Heating, Cooling, Lighting: Design Methods for Architects, 2nd Edition

by Norbert Lechner

• ISBN13: 9780471241430
• ISBN10: 0471241431
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-12-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

* Qualitative graphic approach to understanding the techniques of heating, cooling, and lighting reflects the decision-making approach of architects and students. * Useful appendices provide sun path diagrams and solar site evaluation tools. Appendices new to this edition include practical checklists of strategies and issues in evaluating energy use in the building design stage, and an annotated list of helpful sustainability videos to use in class, professional meetings, or with clients. * A new chapter on photovoltaics discusses their use as an ideal energy source, offers design options, and case studies as well as their future role in building design. * A new chapter on sustainable "green" design includes case studies and examples of water conservation measures, effects from energy production and consumption, and an analysis of indoor air quality. * Mathematical formulas are excerpted from the text and appear in side boxes, so they don't cloud the text with overly-technical information.

Author Biography

Norbert Lechner is Professor Emeritus in the College of Architecture, Design, and Construction at Auburn University.

Table of Contents

Foreword	xiii
Preface	xv
Acknowledgments	xvii
Heating, Cooling, And Lighting As Form-Givers In Architecture	1	(10)
Introduction	2	(1)
Vernacular and Regional Architecture	2	(2)
Formal Architecture	4	(3)
The Architectural Approach	7	(1)
Dynamic Versus Static Buildings	8	(1)
Energy and Architecture	9	(1)
Architecture and Mechanical Equipment	9	(1)
Conclusion	9	(2)
Sustainable Design	11	(26)
Easter Island: Learning from the Past	12	(1)
Sustainable Design	12	(2)
Reuse, Recycle, and Regenerate by Design	14	(1)
The Green Movement	14	(1)
Population and Sustainability	15	(1)
Growth	16	(1)
Exponential Growth	16	(1)
The Amoeba Analogy	16	(2)
Production Versus Efficiency (Conservation)	18	(1)
Sustainable-Design Issues	18	(1)
Climate Change	19	(2)
The Global Greenhouse	21	(1)
The Ozone Hole	21	(1)
Energy Sources	22	(1)
Ancient Greece: A Historical Example	22	(1)
Nonrenewable Energy Sources	22	(4)
Renewable Energy Sources	26	(7)
Hydrogen	33	(1)
Conclusion	34	(3)
Basic Principles	37	(14)
Introduction	38	(1)
Heat	38	(1)
Sensible Heat	38	(1)
Latent Heat	39	(1)
Evaporative Cooling	39	(1)
Convection	40	(1)
Transport	40	(1)
Energy-Transfer Mediums	41	(1)
Radiation	41	(1)
Greenhouse Effect	42	(1)
Equilibrium Temperature of a Surface	43	(1)
Mean Radiant Temperature	44	(1)
Heat Flow	44	(1)
Heat Sink	45	(1)
Heat Capacity	45	(1)
Thermal Resistance	45	(1)
Heat-Flow Coefficient	46	(1)
Time Lag	46	(1)
Insulating Effect of Mass	46	(1)
Energy Conversion	47	(1)
Combined Heat and Power	48	(1)
Fuel Cells	48	(1)
Embodied Energy	49	(1)
Summary	49	(2)
Thermal Comfort	51	(16)
Biological Machine	52	(1)
Thermal Barriers	53	(2)
Metabolic Rate	55	(1)
Thermal Conditions of the Environment	56	(1)
The Psychrometric Chart	56	(3)
Dew-Point and Wet-Bulb Temperatures	59	(1)
Heat Content of Air	60	(1)
Thermal Comfort	61	(1)
Shifting to the Comfort Zone	62	(2)
Clothing and Comfort	64	(1)
Strategies	65	(2)
Climate	67	(58)
Introduction	68	(1)
Climate	68	(3)
Microclimate	71	(2)
Climatic Anomalies	73	(1)
Climate Regions of the United States	74	(1)
Explanations of the Climatic Data Tables	75	(41)
Design Strategies	116	(9)
Solar Geometry	125	(16)
Introduction	126	(1)
The Sun	126	(1)
Elliptical Orbit	126	(1)
Tilt of the Earth's Axis	127	(1)
Consequences of the Altitude Angle	128	(1)
Winter	128	(1)
The Sun Revolves Around the Earth!	128	(1)
Sky Dome	129	(2)
Determining Altitude and Azimuth Angles	131	(1)
Solar Time	131	(1)
Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams	131	(2)
Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams	133	(1)
Sun-Path Models	134	(1)
Solar Site-Evaluation Tools	135	(1)
Sun Machines	136	(1)
Sundials for Model Testing	137	(1)
Integrating Sun Machine & Sun Emulator	138	(1)
Summary	139	(2)
Passive Solar	141	(30)
History	142	(1)
Solar in America	142	(2)
Solar Hemicycle	144	(1)
Latest Rediscovery of Solar	145	(1)
Passive Solar	146	(1)
Direct-Gain Systems	147	(3)
Design Guidelines for Direct-Gain Systems	150	(2)
Example	152	(1)
Trombe Wall Systems	152	(5)
Design Guidelines for Trombe Wall Systems	157	(1)
Example	157	(1)
Sun Spaces	158	(2)
Balcomb House
Sun-Space Design Guidelines	160	(2)
Comparison of the Three Main Passive Heating Systems	162	(1)
General Consideration for Passive Solar Systems	162	(3)
Heat-Storage Materials	165	(1)
Other Passive Heating Systems	166	(3)
Summary	169	(2)
Photovoltaics And Active Solar	171	(30)
Introduction	172	(1)
The Almost-Ideal Energy Source	172	(1)
History of Photovoltaics (PV)	172	(2)
The Photovoltaic Cell	174	(1)
Types of Photovoltaic Systems	175	(1)
Balance of System Equipment	176	(1)
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)	176	(3)
Orientation and Tilt	179	(1)
Roofs Clad with Photovoltaics	179	(1)
Facades Clad with Photovoltaics	180	(1)
Glazing and Photovoltaics	180	(2)
Photovoltaic Shading Devices	182	(1)
Photovoltaics: Part of the Second Tier	182	(1)
Sizing a Photovoltaic System	183	(1)
Finding Photovoltaic Array Size for a Stand-Alone Building by the Short Calculation Method	184	(1)
Design Guidelines	185	(1)
The Promise of Photovoltaics	186	(1)
The Cost-Effectiveness of Active Solar Applications	186	(2)
Active Solar Swimming Pool Heating	188	(1)
Solar Hot-Water Systems	189	(2)
Solar Hot-Air Collectors	191	(2)
Designing an Active Solar System	193	(2)
Active/Passive Solar Systems	195	(1)
Preheating of Ventilation Air	196	(1)
The Future of Active Solar	197	(1)
Conclusion	197	(4)
Shading	201	(44)
History of Shading	202	(5)
Shading	207	(3)
Orientation of Shading Devices	210	(2)
Movable Shading Devices	212	(4)
Shading Periods of the Year	216	(3)
Horizontal Overhangs	219	(1)
Shading Design for South Windows	220	(1)
Design Guidelines for Fixed South Overhangs	220	(2)
Design Guidelines for Movable South Overhangs	222	(1)
Shading for East and West Windows	223	(2)
Design of East and West Horizontal Overhangs	225	(1)
Design of Slanted Vertical Fins	226	(1)
Design of Fins on North Windows	226	(1)
Design Guidelines for Eggcrate Shading Devices	227	(1)
Special Shading Strategies	228	(3)
Shading Outdoor Spaces	231	(3)
Using Physical Models for Shading Design	234	(3)
Glazing as the Shading Element	237	(2)
Interior Shading Devices	239	(1)
Shading Coefficient and Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC)	240	(3)
Conclusion	243	(2)
Passive Cooling	245	(34)
Introduction to Cooling	246	(1)
Historical and Indigenous Use of Passive Cooling	246	(8)
Passive Cooling Systems	254	(1)
Comfort Ventilation Versus Night Flushing	255	(1)
Basic Principles of Air Flow	255	(4)
Air Flow Through Buildings	259	(6)
Example of Ventilation Design	265	(1)
Comfort Ventilation	266	(3)
Night-Flush Cooling	269	(1)
Radiant Cooling	270	(3)
Evaporative Cooling	273	(2)
Earth Cooling	275	(2)
Dehumidification with a Desiccant	277	(1)
Conclusion	278	(1)
Site Design And Community Planning	279	(46)
Introduction	280	(3)
Site Selection	283	(2)
Solar Access	285	(4)
Shadow Patterns	289	(3)
Site Planning	292	(4)
Solar Zoning	296	(3)
Physical Models	299	(2)
Wind and Site Design	301	(7)
Plants and Vegetation	308	(7)
Landscaping	315	(7)
Community Design	322	(1)
Cooling Our Communities	322	(1)
Conclusion	322	(3)
Lighting	325	(34)
Introduction	326	(2)
Light	328	(2)
Reflectance/Transmittance	330	(1)
Color	331	(4)
Vision	335	(1)
Perception	336	(3)
Performance of a Visual Task	339	(1)
Charactericstics of the Visual Task	340	(1)
Illumination Level	341	(1)
Brightness Ratios	342	(2)
Glare	344	(3)
Equivalent Spherical Illumination	347	(1)
Activity Needs	348	(3)
Biological Needs	351	(1)
Light and Health	352	(1)
The Poetry of Light	352	(3)
Rules for Lighting Design	355	(1)
Career Possibilities	356	(1)
Conclusion	356	(3)
Daylighting	359	(48)
History of Daylighting	360	(4)
Why Daylighting?	364	(1)
The Nature of Daylight	365	(2)
Conceptual Model	367	(1)
Illumination and the Daylight Factor	368	(1)
Light Without Heat?	369	(1)
Cool Daylight	370	(1)
Goals of Daylighting	371	(1)
Basic Daylighting Strategies	372	(3)
Basic Window Strategies	375	(4)
Advanced Window Strategies	379	(4)
Window Glazing Materials	383	(1)
Top Lighting	384	(1)
Skylight Strategies	384	(5)
Clerestories, Monitors, and Light Scoops	389	(5)
Special Daylighting Techniques	394	(3)
Translucent Walls and Roofs	397	(2)
Electric Lighting as a Supplement to Daylighting	399	(1)
Physical Modeling	400	(4)
Conclusion	404	(3)
Electric Lighting	407	(26)
History of Light Sources	408	(1)
Light Sources	409	(1)
Incandescent Lamps	410	(2)
Discharge Lamps	412	(1)
Fluorescent Lamps	412	(4)
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps (Mercury, Metal-Halide, and High-Pressure Sodium)	416	(1)
Comparison of the Major Lighting Sources	417	(1)
New Light Sources	418	(1)
Lighting Fixtures (Luminaires)	419	(1)
Lenses, Diffusers, and Baffles	419	(2)
Lighting Systems	421	(3)
Remote-Source Lighting Systems	424	(1)
Visualizing Light Distribution	425	(2)
Architectural Lighting	427	(3)
Maintenance	430	(1)
Switching and Dimming	430	(1)
Rules for Energy-Efficient Electric Lighting Design	430	(1)
Conclusion	431	(2)
The Thermal Envelope: Keeping Warm And Staying Cool	433	(38)
Background	434	(1)
Heat Loss	435	(2)
Heat Gain	437	(1)
Solar Reflectivity (Albedo)	438	(1)
Compactness, Exposed Area, and Thermal Planning	439	(4)
Insulation Materials	443	(4)
Insulating Walls, Roofs, and Floors	447	(5)
Windows	452	(3)
Movable Insulation	455	(1)
Insulating Effect from Thermal Mass	456	(1)
Earth Sheltering	457	(6)
Moisture Control	463	(3)
Infiltration and Ventilation	466	(2)
Appliances	468	(1)
Conclusion	468	(3)
Mechanical Equipment For Heating And Cooling	471	(50)
Introduction	472	(1)
Heating	472	(3)
Thermal Zones	475	(1)
Heating Systems	475	(1)
Electric Heating	476	(2)
Hot-Water (Hydronic) Heating	478	(3)
Hot-Air Systems	481	(3)
Cooling	484	(1)
Refrigeration Cycles	484	(2)
Heat Pumps	486	(1)
Geo-Exchange	487	(2)
Cooling Systems	489	(4)
Air Conditioning for Small Buildings	493	(3)
Air Conditioning for Large Multistory Buildings	496	(8)
Design Guidelines for Mechanical Systems	504	(1)
Air Supply (Ducts and Diffusers)	505	(4)
Ventilation	509	(1)
Energy-Efficient Ventilation Systems	510	(2)
Air Filtration and Odor Removal	512	(1)
Special Systems	512	(2)
Integrated and Exposed Mechanical Equipment	514	(4)
Conclusion	518	(3)
Case Studies	521	(42)
Introduction	522	(1)
Real Goods Solar Living Center	522	(8)
The Urban Villa	530	(3)
The Emerald People's Utility District Headquarters	533	(2)
Hood College Resource Management Center	535	(3)
Colorado Mountain College	538	(5)
Gregory Bateson Building	543	(6)
Hongkong Bank	549	(5)
Commerzbank	554	(4)
Phoenix Central Library	558	(5)
APPENDIX A Horizontal Sun-Path Diagrams	563	(2)
APPENDIX B Vertical Sun-Path Diagrams	565	(4)
APPENDIX C Sun Machine	569	(4)
C.1 Construction of Sun Machine	569	(2)
C.2 Directions for Initial Set-Up	571	(1)
C.3 Directions for Use	572	(1)
C.4 Alternate Mode of Use of the Sun Machine	572	(1)
APPENDIX D Methods for Estimating the Height of Trees, Buildings, Etc.	573	(4)
D.1 Proportional-Shadow Method	573	(1)
D.2 Similar-Triangle Method	573	(1)
D.3 45-Degree Right-Triangle Method	574	(1)
D.4 Trigonometric Method	574	(1)
D.5 Tools for Measuring Vertical Angles	575	(2)
APPENDIX E Sundials	577	(2)
APPENDIX F Sun-Path Models	579	(6)
F.1Directions for Constructing a Sun-Path Model	579	(5)
F.2 Directions for Creating Other Orthographic Projections	584	(1)
APPENDIX G Computer Software Useful for the Schematic Design Stage	585	(4)
G.1 UCLA Energy Design Tools	585	(3)
G.2 Energy Scheming	588	(1)
APPENDIX H Site Evaluation Tools	589	(6)
H.1 The Sun Locator	589	(1)
H.2 Do-It-Yourself Solar Site Evaluator	589	(1)
H.3 Parts List	590	(1)
H.4 Construction Process	590	(3)
H.5 Using the Solar Site Evaluator	593	(2)
APPENDIX I Educational Opportunities in Energy-Conscious Design	595	(6)
APPENDIX J Resources (Books, Journals, Videos, and Organizations)	601	(4)
J.1 Books	601	(1)
J.2 Journals	601	(1)
J.3 Videos	601	(1)
J.4 CD-ROMs	602	(1)
J.5 Organizations	602	(3)
Bibliography	605	(6)
Index	611