High-Yield General Chemistry

by Bresnick, Stephen D.

• ISBN13: 9780683180725
• ISBN10: 068318072X
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1996-03-01
• Publisher: Williams & Wilkins

Summary

Students will find it easier to grasp the "the big picture" of general chemistry with this small-but-powerful-volume. Material covers core topics in first-year chemistry, with three sections corresponding to quarter/semester content. There are also 210 practice questions with detailed solutions for continuous reinforcement.

Table of Contents

SECTION I Chemical Properties of the Elements
Introductory Concepts	3	(8)
Basic Definitions and Relationships Used in Chemistry	3	(5)
Atomic and Molecular Weight	3	(1)
Empirical Formula versus Molecular Formula	4	(1)
Description of Composition by Percent Mass	4	(1)
Mole Concept and Avogadro's Number	5	(1)
Density	6	(1)
Oxidation Number	6	(2)
Describing Reactions by Chemical Equations	8	(3)
Conventions for Writing Chemical Equations	8	(1)
Balancing Equations, Including Oxidation-Reduction Equations	8	(3)
Electronic and Atomic Structure: Orbitals and Simple Quantum Mechanics	11	(6)
Orbital Structure of the Hydrogen Atom as a Model	11	(1)
Quantum Numbers and Simple Quantum Mechanics	11	(3)
n: The Principal Quantum Number	12	(1)
l: The Azimuthal Orbital, or Angular Momentum Quantum Number	12	(1)
m: The Magnetic Quantum Number	13	(1)
s: The Spin Quantum Number	13	(1)
Orbitals and Number of Electrons per Orbital in More Complex Atoms	14	(3)
Periodic Table	17	(6)
Basic Principles	17	(2)
Structure	17	(1)
Terms and Definitions	17	(2)
Organization Based on Valence Electrons	19	(1)
Important Periodic Trends	19	(4)
First and Second Ionization Energies	19	(1)
Electron Affinity	20	(1)
Electronegativity	20	(1)
Variation of Properties within Groups and Rows	21	(1)
Trends for Covalent Radii for Atoms and Ions Based on Atomic Number	21	(2)
Bonding	23	(12)
Ionic and Covalent Bonds	23	(1)
Ionic Bond	23	(1)
Covalent Bond	23	(1)
Lewis Dot Structures	24	(4)
Drawing a Lewis Dot Diagram	24	(3)
Multiple Bonds	27	(1)
Exceptions to the Octet Rule	27	(1)
Resonance Structures	27	(1)
Formal Charge	28	(1)
Molecular Geometry	28	(7)
VSEPR Geometry	28	(3)
Polar Covalent Bonds	31	(1)
Dipole Moment	31	(4)
SECTION II States of Matter, Solutions, and Acid-Base Chemistry
Gases and Liquids	35	(6)
The Gas Phase: Key Ideas and Equations	35	(4)
Definitions	35	(1)
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Ideal Gases	35	(1)
Important Gas Equations	36	(1)
The Ideal Gas Law	36	(1)
Avogadro's Law	36	(1)
Boyle's Law	37	(1)
Charles' Law	37	(1)
Equations Relating to Kinetic Theory of Gases	37	(1)
Graham's Law of Effusion	37	(1)
Deviation of Real Gases from Ideal Gas	38	(1)
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	39	(1)
Liquid Phase: Intermolecular Forces	39	(2)
Hydrogen Bonding (Strength ≃ 7--10 kcal/mol)	39	(1)
Dipole Interactions (Strength = 5 kcal/mol)	40	(1)
London Dispersion Forces (Strength = 2 kcal/mol)	40	(1)
Phase Equilibria: Phase Changes and Phase Diagrams	41	(2)
A Quick Review of Solids	41	(1)
Amorphous Solids	41	(1)
Crystalline Solids	41	(1)
Phase Changes	41	(1)
Phase Diagrams	41	(1)
Freezing Point, Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Sublimation Point	42	(1)
Solution Chemistry	43	(10)
Definitions and Concepts	43	(1)
Some Important Definitions	43	(1)
Some Important Concepts	44	(1)
Colligative Properties	44	(4)
Solution Vapor Pressure (Raoult's Law)	45	(1)
Boiling Point Elevation	45	(2)
Freezing Point Depression	47	(1)
Osmotic Pressure	47	(1)
Solubility and Ksp	48	(5)
Units of Concentration	48	(1)
Solubility Product Constant (Ksp) and the Equilibrium Expression	48	(1)
Quantitation of Solubility	48	(2)
Common Ion Effect	50	(1)
Nomenclature, Formulas, and Charges of Some Common Ions	50	(3)
Acids and Bases	53	(12)
Acid-Base Systems	53	(2)
The Three Acid-Base Systems	53	(1)
Arrhenius Acids-Bases	53	(1)
Bronsted-Lowry Acids-Bases	53	(1)
Lewis Acids-Bases	53	(1)
Ionization of Water	53	(1)
Definition of Kw	53	(1)
Definition of pH	54	(1)
Conjugate Acids and Bases	54	(1)
Acid-Base Strength	55	(5)
Strong Acids and Bases	55	(1)
Weak Acids	55	(1)
Acid Ionization Constant	55	(1)
Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions	56	(2)
Weak Bases	58	(1)
Base Ionization Constant	58	(1)
Calculating the pH of an Aqueous Solution of a Weak Base	58	(1)
Acidity or Basicity of Aqueous Salt Solutions	58	(1)
Hydrolysis Constant	59	(1)
Calculation of pH of Solutions of Weak Acids or Bases and Their Salts	59	(1)
Acid-Base Titrations	60	(5)
Titration Curves	60	(2)
Indicators	62	(1)
Neutralization	63	(2)
Buffers	65	(8)
Major Concepts and Definitions	65	(1)
Effect of Buffers on Titration Curves	66	(7)
SECTION III Thermochemistry, Rate Processes, and Electrochemistry
Thermochemistry	73	(8)
Major Concepts and Definitions	73	(1)
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions	73	(3)
Enthalpy and Standard Heats of Reactions	73	(2)
Hess's Law of Heat Summation	75	(1)
Bond Dissociation Energy/Heat of Formation	76	(1)
Bond Dissociation Energy	76	(1)
Heat of Formation	76	(1)
Calorimetry	76	(1)
Entropy and Free Energy	77	(4)
Entropy	77	(1)
Free Energy	78	(1)
Spontaneous Reactions	79	(2)
Kinetics	81	(6)
Reaction Rate	81	(1)
The Basics	81	(1)
Dependence of Reaction Rate Upon Concentration of Reactants	81	(1)
Rate Law	81	(1)
Rate Constant	82	(1)
Reaction Order	82	(1)
Reaction Mechanisms and Rate-Determining Step	82	(1)
Interpretation of Energy Profiles	83	(2)
Some Basics	83	(2)
Energy Profile (Curve with Activation Energy and ΔH)	85	(1)
Kinetic versus Thermodynamic Control of Reactions	85	(1)
Catalysts	85	(2)
Equilibrium	87	(4)
Law of Mass Action and the Equilibrium Constant	87	(1)
Law of Mass Action	87	(1)
The Equilibrium Constant	87	(1)
Le Chatelier's Principle	88	(1)
The Equilibrium Constant and ΔG	89	(2)
When ΔG°rxn = 0, K = 1	90	(1)
When ΔG°rxn < 0, K = 1	90	(1)
When ΔG°rxn > 0, K < 1	90	(1)
Electrochemistry	91
Galvanic Cells	91
Half-Cell Reactions	91
Reduction Potentials Cell Potential	92
Cell Potentials	92
Direction of Electron Flow and the Nernst Equation	93
Concentration Cells	94
Electrolytic Cells	95
The Basics	95
Anode and Cathode	96
Faraday's Law and Deposition of Elements of Gas Liberated Electrolysis	97
Review Questions
Section I	99
Section II	114
Section III	129