Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle : Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties

by Goff, John A.; Holliger, Klaus

• ISBN13: 9780306474477
• ISBN10: 0306474476
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-11-01
• Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub

Summary

Most of our knowledge about the physical structure and the chemical composition of the Earth's deep interior is inferred from seismic data. The interpretation of seismic waves generally follows the assumption that the Earth's physical structure is grossly layered and that fluctuations of the physical parameters within individual layers are smooth in structure and small in magnitude. While this view greatly facilitates the analytic and interpretative procedure, it is clearly at odds with evidence from outcrops and boreholes, which indicates that compositional, structural and petrophysical heterogeneity in the Earth prevails over a wide range of scales. This book is the first to unify three different views of crustal and upper mantle heterogeneity. It brings together the geological view, which is derived from the analysis of crustal exposures and deep boreholes; the stochastic view, which attempts to find order and structure in these seemingly chaotic data; and the seismological view, which considers the end product of the complex interaction of seismic energy with the heterogeneous structure at depth. John Goff and Klaus Holliger have compiled chapters that explore and quantify the relationship between geological and petrophysical heterogeneity and its seismic response, and use seismic data to probe the fabric of the Earth's interior. Geologists, geostaticians, and geophysicists alike will benefit from the integrative perspective presented in Heterogeneity in the Crust and Upper Mantle: Nature, Scaling, and Seismic Properties, making this text an unparalleled reference for professionals and students in Earth science fields.

Table of Contents

Ductile Instabilities and Structural Heterogeneity in the Lower Crust
Cheryl Waters
Basil Tikoff
Laurel B. Goodwin
Timothy A. Little
Introduction	1	(2)
Geological Example: Mt. Hay Region, Arunta Block, Central Australia	3	(7)
Structural Heterogeneity and Competency Contrast	10	(1)
Mechanical Instabilities: The Link Between Competency Contrast, Patterns of Deformation, and Heterogeneity	10	(13)
High Strain and the Destruction of the Structures that Record Mechanical Instabilities	23	(4)
Interpretation of Complexly Deformed Rocks: Mt. Hay Region, Australia	27	(1)
Summary	28	(1)
Appendix	29	(3)
References	32	(5)
Petrological Causes of Seismic Heterogeneity in the Continental Crust
Scott B. Smithson
Roy A. Johnson
Introduction	37	(1)
Crustal Composition and Compositional Evolution	38	(3)
Rock Properties	41	(2)
Seismic Heterogeneity of Igneous Rocks	43	(6)
Seismic Heterogeneities of Metamorphic Rocks	49	(6)
Anisotropy	55	(2)
Results from Boreholes	57	(1)
Reflectivity	58	(2)
Conclusions	60	(1)
References	61	(6)
Seismic Modeling of Lower and Mid-Crustal Structure as Exemplified by the Massiccio dei Laghi (Ivrea-Verbano Zone and Serie dei Laghi) Crustal Section, Northwestern Italy
Ernest Rutter
Katharine Brodie
Tony James
Derek J. Blundell
David A. Waltham
Introduction	67	(1)
Summary of the Regional Geology	68	(11)
Deterministic Forward Seismic Modeling	79	(7)
Discussion	86	(6)
Conclusions	92	(2)
References	94	(5)
Comparison of Geologic and Seismic Structure of the Uppermost Fast-Spreading Oceanic Crust: Insights From a Crustal Cross-Section at the Hess Deep Rift
Jeffrey A. Karson
Gail L. Christeson
Introduction	99	(1)
Tectonic Window at the Hess Deep Rift	100	(2)
Geology of the Uppermost Oceanic Crust at Hess Deep	102	(6)
Interpretation of Upper Crustal Geology and Implications for Processes at the EPR	108	(3)
Physical Properties of Upper Crustal Rock Units	111	(2)
Correlation of Geologic Units and Seismic Layers	113	(9)
Conclusions	122	(1)
References	123	(8)
A Generic Model for the 1/f-Nature of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations
Klaus Holliger
John A. Goff
Introduction	131	(3)
Stochastic Nature of Fault-Induced Seismic Velocity Fluctuations	134	(3)
Generalized Model for 1/f-Scaling of Seismic Velocity Fluctuations	137	(6)
Hyperbolic Scaling in Space	143	(2)
Empirical Evidence: Joint Interpretation of the KTB Lithology and Sonic Logs	145	(6)
Conclusions	151	(1)
References	152	(3)
Fractures and Physical Heterogeneity in Crustal Rock
Peter C. Leary
Introduction	155	(3)
Power Law Scaling in Crustal Fracture Systems	158	(11)
Physical Analogues for Power-Law Scaling in Crustal Rock	169	(4)
Modeling Power-Law Scaling Crustal Fracture Systems	173	(5)
Discussion: Reservoir Modeling	178	(3)
Conclusions	181	(1)
References	182	(5)
Statistical Characterization of Spatial Variability in Sedimentary Rock
Scott Painter
Introduction	187	(1)
Reproducible Statistical Features of Sedimentary Rock	188	(7)
Statistical Models for Spatial Variability	195	(4)
Comparison with Data	199	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	201	(3)
References	204	(3)
Multifractal Modeling and Analyses of Crustal Heterogeneity
David Marsan
Christopher Bean
Introduction	207	(5)
Construction and Properties of Multifractals	212	(13)
Multifractal Analyses of Borehole Logs and Fracture Patterns	225	(6)
Conclusions	231	(1)
Appendix	231	(2)
References	233	(4)
Seismic Imaging of Lower Crustal Heterogeneity
Richard W. Hobbs
Introduction	237	(1)
Effects of Acquisition	238	(5)
Effects of Processing	243	(2)
Effects of the Transmission Path	245	(4)
Discussion	249	(2)
Conclusions	251	(2)
References	253	(4)
The Heterogeneity of the Crust and its Effect on Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Fields
Robert Mereu
Introduction	257	(2)
The Evolution of our Perception of the Structure of the Earth's Crust	259	(8)
Seismic Wide-Angle Reflection Record Sections	267	(5)
Discussion	272	(2)
Conclusions	274	(1)
References	275	(6)
Heterogeneities of the Uppermost Mantle Inferred From Controlled-Source Seismology
Mark Tittgemeyer
Trond Ryberg
Friedemann Wenzel
Karl Fuchs
Introduction	281	(2)
Studies of Lithospheric Scattering	283	(2)
Pn/Sn Wave Propagation	285	(1)
Modeling the Long-Range Pn	286	(4)
Discussion and Conclusions	290	(3)
References	293	(6)
The Nature of Crustal Seismic Heterogeneity: A Case Study from the Grenville Province
Charles A. Hurich
Introduction	299	(1)
Geologic Heterogeneity: Description, Sources and Scales	300	(2)
Spatial Bandwidth, Noise and Spatial Properties of the Reflection Wavefield	302	(2)
Spatial Attribute Mapping	304	(2)
Crustal Heterogeneity in the Grenville Province of Eastern Quebec	306	(11)
Discussion	317	(1)
References	318	(3)
Spatial Coherences of Seismic Data and the Application to Characterization of Stochastic Heterogeneities
Ru-Shan Wu
Introduction	321	(2)
Observations on Amplitude and Phase Fluctuations and their Coherences	323	(5)
Theoretical Basis of Coherence Analysis and Inversion	328	(7)
Inversion for Statistical Characteristics of Earth Heterogeneities	335	(7)
Conclusions	342	(1)
References	343	(2)
Index	345