Summary

This book is a comprehensive reference on the design of high efficiency and high frequency solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs). The authors cover fundamental theory on power amplifiers, as well as presenting practical techniques and examples, discussing the pros and cons for each design method. They also recapitulate topics and techniques that are often misused or misunderstood in the field of SSPA, such as bias classes or nomenclatures, and examine both hybrid and monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) design approaches, highlighting design guidelines and criteria. The book ends with a case study on designing power amplifiers (PAs) for modern communication systems, introducing the reader to the use of PAs in actual systems and describing advanced techniques based on architecture solutions to improve PA performance. Presents comprehensive information on the optimum design of high efficiency and high frequency solid state power amplifiers (SSPAs), essential for the efficient management of power supply in all modern communication systems. Provides an overview of the main theoretical concepts in amplifier design, clarifying fundamental topics which are often misunderstood and misused such as bias classes and PA nomenclatures. Considers both hybrid and monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs), highlighting the design guidelines and criteria. Sets out practical techniques for high efficiency microwave power amplifier design, stating the pros and cons for each method and giving running examples and case studies.Ideal for Sc and postgraduate students taking courses in microwave electronics and solid state circuit/device design as well as practising electronics engineers and researchers in the field of power amplifier design and microwave and RF engineering.

Author Biography

Paolo Colantonio was born in Rome on March 1969 and he received Electronic Engineering and Ph.D degrees in Microelectronics and Telecommunications from the University of Roma ‘Tor Vergata’ in 1994 and 2000 respectively, working on design criteria for high efficiency power amplifiers. In 1999 he became a research assistant at the Electronic Engineering Department of the University of Roma ‘Tor Vergata’ and since 2002 he has been a professor of microwave electronics at the same university.
His research activities are mainly focused on the field of microwave and millimetre-wave electronics, and in particular on design criteria for nonlinear microwave subsystems. This activity resulted in the development of innovative design criteria for high efficiency and high linear power amplifiers, oriented to the optimization of power performance making use of harmonic tuning classes of operation. The results of such activities have been presented in major conferences and ublished in international journals.
Paolo Colantonio has been responsible for the work package activity on ‘power amplifier design overview’ in the VI-FP European Network of Excellence TARGET (January 2004–June 2005) and general chairman of the international event ‘First TARGET NoE Workshop on RF Power Amplifiers’, held in Orvieto, Italy 2005.
He is author or co-author of more than 120 papers on PA design published in refereed journals or international conference proceedings and he has been awarded Best Poster Paper at GAAS 2000 (IMD performances of harmonically tuned microwave power amplifiers) and Best Paper at EuMIC 2007 (A 6W Uneven Doherty Power Amplifier in GaN Technology).

Franco Giannini was born in Galatina (LE), on November 9, 1944, and graduated in Electronics Engineering, summa cum laude in 1968, before getting the chair of Full Professor of Applied Electronics in 1980. In 2008 he was awarded the Laurea Honoris Causa Scientiarum Technicarum degree by the Warsaw University of Technology (WUT), Poland.
Since 1981 he has been at the University of Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, where he has been serving as Head of Department, Vice President for International Affairs, Pro-Rector, and Dean of the Faculty of Electronics Engineering. He presently chairs theMicrowave Engineering Centre for Space Applications (MECSA).
He has been working on modelling, characterization and design methodologies of active and passive microwave components and circuits, including MICs and MMICs for telecommunication and space applications, authoring or co-authoring more than 400 scientific contributions.
He chaired the theme MMICs of the national project MADESS I of the CNR and was a member of the Management Board of MADESS II, chairman of the theme MMICs of the National Project MICROELECTRONICS, and member of the Board of Directors of the Italian Space Agency (ASI).
He has also been active in many European Projects, and was the Italian representative in the ‘European Working Group for GaAs Microelectronics’. He has been acting as consultant for various national and international organizations, including the ITU for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the European Union for ESPRIT, LTR, ISTC projects. He has been chairman of various International Symposia on Microwave & MillimetreWave Techniques and is a member of many committees of international scientific conferences.
In 1996 Professor Giannini was awarded the ‘Irena Galewska Kielbasinski Prize’ by the Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany, and an Honorary Professorship by WUT, Poland, in 2001.

Ernesto Limiti has been Full Professor of Electronics at the University of Roma ‘Tor Vergata’ since 2002, after being associate professor and researcher at the same university since 1991.
He teaches undergraduate courses in microwave electronics, namely Microwave Electronics (basic) andMicrowave Instrumentation and Measurements, all of them at the LaureaMagistrale in the Electronic Engineering degree course (i.e. towards students with at least three years experience at the university). He also teaches MSc and PhD courses, both at the University of Roma ‘Tor Vergata’ and at other Italian universities.
His scientific interests encompass a broad range of topics, including microwave active device characterization and modelling, regarding both linear (small-signal and noise) and nonlinear regimes and microwave subsystems design methodologies. Regarding the latter, high efficiency power amplifier design methodologies have been his focus since 1992, oriented towards power performance optimization making use of harmonic tuning operating classes. This research topic has been investigated also in the frame of European research projects, e.g. Manpower, Edge, and others. The results on the work in high efficiency power amplifier design approaches have been presented in major conferences and published in international journals.
Ernesto Limiti is author or co-author of more than 200 papers appearing in refereed journals or international conference proceedings. He is a member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Microwave and Millimetre-Wave CAE (Wiley Interscience), serving also as a reviewer for various IEEE Transactions and IET Journals.
He has been general chairman and organizer of the 2004 international workshop on Integrated Nonlinear Microwave and Millimetre-wave Circuits (INMMiC 2004) as well as the 11th International Symposium on Microwave and Optical Technology (ISMOT 2007).

Preface
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Power Amplifier Fundamentals
Introduction
Definition of Power Amplifier Parameters
Distortion Parameters
Power Match Condition
Class of Operation
Overview of Semiconductors for PAs
Devices for PA
Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships
References
Power Amplifier Design
Introduction
Design Flow
Simplified Approaches
The Tuned Load Amplifier
Sample Design of a Tuned Load PA
References
Nonlinear Analysis for Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Linear vs. Nonlinear Circuits
Time Domain Integration
Example
Solution by Series Expansion
The Volterra Series
The Fourier Series
The Harmonic Balance
Envelope Analysis
Spectral Balance
Large Signal Stability Issue
References
Load Pull
Introduction
Passive Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems
Active Source/Load Pull Measurement Systems
Measurement Test-sets
Advanced Load Pull Measurements
Source/Load Pull Characterization
Determination of Optimum Load Condition
Appendix: Construction of Simplified Load Pull Contours through Linear Simulations
References
High Efficiency PA Design Theory
Introduction
Power Balance in a PA
Ideal Approaches
High Frequency Harmonic Tuning Approaches
High Frequency Third Harmonic Tuned (Class F)
High Frequency Second Harmonic Tuned
High Frequency Second and Third Harmonic Tuned
Design by Harmonic Tuning
Final Remarks
References
Switched Amplifiers
Introduction
The Ideal Class E Amplifier
Class E Behavioural Analysis
Low Frequency Class E Amplifier Design
Class E Amplifier Design with 50% Duty-cycle
Examples of High Frequency Class E Amplifiers
Class E vs. Harmonic Tuned
Class E Final Remarks
Appendix: Demonstration of Useful Relationships
References
High Frequency Class F Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Class F Description Based on Voltage Wave-shaping
High Frequency Class F Amplifiers
Bias Level Selection
Class F Output Matching Network Design
Class F Design Examples
References
High Frequency Harmonic Tuned Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Theory of Harmonic Tuned PA Design
Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Theoretical Analysis
Input Device Nonlinear Phenomena: Experimental Results
Output Device Nonlinear Phenomena
Design of a Second HT Power Amplifier
Design of a Second and Third HT Power Amplifier
Example of 2nd HT GaN PA
Final Remarks
References
High Linearity in Efficient Power Amplifiers
Introduction
Systems Classification
Linearity Issue
Bias Point Influence on IMD
Harmonic Loading Effects on IMD
Appendix: Volterra Analysis Example
References
Power Combining
Introduction
Device Scaling Properties
Power Budget
Power Combiner Classification
The T-junction Power Divider
Wilkinson Combiner
The Quadrature (90°) Hybrid
The 180° Hybrid (Ring Coupler or Rat-race)
Bus-bar Combiner
Other Planar Combiners
Corporate Combiners
Resonating Planar Combiners
Graceful Degradation
Matching Properties of Combined PAs
Unbalance Issue in Hybrid Combiners
Appendix: Basic Properties of Three-port Networks
References
The Doherty Power Amplifier
Introduction
Doherty's Idea
The Classical Doherty Configuration
The 'AB-C' Doherty Amplifier Analysis
Power Splitter Sizing
Evaluation of the Gain in a Doherty Amplifier
Design Example
Advanced Solutions
References
Index
Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.

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