Histological Analysis of Endocrine Disruptive Effects in Small Laboratory Fish

by Dietrich, Daniel; Krieger, Heiko O.

• ISBN13: 9780471763581
• ISBN10: 0471763586
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-08-03
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

Timely title assembling the combined knowledge of some of the leading authorities in the field of small fish reproduction - an important topic for risk assessment and registration of chemical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical compounds Provides guidance on the microscopic structure of living tissue and evaluation of the reproductive glands of small laboratory fish Includes state-of-the-art science along with sufficient anatomical and physiological background for understanding and interpreting test results Helps standardize the interpretation of results from aquatic bioassays and field observations, which will also clarify inconsistencies in the current scientific literature

Author Biography

Daniel R. Dietrich, PhD, is a Professor and Head of the Human and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Heiko O. Krieger, MSc, is a scientific research assistant and PhD student in the Human and Environmental Toxicology Group, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
Contributing Authors	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
References	p. 3
Fish Species of Interest	p. 7
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas)	p. 8
Medaka (Oryzias latipes)	p. 10
Zebrafish (Danio rerio)	p. 12
Other Fish Species	p. 13
References	p. 15
Sexual Determination, Differentiation, and Gonadal Development	p. 19
Primordial Germ Cells in the Primordial (Primary) Gonad	p. 22
Differentiation and Number of PGCs	p. 22
Molecular Markers of PGCs	p. 25
Reproductive Strategies	p. 26
Differentiation of the Primordial Gonad into Ovary or Testis	p. 27
Gonadal Duct Formation	p. 32
Endocrinology: Influence on Gonadogenesis	p. 40
Critical Period of Sexual Differentiation in Developing Fish	p. 45
Bi-Potentiality of Germ Cells in Adult Fish	p. 47
References	p. 51
Female Gonad Anatomy and Morphology	p. 66
Gonadogenesis: Ovary	p. 66
Location and Gross Organization	p. 66
Anatomy of the Ovary	p. 67
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis	p. 69
Cellular Structure of the Ovary	p. 69
Germ Cells (Oogenesis)	p. 69
Female Somatic Supportive Tissue	p. 78
Theca Cells	p. 78
Granulosa Cells	p. 81
References	p. 81
Male Gonad Anatomy and Morphology	p. 88
Gonadogenesis: Testes	p. 88
Location and Gross Organization	p. 88
Anatomy of the Testes	p. 89
Germinal Epithelium	p. 93
Male Germ Cells (Spermatogenesis)	p. 95
Male Somatic Supportive Tissue	p. 99
Sertoli Cells	p. 99
Leydig Cells	p. 103
Lobule Boundary Cells	p. 104
Sex Steroid Control of Spermatogenesis	p. 104
References	p. 108
Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds	p. 115
Individual Effects	p. 117
Inhibition of Gametogenesis	p. 117
Necrosis and Apoptosis (Gamete and Stromal Cells)	p. 119
Atretic Follicles	p. 121
Sertoli Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia	p. 123
Leydig Cell Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia	p. 129
Fibrosis	p. 129
Gonadal Duct Formation	p. 132
Effects Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes	p. 133
Overt Testicular Changes in Male Fish	p. 134
Testis-Ova in Male Fish	p. 148
Testicular Fibrosis in Male Fish	p. 161
Germ Cell Effects in Male Fish	p. 165
Somatic Cell Effects in Male Fish	p. 181
Testicular Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Male Fish	p. 186
Overt Ovarian Changes in Female Fish	p. 187
Ovo-Testis in Female Fish	p. 195
Ovarian Fibrosis in Female Fish	p. 196
Germ Cell Effects in Female Fish	p. 197
Germ Cell Atresia in Female Fish	p. 206
Ovarian Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration in Female Fish	p. 214
Effects in Male Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes	p. 215
Testis Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance	p. 215
Testis-Ova	p. 215
Fibrosis	p. 216
Germ Cell Effects	p. 217
Somatic Cell Effects	p. 219
Testicular Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration	p. 219
Effects in Female Fish Associated with Exposure to Specific Compounds or Compound Classes	p. 220
Ovary Architecture, Integrity, and Gross Appearance	p. 220
Ovo-Testis	p. 221
Fibrosis	p. 221
Germ Cell Effects	p. 222
Germ Cell Atresia	p. 223
Germ Cell Inflammation and Macrophage Infiltration	p. 225
Population Effects	p. 225
Fecundity and Fertility	p. 226
Breeding and Reproductive Behavior of Fishes	p. 230
Transgenerational Effects	p. 230
References	p. 232
Determination of Effects of Exogenous Hormones and Endocrine-like Active Compounds	p. 247
Histological Processing: Microdissection versus Whole-Fish Sectioning	p. 247
Optimal Tissue Preparation and Histological Techniques	p. 250
Plane of Gonad Sectioning for Optimal Organ Representation	p. 251
References	p. 252
Evaluation of Effects in Fish Gonads	p. 254
Qualitative (Semiquantitative) versus Quantitative Evaluation	p. 254
Gonadal Staging in the Testis	p. 255
Qualitative Staging in the Testis	p. 255
Quantitative Staging in the Testis	p. 257
Gonadal Staging in the Ovary	p. 262
Qualitative Staging in the Ovary	p. 262
Quantitative Staging in the Ovary	p. 264
Qualitative Assessment of Histopathological Changes	p. 265
References	p. 267
Experimental Design and Statistics	p. 270
Basic Considerations in Experimental Design	p. 270
Defining the Objectives	p. 271
Asking Precise Questions	p. 271
The Principal Question: Is There an Effect or Is There Not?	p. 272
Basic Mechanistic Research, Risk Assessment, and the NOEC, LOEC, and ECx Question	p. 272
Variables to be Determined and Their Inherent Biological and Mathematical Characteristics	p. 274
Biological Characteristics	p. 274
Mathematical Characteristics	p. 278
Prerequisite Statistical Concepts	p. 282
Sample Independence: The Experimental Unit	p. 282
One-or Two-Sided Testing	p. 283
Observable Effect Size: Minimum Observable Effect	p. 283
Power (1-ß) to Detect an Effect	p. 284
Replication and Pseudoreplication	p. 286
Minimum Significant Difference	p. 287
Statistical Tests and Testing Situations Encountered Routinely	p. 288
Significance Level of Multiple Comparisons: Variable-wise Significance	p. 288
Significance Level for Many Different Comparisons: Simultaneous Significance	p. 288
Multivariate Tests	p. 289
Parametric Versus Nonparametric Testing	p. 289
References	p. 289
Conclusions	p. 295
References	p. 297
Appendix: Fish Preparation and Microdissection of Organs	p. 301
Fish Preparation	p. 301
Microdissection of Organs	p. 302
Tissue Fixation	p. 303
Neutral Buffered Formalin	p. 304
Bouin's Fixative	p. 304
Lillie's Fixative	p. 305
Davidson's Fixative	p. 305
Dietrich's Fixative	p. 306
Glutaraldehyde	p. 306
Embedding	p. 307
Paraffin	p. 307
Glycolmethacrylate (GMA)	p. 309
Tissue Sectioning	p. 310
Sample Mounting	p. 311
Tissue Slide Staining	p. 312
Hematoxylin and Eosin	p. 312
Masson's Trichrome Stain	p. 314
Final Processing	p. 315
Examples	p. 316
Summary	p. 317
References	p. 318
Index	p. 319
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