza is Professor on Thermal Engineering at the University of Lleida (Lleida, Spain). She graduated on Chemical Engineering and Industrial Engineering in 1992 at University Ramon Llull (Barcelona, Spain), in 1995 she got an MBA and in 1996 her PhD on Industrial Engineering at the same university. From 1996 to 1998 she worked at the Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (Philadelphia, USA). In 1999 she joined the University of Lleida as Assistant Professor, and she became Full Professor in 2006. She lead the Research Group on Applied Energy at the same university, today a research group with 25 researchers, recognised by several Spanish Agencies for its work.

Table of Contents

Basic thermodynamics of thermal energy storage	p. 1
Methods for thermal energy storage	p. 1
Sensible heat	p. 1
Latent heat of solid-liquid phase change	p. 2
Latent heat of liquid-vapor phase change	p. 4
Heat of chemical reactions	p. 5
Potential applications of latent heat storage with solid-liquid phase change	p. 6
Temperature control	p. 6
Storage of heat or cold with high storage density	p. 7
References	p. 9
Solid-liquid phase change materials	p. 11
Physical, technical, and economic requirements	p. 11
Classes of materials	p. 13
Overview	p. 13
Detailed discussion	p. 15
Typical material problems and possible solutions	p. 26
Phase separation solved by mixing, gelling, or thickening	p. 26
Subcooling and methods to reduce it	p. 34
Encapsulation to prevent leakage and improve heat transfer	p. 37
Mechanical stability and thermal conductivity improved by composite materials	p. 39
Mechanical stability	p. 39
Thermal conductivity	p. 40
Commercial PCM, PCM composite materials, and encapsulated PCM	p. 41
PCM	p. 42
PCM composite materials	p. 43
PCM composite materials to improve handling and applicability	p. 44
PCM-graphite composites to increase the thermal conductivity	p. 45
Encapsulated PCM	p. 48
Examples of microencapsulation	p. 49
Examples of microencapsulation	p. 51
References	p. 52
Determination of physical and technical properties	p. 57
Definition of material and object properties	p. 57
Stored heat of materials	p. 59
Basics of calorirnetry	p. 59
Problems in doing measurements on PCM	p. 64
Problems in presenting data on PCM	p. 66
Calorimeter types and working principles	p. 69
Differential scanning calorimetry in dynamic mode	p. 69
Differential scanning calorimetry in steps mode	p. 78
Differential scanning calorimetry with temperature modulation (m-DSC)	p. 80
T-History method	p. 80
Heat storage and heat release of PCM-objects	p. 84
Air and other gases as heat transfer medium	p. 85
Water and other liquids as heat transfer medium	p. 89
Mixing calorimeter	p. 89
Setup derived from power compensated DSC	p. 90
Thermal conductivity of materials	p. 91
Stationary methods	p. 92
Dynamic methods	p. 93
Cycling stability of PCM, PCM-composites, and PCM-objects	p. 95
Cycling stability with respect to the stored heat	p. 95
Cycling stability with respect to heat transfer	p. 96
Compatibility of PCM with other materials	p. 97
Corrosion of metals	p. 98
Migration of components in plastics	p. 101
References	p. 102
Heat transfer basics	p. 105
Analytical models	p. 106
1-dimensional semi-infinite PCM layer	p. 106
1-dimensional semi-infinite PCM layer with boundary effects	p. 108
Cylindrical and spherical geometry	p. 113
Layer with finite thickness	p. 118
Summary and conclusion for analytical models	p. 119
Numerical models	p. 120
1-dimensional PCM layer	p. 120
Inclusion of subcooling using the enthalpy method	p. 126
Relation between h(T) functions and phase diagrams	p. 128
Modellization using commercial software	p. 131
Comparison of simulated and experimental results	p. 132
1-dimensional PCM layer without subcooling	p. 132
1-dimensional PCM layer with subcooling	p. 133
Summary and conclusion	p. 134
References	p. 135
Design of latent heat storages	p. 137
Boundary conditions and basic design options	p. 137
Boundary conditions on a storage	p. 137
Basic design options	p. 138
Overview on storage types	p. 141
Storages with heat transfer on the storage surface	p. 142
Insulated environment	p. 143
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 143
Example	p. 143
Heat transfer calculation	p. 144
No insulation and good thermal contact between storage and demand	p. 145
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 145
Example	p. 145
Heat transfer calculation	p. 145
Storages with heat transfer on internal heat transfer surfaces	p. 146
Heat exchanger type	p. 146
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 147
Example	p. 148
Heat transfer calculation	p. 149
Further information	p. 158
Direct contact type	p. 158
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 159
Example	p. 160
Heat transfer calculation	p. 161
Further information	p. 161
Module type	p. 162
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 162
Examples	p. 163
Heat transfer calculation	p. 164
Further information	p. 168
Storages with heat transfer by exchanging the heat storage medium	p. 168
Slurry type	p. 169
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 169
Example	p. 170
Heat transfer calculation	p. 172
Further information	p. 173
Sensible liquid type	p. 174
Construction principle and typical performance	p. 174
Example	p. 175
Heat transfer calculation	p. 176
Further information	p. 176
References	p. 177
Integration of active storages into systems	p. 181
Integration goal	p. 181
Integration concepts	p. 182
General concepts	p. 182
Special examples	p. 184
Cascade storages	p. 185
Simulation and optimization of systems	p. 188
References	p. 189
Applications in transport and storage containers	p. 191
Basics	p. 191
Ideal cooling of an object in ambient air	p. 191
Ideal cooling of an insulated object in ambient air	p. 193
Ideal cooling of an insulated object with PCM in ambient air	p. 195
Real cooling of an insulated object with PCM in ambient air	p. 196
Examples	p. 197
Multi purpose transport boxes and containers	p. 197
Thermal management system	p. 198
Containers for food and beverages	p. 199
Medical applications	p. 200
Electronic equipment	p. 201
References	p. 202
Applications for the human body	p. 205
Basics	p. 205
Energy balance of the human body	p. 205
Potential of PCM	p. 206
Methods to apply the PCM	p. 207
Macroencapsulated PCM	p. 207
Microencapsulated PCM	p. 207
Composite materials	p. 209
Examples	p. 209
Pocket heater	p. 210
Vests for different applications	p. 210
Clothes and underwear	p. 211
Kidney belt	p. 212
Plumeaus and sleeping bags	p. 212
Shoe inlets	p. 213
Medical applications	p. 214
References	p. 214
Applications for heating and cooling in buildings	p. 217
Basics of space heating and cooling	p. 218
Human comfort requirements	p. 218
Heat production, transfer, and storage in buildings	p. 220
Potential of using PCM	p. 220
Potential of PCM for temperature control	p. 221
Potential of PCM for heat or cold storage with high storage density	p. 225
Natural and artificial heat and cold sources	p. 227
Space cooling	p. 227
Space heating	p. 231
Heat transfer	p. 233
Heating or cooling from a surface	p. 233
Heating or cooling by supplying hot or cold air	p. 234
Examples for space cooling	p. 234
Building materials	p. 235
Gypsum plasterboards with microencapsulated paraffin	p. 236
Plaster with microencapsulated paraffin	p. 237
Concrete with microencapsulated paraffin	p. 238
Panels with shape-stabilized paraffin	p. 240
Building components	p. 241
Ceiling with PCM	p. 241
Blinds with PCM	p. 243
Active systems using air as heat transfer fluid	p. 244
Systems integrated into the ceiling	p. 245
Systems integrated into the wall	p. 246
Systems integrated into the floor	p. 247
Decentralized cooling and ventilation unit	p. 249
Systems integrated into a ventilation channel	p. 252
Active building materials and components using a liquid heat transfer fluid for heat rejection	p. 254
PCM-plaster with capillary sheets	p. 255
Cooling ceiling with PCM-plasterboard	p. 256
Storages with active heat supply and rejection using a liquid heat transfer fluid	p. 256
Heat exchanger and module type storages using artificial ice	p. 258
Heat exchanger and module type storages using other PCM than ice	p. 263
Direct contact type storage using artificial ice	p. 263
Storages using natural ice and snow	p. 264
Direct contact systems using other PCM	p. 266
Slurry type storages using artificial ice	p. 266
Slurry type storages using other PCM than water / ice	p. 269
Alternative integration concepts	p. 271
Examples for space heating	p. 273
Solar wall	p. 274
Daylighting element	p. 277
Floor heating systems	p. 280
Floor heating system with hot water	p. 280
Floor heating system with electrical heating	p. 281
Floor heating system using hot air	p. 281
Solar air heating and ventilation system	p. 282
Storage for heating with hot water	p. 284
Heat exchanger type approach	p. 284
Module type approach	p. 286
Direct contact type approach	p. 288
Slurry type approach	p. 289
Further information	p. 289
References	p. 291
Appendix	p. 297
Index	p. 305
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