The majestic natural beauty of the Himalaya Mountains has inspired awe and religious devotion in people around the world for millennia. With thirty peaks rising over 25,000 feet (7,620 meters) -- including Everest and Kanchenzonga, the world's highest and third-highest peaks -- the Himalaya dwarf all other mountain ranges. Sprawling 2,700 kilometers across India, Pakistan, Nepal, Tibet, and Bhutan, the Himalaya possess an abundance of ecological niches, from subtropical to arctic climates, and support vast quantities of flora and fauna -- more than 650 varieties of orchids thrive in the wet mountain region of Sikkim alone. In the valleys, a surprising number of tenacious peoples have over centuries carved out diverse cultures in the harsh mountain environment. Although seemingly timeless, the Himalaya are anything but unchanging. The mountains themselves continue to grow an average of one centimeter per year, with some peaks rising ten centimeters in a single year. More alarming are the profound environmental and cultural changes occurring throughout the region. In Himalaya: Life on the Edge of the World, David Zurick and P. P. Karan explore these dynamic changes through geological records, scientific reports, and official documents dating back over a century and through years of field research and travel which have given them an intimate knowledge of the landscape and people of the Himalaya. The authors provide a comprehensive natural history of the region from the birth of the Himalaya out of the tectonic disruptions beneath the primordial Tethys Sea to the variety of landforms, habitats, and climates seen today; a lively study of the peoples who make the mountains their home, tracing human history in the Himalaya back more than a thousand years; and an in-depth analysis of the relationship between nature and society in the Himalaya and the pressing problems of environmental degradation, explosive population growth, spiraling poverty, and globalization confronting the region and its people. Challenging widely held assumptions about the current ecological crisis in the Himalaya -- that deforestation, for example, can be blamed exclusively on local villagers or that pollution and rampant resource exploitation occur uniformly throughout the range -- the authors detail a much more complex scenario in which the population explosion is only one of the many factors affecting the Himalayan landscape and in which some regions exhibit little of the environmental decline witnessed elsewhere. Himalaya also offers reasons for hope, documenting the success of wildlife preserves and national parks in protecting the region's fragile ecology, effective strategies of local environmental activists, the encouraging rise of ecotourism, and the introduction of both new and rediscovered techniques of sustainable agriculture. Thoroughly researched, engagingly written, and lavishly illustrated with helpful maps and evocative photographs, Himalaya provides a compelling account of the mountain range's natural history, cultural diversity, environmental predicament, and future survival.

David Zurick is a professor of geography at Eastern Kentucky University. P. P. Karan is a professor of geography and director of the Japan Studies Program at the University of Kentucky.

Preface

vii

Acknowledgments

xiii

PART ONE mountain Profiles

Himalaya under Siege

3

(18)

Mountain Contours

21

(20)

The Shape of Land and Life

41

(20)

PART TWO Power and Territorial Conquests

Myth and Prehistorical Territory

61

(20)

The Medieval Era of Mountain Princes

81

(12)

The Colonial Great Game

93

(22)

A Divided Geography

115

(12)

PART THREE a Question of Balance

A Chain of Explanation

127

(20)

Fragility and Instability

147

(18)

The Weight of Life

165

(28)

Poverty and Environmental Risk

193

(10)

PART FOUR Thunder in the Mountains

The Pale of Modernity

203

(20)

The Control of Nature

223

(26)

A Mountain Theme Park?

249

(22)

PART FIVE Himalaya in the Twenty-First Century

Landscapes of the Future

271

(26)

Appendix: Numerical Tables

297

(28)

Notes

325

(22)

Index

347

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