High-Altitude Platforms for Wireless Communications

by Aragón-Zavala, Alejandro; Cuevas-Ruí; z, José; Luis; Delgado-Pení; n, José; Antonio

• ISBN13: 9780470510612
• ISBN10: 0470510617
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-11-24
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This is one of the first books to focus on the emerging HAPS technology that offers a cost effective and easily deployable alternative for terrestrial and satellite line-of-sight propagation paths needed for high capacity wireless services. It gives a thorough overview of the technology including HAPS based communications systems, antennas, propagation and channel modelling, HAPS networks and finally the future applications. Covering State of the Art of HAPS technology in Europe, Americas, Asia and ROW. It features a wide range of applications, including broadband wireless services, emergency services, navigation and positioning, traffic monitoring and military communications. With relevant illustrations and case studies throughout.

Author Biography

Dr. Aragón-Zavala graduated from Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro as Electronics and Communications Engineer in December 1991. In 1998 he received his MSc in Satellite Communication Engineering from the University of Surrey, and in 2003 his PhD in Antennas and Propagation at the same university.
He has worked as an engineer and consultant in the industry, and since 2003, Dr. Aragón-Zavala is the Academic Director of the former IEC and ISE undergraduate programs at the Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Querétaro, and is in charge of ITE (all Electronic Engineering degrees) . His research interests include: mobile communications, satellite systems, high-altitude platform systems, antenna design and indoor propagation.

Dr José Luis Cuevas-Ruiz received his PhD from Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya in 2005, where he was involved in the HeliNet and CAPANINA projects related to high-altitude platform systems. His research interests include HAPS, wireless communications and channel modelling. He has been with Tecnológico de Monterrey Campus Estado de México since 1999, and currently he is Head of the Communications Research group at Campus Estado de México.

Dr José Antonio Delgado-Penin is a full professor at the Department of Signal Theory and Communications, at Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Spain since 1984. His Academic, technical and research activities have been at Philips N.V, ETSITM, Polito, CNET, Univ. Manchester and UCLA amongst others, all in the field of Telecommunications engineering.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
What is a HAPS?	p. 1
Structure of the Book	p. 3
References	p. 4
Overview on HAPS	p. 5
HAPS System Concepts	p. 5
HAPS Definition and Features	p. 5
Components of HAPS Communication Systems	p. 7
Stratospheric Segment	p. 7
Ground Segment	p. 8
Radio Regulations for HAPS	p. 9
Applications and Services	p. 11
Selection of Possible Applications	p. 11
Application and Service Requirements	p. 12
Narrowband Services	p. 12
Broadband Services	p. 13
HAPS Networks	p. 14
Terrestrial, Satellite and Stratospheric Communication Systems: A Comparison	p. 15
Survey of the Evolution and State-of-the-Art of HAPS in the World	p. 17
North American HAPS Projects	p. 17
SHARP	p. 17
Sky Station	p. 20
HALO-Proteus	p. 21
Pathfinder, Pathfinder Plus, HELIOS, SkyTower	p. 21
European Projects and Activities on HAPS	p. 23
HALE	p. 24
STRATOS	p. 24
HeliNet	p. 25
CAPANINA	p. 26
COST 297 - HAPCOS	p. 27
USE HAAS	p. 29
European Union Research Thematic Networks	p. 29
Asia-Pacific Projects and Activities on HAPS	p. 30
Japanese Activities	p. 30
Korean Activities	p. 31
International Cooperation Activities in Malaysia	p. 32
References	p. 33
Propagation and Channel Modelling	p. 37
Introduction	p. 37
An Overview of Propagation Phenomena	p. 38
Free Space Loss	p. 38
Multipath	p. 38
Rain Attenuation	p. 41
Gaseous Absorption	p. 42
Scintillation	p. 44
Channel Modelling	p. 48
Geometric Characterisation	p. 49
Statistical Characterisation	p. 52
UHF Channel Models	p. 55
Wideband Models	p. 55
Switched-Channel Models	p. 58
Markov Chains	p. 59
Lutz Model	p. 62
Semi-Markovian Processes	p. 64
Switched Broadband Channel Models	p. 66
Politecnico di Torino (Polito) Multipath Channel Model	p. 69
SHF Channel Models	p. 70
Clear Sky	p. 70
Rain	p. 72
Time Series	p. 77
Fading Mitigation Techniques	p. 82
Power Control	p. 84
Uplink Power Control	p. 84
Downlink Power Control	p. 85
On-board Beam Shaping	p. 86
Adaptive Methods	p. 86
Adaptive Coding	p. 86
Adaptive Modulation	p. 87
Digital Transmission Rate Reduction	p. 91
Diversity	p. 91
Site Diversity	p. 91
Platform Diversity	p. 92
Frequency Diversity	p. 92
Time Diversity	p. 93
Fading Detection	p. 94
Open Loop	p. 94
Closed Loop	p. 94
Hybrid Loop	p. 95
Conclusions	p. 95
References	p. 95
Antennas for HAPS	p. 99
Introduction	p. 99
Antenna Requirements	p. 100
Physical Requirements	p. 100
Gain, Directivity and Efficiency	p. 102
Sidelobe Performance	p. 104
Footprint	p. 104
Beam Steering	p. 105
Scan Range	p. 106
Coverage Area	p. 107
Multiple Beam Functionality	p. 107
Operating Frequency	p. 107
Antenna Types for High-Altitude Platforms	p. 108
Phased-Array Antennas	p. 108
Aperture Antennas	p. 110
Lens Antennas	p. 110
Parabolic Reflectors	p. 113
Horn Antennas	p. 116
Broadband Printed Array Antennas	p. 116
Smart (Adaptive) Antennas	p. 119
Antenna Design Recommendations at Operating Frequencies Allocated to HAPS	p. 120
Antennas for IMT-2000 Frequency Band (2.1 GHz)	p. 120
Antennas for the Ka Frequency Band (27/31 GHz)	p. 122
Antennas for the 47/49 GHz Frequency Band	p. 124
Steering Mechanisms	p. 124
Axis Control Gimbals	p. 125
Antenna Positioning Systems	p. 126
Research on Antenna Gimbals	p. 127
Beamforming	p. 128
HAPS-Based Beamforming	p. 129
Adaptive Methods	p. 129
Non-adaptive Methods	p. 130
Ground-Based Beamforming	p. 136
Challenges	p. 136
References	p. 137
Communication Systems Based on HAPS	p. 141
Components of HAPS Communication Systems	p. 141
Stratospheric Segment	p. 141
Platforms	p. 142
Telecommunications Payload	p. 143
Telemetry, Tracking and Command	p. 146
Attitude and Stabilisation Control	p. 148
Electrical Power Subsystem	p. 150
Ground Segment	p. 153
Antennas	p. 154
Low-noise Amplifier	p. 154
High-power Amplifier	p. 154
Software	p. 154
People	p. 155
Spectrum Allocation for HAPS	p. 155
HAPS Link Budget	p. 159
Uncoded Digital Transmission Analysis	p. 160
Uplink	p. 162
Transponder	p. 163
Downlink	p. 164
Coded Digital Transmission Features	p. 164
IMT-2000 (2.1 GHz) Link Budgets	p. 167
HAPS for IMT-2000 Systems	p. 167
CDMA HAPS Link Budget for Voice	p. 171
CDMA HAPS Link Budget for High-Speed Data Services	p. 174
Ka-Band (27/31 GHz) Link Budgets	p. 174
Clear Sky	p. 177
Rain	p. 179
SHF-Band (47/49 GHz) Link Budget	p. 179
Frequency Planning	p. 181
Transmission Characteristics of the Platform Station	p. 182
User Terminals and Ground Stations	p. 182
Radioelectric Emission Characteristics of HAPS Communication Systems	p. 182
Link Budget Analysis	p. 183
Link Budget Comparison	p. 184
Conclusions	p. 185
References	p. 185
HAPS Networks	p. 189
Introduction	p. 189
Network Topologies	p. 189
Point-To-Point Deployment Topology	p. 190
Point-To-Multipoint Deployment Topology	p. 190
Multipoint-To-Multipoint Deployment Topology	p. 191
Hybrid Deployment Topology	p. 191
Network Architectures for Service Candidates	p. 192
Ring-Shaped Cell Clustering	p. 192
Cell Scanning	p. 193
Multiple-Beam Mobile Platform Scenario	p. 193
Macrocell-Microcell-HAPS Topology	p. 193
Cell Sectorisation Architecture	p. 194
Standalone Platform	p. 195
Network of Platforms Connected Via Ground Stations	p. 196
Network of Platforms Connected Via Interplatform Links	p. 197
Integrated Terrestrial-HAPS-Satellite Networks	p. 198
Use of HAPS for Interactive Digital Broadcast System	p. 200
Symmetric DVB-RCH Configuration	p. 200
Asymmetric DVB-RCH Configuration	p. 200
Interworking Requirements	p. 201
Cell Planning	p. 202
Call Admission Control	p. 203
Handover Issues	p. 203
HAPS Networks for Other Applications	p. 204
Navigation	p. 204
Emergency Services	p. 205
Free Space Optical Links in HAPS	p. 206
Stratospheric Relay and Integrated Satellite-HAPS Using Optical Links	p. 206
Optical Satellite Downlinks for Earth Observation Satellites Using HAPS	p. 208
Resource Management	p. 208
Resource Allocation	p. 208
Area-Based Fixed Channel Assignment Scheme	p. 209
Uniform Fixed Channel Assignment Scheme	p. 209
Call Admission Control	p. 210
Medium Access Techniques	p. 211
HAPS as Part of Integrated Communication Networks	p. 212
2G Cellular Systems: GSM	p. 212
3G Cellular Systems: IMT-2000	p. 213
References	p. 213
The Future	p. 217
Introduction	p. 217
Challenges and Opportunities for Civil UAS	p. 218
Applications for Civil UAS	p. 219
General Applications	p. 219
Telecommunications Applications	p. 220
Requirements for the Future of the Civil UAS	p. 222
Aeronautical Regulations	p. 222
Spectrum Regulation	p. 223
Technological Trends	p. 224
Platform Technologies	p. 224
Telecommunications Technologies	p. 226
Technological Challenges for HAPS Applied to Wireless Communications	p. 227
Radiowave Propagation Models at Millimetre-Wave Bands	p. 227
Fade Mitigation Techniques	p. 227
Forward Error Control and Modulation Techniques	p. 227
Interference Management	p. 228
Handover Issues	p. 228
In-Building Penetration	p. 228
Networking Issues	p. 228
Antenna Technology	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 229
References	p. 230
Glossary	p. 233
Index	p. 237
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