Historic Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia

by Marley, David F.

• ISBN13: 9781576070277
• ISBN10: 1576070271
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-31
• Publisher: Abc-Clio Inc

Summary

With rare maps, prints, and photographs, this unique volume explores the dramatic history of the Americas through the birth and development of the hemisphere's great cities.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments	xix
HISTORIC CITIES OF THE AMERICAS
An Illustrated Encyclopedia
CARIBBEAN	1	(206)
Bahamas	3	(14)
Nassau	3	(14)
Background (600--1646)	3	(2)
Early Struggles as ``Charles Town'' (1666--1694)	5	(1)
Creation of ``Nassau'' (1695--1717)	6	(1)
Crown Capital (1718--1775)	7	(2)
American and Spanish Invasions (1776--1783)	9	(1)
Loyalist Sanctuary (1784--1815)	10	(2)
Stagnation (1816--1897)	12	(1)
Evolution as Tourist Destination (1898--Present)	13	(4)
Barbados	17	(14)
Bridgetown	17	(14)
Background (380--1627)	17	(1)
Foundation and Early Development (1628--1651)	17	(2)
Parliamentary Rule (1652--1659)	19	(1)
Royal Restoration and Dutch Bombardment (1660--1667)	20	(1)
Sugar Capital and Naval Base (1668--1765)	21	(3)
Setbacks and Resurgence (1766--1815)	24	(3)
Stagnation (1816--1860)	27	(1)
Tentative Modernization (1861--1945)	27	(3)
Modern Era (1946--Present)	30	(1)
Cuba	31	(42)
Havana	31	(24)
Discovery (1508--1518)	31	(1)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1519--1560)	32	(2)
Emergence as Plate-Fleet Terminal (1561--1620)	34	(2)
Dutch Blockades (1621--1648)	36	(3)
Hapsburg Decay (1649--1700)	39	(1)
Bourbon Revival (1701--1761)	39	(5)
English Occupation (1762--1763)	44	(1)
Colonial Heyday (1763--1795)	45	(2)
Blockade and Transition (1796--1822)	47	(1)
Late Spanish Era (1823--1897)	48	(2)
American Occupations (1898--1909)	50	(2)
Modern Growth (1910--Present)	52	(3)
Santiago	55	(18)
Foundation and Early Heyday (1515--1526)	55	(1)
Abandonment (1526--1607)	56	(2)
Revival as Provincial Capital (1608--1654)	58	(1)
Devastation and Resurrection (1655--1688)	59	(1)
Flourishment (1689--1766)	60	(2)
Disaster and Revival (1767--1822)	62	(2)
Late Colonial Era (1823--1897)	64	(1)
American Siege and Occupations (1898--1917)	65	(4)
Modern Era (1918--Present)	69	(4)
Curacao	73	(18)
Willemstad	73	(18)
Spanish Indifference (1499--1519)	73	(1)
Colonization (1520--1633)	73	(2)
Dutch Conquest (1634--1648)	75	(2)
Slaving Station (1649--1713)	77	(3)
Trade Entrepot (1714--1791)	80	(2)
British Occupations (1792--1815)	82	(2)
Stagnation (1816--1913)	84	(2)
Refinery Port (1914--1939)	86	(2)
World War II and the Modern Era (1940--Present)	88	(3)
Dominican Republic	91	(16)
Santo Domingo	91	(16)
Initial Establishment (1496--1502)	91	(1)
Relocation and Early Evolution (1502--1519)	91	(1)
Downturn (1520--1585)	92	(1)
Strategic Outpost (1586--1654)	92	(2)
Second English Assault and Aftermath (1655--1683)	94	(1)
Resurgence (1684--1794)	95	(1)
French Occupations (1795--1809)	96	(2)
Fleeting Independence (1809--1821)	98	(1)
Haitian Occupation (1822--1843)	98	(1)
Uneasy Capital of the First Republic (1844--1860)	99	(1)
Spanish Reoccupation (1861--1865)	100	(1)
Political Prize (1865--1915)	100	(1)
American Occupation (1916--1924)	101	(1)
Transformation into ``Ciudad Trujillo'' (1925--1961)	102	(3)
U.S. Intervention (1962--1966)	105	(1)
Modern Era (1967--Present)	105	(2)
Haiti	107	(40)
Cap-Haitien	107	(14)
Spanish Foundation (1492--1579)	107	(2)
Abandonment (1580--1669)	109	(1)
French Refoundation (1670--1710)	109	(1)
Colonial Splendor (1711--1791)	110	(3)
Devastation (1791--1803)	113	(2)
Early Independent Era (1804--1810)	115	(1)
``Cap-Henry'' Interlude (1811--1820)	116	(1)
Declining Fortunes (1821--1887)	117	(1)
Opposition Springboard (1888--1914)	118	(1)
U.S. Occupation (1915--1934)	119	(1)
Modern Era (1935--Present)	120	(1)
Port-au-Prince	121	(26)
Antecedents (1502--1748)	121	(3)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1749--1789)	124	(2)
Revolutionary Turmoil (1790--1794)	126	(2)
British Occupation (1794--1798)	128	(2)
Black and French Invasions (1798--1803)	130	(1)
Capital of the ``Republic of the South'' (1804--1821)	131	(1)
Island Capital (1822--1843)	132	(1)
Political Prize (1843--1888)	132	(6)
Tentative Modernization (1889--1914)	138	(3)
U.S. Occupation (1915--1934)	141	(3)
Modern Growth (1935--Present)	144	(3)
Jamaica	147	(16)
Kingston	147	(16)
First European Contacts (1494--1523)	147	(1)
Emergence of Santiago de la Vega (1523--1589)	148	(2)
First English Descents (1590--1603)	150	(1)
Spanish Imperial Backwater (1604--1655)	150	(1)
English Conquest (1655)	151	(1)
Creation of Port Royal (1655--1691)	151	(2)
Earthquake and Transferal to Kingston (1692--1722)	153	(1)
Colonial Preeminence (1723--1815)	154	(2)
Stagnation (1816--1906)	156	(2)
Earthquake and Resurrection (1907--1938)	158	(1)
Modern Boom (1939--Present)	159	(4)
Martinique	163	(22)
Fort-de-France	163	(22)
Antecedents (1000--1634)	163	(1)
Early French Foothold (1635--1638)	164	(1)
Initial Stockade (1639--1668)	165	(4)
City Foundation and Dutch Assault (1669--1674)	169	(1)
Stronghold (1675--1691)	170	(1)
Elevation to Regional Capital (1692--1758)	171	(2)
English Conquest and Resurgence (1759--1788)	173	(2)
``Republiqueville'' and British Occupations (1789--1814)	175	(4)
Stagnation (1816--1901)	179	(1)
Eruption and Recovery (1902--1938)	180	(1)
World War II Difficulties (1939--1943)	181	(2)
Modern Evolution (1944--Present)	183	(2)
Puerto Rico	185	(12)
San Juan	185	(12)
Establishment as ``Caparra'' (1508--1520)	185	(1)
Relocation (1521--1585)	186	(1)
Beleaguered Stronghold (1586--1648)	187	(2)
Imperial Backwater (1649--1765)	189	(1)
Revival (1766--1796)	190	(1)
Loyal Outpost (1797--1897)	191	(3)
American Occupation (1898--Present)	194	(3)
Trinidad-Tobago	197	(10)
Port of Spain	197	(10)
Discovery and Colonization Attempts (1498--1570)	197	(1)
Foundation and Early Vicissitudes (1592--1637)	198	(1)
Isolation and Stagnation (1640--1775)	199	(1)
Emergence as a City (1776--1796)	200	(1)
British Conquest (1797--1807)	201	(1)
Great Fire and Resurrection (1808--1869)	202	(1)
Tentative Modernization (1870--1939)	203	(2)
World War II and Independence (1940--Present)	205	(2)
MEXICO	207	(126)
Acapulco	209	(9)
Origins (1521--1550)	209	(1)
Foundation (1550--1566)	210	(1)
Emergence as a Transpacific Terminal (1567--1614)	210	(1)
Dutch Incursions and Fortification (1615--1624)	211	(1)
Seasonal Occupation (1625--1775)	212	(1)
Earthquake and Recovery (1776--1809)	213	(1)
Revolutionary Disruption (1810--1821)	214	(1)
Stagnation (1822--1926)	215	(2)
Tourist Haven (1927--Present)	217	(1)
Campeche	218	(8)
Contact (1517--1518)	218	(1)
Stillborn Occupation (1531--1535)	219	(1)
Spanish Refoundation (1540--1632)	219	(1)
Enemy Raids (1633--1685)	220	(3)
Fortification (1686--1738)	223	(1)
Late Colonial Heyday (1739--1821)	224	(1)
Yucatecan Dominance (1822--1856)	224	(1)
Struggle for Statehood (1857--1867)	225	(1)
Porfirian Modernization (1868--1910)	226	(1)
Modern Era (1911--Present)	226	(1)
Guadalajara	226	(11)
Initial Settlements (1531--1541)	226	(1)
Foundation (1541--1559)	227	(2)
Provincial Capital (1560--1809)	229	(1)
Independence and Early Republican Era (1810--1840)	230	(1)
Sieges and Ordeals (1841--1875)	231	(4)
Porfirian Era and Mexican Revolution (1876--1920)	235	(2)
Modern Expansion (1921--Present)	237	(1)
Guanajuato	237	(10)
Origins (1539--1679)	237	(2)
Prosperity (1680--1809)	239	(3)
Sack and Stagnation (1810--1821)	242	(2)
Revival and Uncertainty (1822--1867)	244	(1)
Reduced Circumstances (1868--Present)	245	(2)
Mexico City	247	(20)
Origins (1325--1519)	247	(2)
Spanish Conquest (1519--1521)	249	(1)
Resurrection (1521--1532)	250	(2)
Vicissitudes (1533--1555)	252	(1)
Transformation (1556--1602)	252	(2)
Floods (1603--1691)	254	(1)
Tumult (1692--1700)	255	(1)
Bourbon Resurgence (1701--1758)	255	(1)
Late Colonial Heyday (1759--1794)	256	(2)
Stagnation (1795--1821)	258	(1)
Republican Chaos (1822--1846)	259	(1)
American Occupation (1847--1848)	260	(1)
Troubled Recuperation (1849--1862)	261	(1)
Imperial Capital (1863--1867)	262	(1)
Porfirian Era (1867--1910)	263	(2)
Revolutionary Era (1910--1920)	265	(1)
Modern Boom (1921--Present)	266	(1)
Monterrey	267	(9)
Stillborn Settlements (1577--1587)	267	(1)
Foundation and Early Struggles (1596--1751)	268	(1)
Disaster and Resurrection (1752--1845)	269	(2)
American and French Occupations (1846--1866)	271	(1)
Porfirian Industrialization (1867--1909)	272	(2)
Revolutionary Era (1910--1929)	274	(1)
Modern Boom (1930--Present)	275	(1)
Oaxaca	276	(12)
Antecedents (ca. 100 B.C.E.--1528)	276	(2)
Uncertain Beginnings (1529--1551)	278	(1)
Full Emergence (1552--1749)	279	(2)
Prosperity (1750--1807)	281	(1)
Independence and Turmoil (1808--1876)	281	(4)
Porfirian and Revolutionary Eras (1877--1924)	285	(2)
Modern Era (1925--Present)	287	(1)
Puebla	288	(13)
Foundation and Relocation (1531--1532)	288	(1)
Flourishment (1533--1649)	288	(3)
Decline and Revival (1650--1809)	291	(2)
Independence Era (1810--1846)	293	(2)
American Occupation (1847--1848)	295	(1)
Cinco de Mayo and French Invasion (1849--1867)	296	(2)
Porfirian Era (1868--1910)	298	(1)
Modern Era (1911--Present)	299	(2)
Veracruz	301	(20)
Foundation at Quiahuiztlan (1519--1524)	301	(2)
``Antigua'' Veracruz (1524--1599)	303	(3)
``Nueva'' Veracruz (1600--1682)	306	(3)
Buccaneer Raid and Recuperation (1683--1728)	309	(2)
Colonial Heyday (1729--1794)	311	(1)
Difficulties (1795--1837)	312	(2)
French Bombardment and Aftermath (1838--1845)	314	(1)
First U.S. Occupation (1846--1848)	315	(1)
Conservative Sieges (1849--1860)	316	(2)
French Intervention (1861--1867)	318	(1)
Porfirian Modernization (1868--1913)	318	(1)
Revolution and Second U.S. Occupation (1910--1920)	319	(2)
Modern Evolution (1921--Present)	321	(1)
Zacatecas	321	(12)
Discovery and Foundation (1546--1548)	321	(1)
``Boom-and-Bust'' Evolution (1548--1809)	322	(3)
Independence and Early Republican Era (1810--1863)	325	(2)
French Occupation and Aftermath (1864--1876)	327	(1)
Porfirian Era (1877--1909)	328	(1)
Devastation (1910--1920)	329	(2)
Modern Era (1921--Present)	331	(2)
CENTRAL AMERICA	333	(38)
Costa Rica	335	(4)
San Jose	335	(4)
Antecedents (1502--1737)	335	(1)
Foundation and Colonial Evolution (1738--1821)	335	(1)
Regional Capital (1821--1840)	335	(1)
Republican Capital (1840--1949)	336	(2)
Modern Boom (1950--Present)	338	(1)
Guatemala	339	(8)
Guatemala City	339	(8)
Foundation (1524--1527)	339	(1)
First Permanent Site (1527--1542)	339	(1)
Second Capital (1543--1773)	340	(1)
Third Colonial Capital (1774--1823)	341	(2)
Diminished Standing (1823--1872)	343	(1)
Modernization (1873--1917)	343	(1)
Devastation and Metropolitan Boom (1918--Present)	344	(3)
Panama	347	(24)
Panama City	347	(11)
Discovery (1514--1519)	347	(1)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1519--1564)	347	(3)
Colonial Heyday (1565--1640)	350	(1)
Decline and Sack (1641--1671)	350	(2)
Relocation (1672--1740)	352	(1)
Stagnation (1741--1847)	353	(1)
Isthmian Crossroads (1848--1902)	354	(2)
Independence (1903--Present)	356	(2)
Portobelo	358	(13)
Antecedents (1510--1596)	358	(3)
Plate-Fleet Terminal (1597--1667)	361	(3)
Morgan's Raid and Commercial Decline (1668--1738)	364	(2)
Devastation (1739--1748)	366	(2)
Loss of Monopoly (1749--1809)	368	(2)
False Revival (1810--1821)	370	(1)
Desolation (1822--Present)	370	(1)
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY	371	(11)
General Studies and Specialized Journals	371	(1)
General Works on the Dutch in the Americas	372	(1)
General Works on the French in the Americas	373	(1)
General Works on Latin America	374	(8)
CARIBBEAN	382	(38)
Regional Studies and Journals	382	(2)
Bahamas	384	(1)
Nassau	384	(1)
Early History (1666--1897)	384	(1)
Modern History (1898--Present)	385	(1)
Barbados	385	(1)
Bridgetown	385	(1)
Colonial Era (1628--1903)	385	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Bridgetown, 1675--1847	385	(1)
Modern History and General Works (1904--Present)	386	(1)
Cuba	386	(12)
General Studies	386	(3)
Havana	389	(7)
Early Colonial Era (1508--1761)	389	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Havana, 1584--1798	390	(1)
English Occupation (1762--1763)	391	(1)
Bourbon Revival (1764--1797)	392	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1798--1898)	393	(2)
American Occupations (1898--1909)	395	(1)
Modern Era (1910--Present)	395	(1)
General Works	396	(1)
Santiago De Cuba	396	(2)
Colonial Era (1515--1898)	396	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Santiago, 1668--1813	397	(1)
American Invasion (1898--1902)	398	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1903--Present)	398	(1)
Curacao	398	(10)
Willemstad	398	(3)
Early History (1521--1816)	398	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Willemstad, 1634--1860	399	(1)
Modern Era (1816--Present)	400	(1)
General Works	400	(1)
Dominican Republic	401	(1)
General Studies	401	(2)
Santo Domingo	403	(5)
Early Colonial Era (1496--1654)	403	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Santo Domingo, 1531--1809	404	(2)
English Assault and Revival (1655--1800)	406	(1)
Franco-Haitian Occupations and First Republic (1801--1860)	406	(1)
Spanish Reoccupation (1861--1865)	406	(1)
Independence and First American Occupation (1865--1924)	407	(1)
American Reoccupation and Modern Era (1925--Present)	407	(1)
General Works	407	(1)
Haiti	408	(5)
General Studies	408	(4)
Cap-Haitien	412	(1)
Colonial Era (1492--1803)	412	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Cap-Francois, 1728--1791	412	(1)
Independence and General Works (1804--Present)	413	(1)
Port-au-Prince	413	(1)
Jamaica	413	(1)
Kingston	413	(1)
Martinique	414	(2)
General Studies	414	(1)
Fort-de-France	415	(1)
Puerto Rico	416	(3)
General Studies	416	(1)
San Juan	417	(2)
Early Colonial Era (1508--1807)	417	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of San Juan, 1519--1793	418	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1808--1898)	418	(1)
Modern Era (1899--Present)	418	(1)
General Works	419	(1)
Trinidad-Tobago	419	(1)
Port of Spain	419	(1)
Spanish Era (1592--1797)	419	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Trinidad and Tobago during Its Spanish Era, 1733--1787	420	(1)
British Era and Independence (1797--Present)	420	(1)
General Works	420	(1)
MEXICO	420	(36)
General Studies	420	(7)
Acapulco	427	(3)
Colonial Era (1550--1815)	427	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Acapulco, 1614--1820	428	(1)
Modern History and General Works (1816--Present)	429	(1)
Campeche	430	(1)
Colonial Era (1519--1821)	430	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Campeche, 1609--1804	430	(1)
Independence and General Works (1822--Present)	431	(1)
Guadalajara	431	(2)
Colonial Era (1541--1809)	431	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Guadalajara, 1689--1808	432	(1)
Independence Era (1810--Present)	433	(1)
General Works	433	(1)
Guanajuato	433	(2)
Colonial Era (1539--1821)	433	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Guanajuato, 1706--1802	434	(1)
Modern Era (1822--Present)	434	(1)
General Works	435	(1)
Mexico City	435	(8)
Aztec Era (1325--1521)	435	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Mexico City, 1524--1795	435	(2)
Early Colonial Era (1521--1692)	437	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1693--1807)	438	(1)
Independence Era (1808--1876)	439	(1)
Porfirian Era (1877--1910)	440	(1)
Modern Era (1911--Present)	440	(2)
General Works	442	(1)
Monterrey	443	(2)
Early History (1577--1846)	443	(1)
Late Eighteenth-Century Maps and Depictions of Monterrey, 1790--1798	443	(1)
American Occupation (1846--1848)	444	(1)
Modern Era (1848--Present)	444	(1)
General Works	445	(1)
Oaxaca	445	(2)
Colonial Era (1529--1821)	445	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Oaxaca, 1590--1819	445	(1)
Independence and General Works (1822--Present)	446	(1)
Puebla	447	(3)
Colonial Era (1532--1820)	447	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Puebla, 1533--1863	448	(1)
Independence Era (1821--1910)	449	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1911--Present)	449	(1)
Veracruz	450	(5)
Colonial Era (1519--1821)	450	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Veracruz, 1582--1806	451	(2)
American Invasion (1847--1848)	453	(1)
Revolutionary Era and American Occupation (1910--1914)	454	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1914--Present)	454	(1)
Zacatecas	455	(1)
Colonial Era (1546--1821)	455	(1)
Late Colonial-Era Maps and Depictions of Zacatecas, 1780--1807	455	(1)
Independence and Modern Era (1822--Present)	456	(1)
General Works	456	(1)
CENTRAL AMERICA	456	(7)
Regional Studies	456	(1)
Guatemala	457	(3)
General Studies	457	(1)
Guatemala City	458	(2)
Early Colonial Era (1524--1773)	458	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1774--1821)	458	(1)
Modern Era (1822--Present)	459	(1)
General Works	459	(1)
Panama	460	(3)
General Studies	460	(1)
Panama City	461	(1)
Colonial Era (1519--1821)	461	(1)
Colombian Era (1821--1903)	461	(1)
Independence (1903--1988)	461	(1)
American Invasion and General Works (1989--Present)	462	(1)
Portobelo	462	(1)
NORTH AMERICA	463	(186)
Canada	465	(56)
Halifax	465	(10)
Foundation and Early Development (1749--1755)	465	(2)
Emergence as a Naval Base (1756--1840)	467	(4)
Growth (1841--1914)	471	(2)
World War I Calamity (1914--1918)	473	(1)
Modern Era (1918--Present)	473	(2)
Montreal	475	(16)
Early Contacts (1535--1641)	475	(2)
Foundation and Early Struggles (1642--1662)	477	(1)
Crown Rule (1663--1759)	478	(3)
British Occupation (1760--1774)	481	(1)
American Occupation (1775--1776)	481	(1)
British Administration (1777--1836)	482	(3)
Lower Canada Rebellion and Aftermath (1837--1866)	485	(2)
Confederation and Modernization (1867--1966)	487	(3)
Current Events (1967--Present)	490	(1)
Quebec City	491	(18)
Initial Contacts (1535--1543)	491	(1)
Tentative Foothold (1608--1631)	492	(3)
Resurrection (1632--1662)	495	(1)
Entrenchment (1663--1689)	496	(1)
Fortification (1690--1711)	496	(2)
Revival (1712--1759)	498	(1)
Devastation (1759--1784)	499	(4)
Resurgence (1785--1855)	503	(2)
Diminished Circumstances (1856--Present)	505	(4)
Toronto	509	(12)
Antecedents (900--1719)	509	(1)
French Outposts (1720--1759)	509	(1)
Refoundation as ``York'' (1793--1811)	510	(1)
U.S. Invasions (1812--1815)	511	(2)
Incorporation as ``Toronto'' (1816--1834)	513	(1)
Rebellion and Victorian Evolution (1834--1903)	514	(5)
Second Great Fire and Modern Era (1904--Present)	519	(2)
United States	521	(128)
Boston	521	(10)
Exploration (1614--1629)	521	(1)
Foundation as Puritan Capital (1630--1684)	522	(1)
Royal Capital of New England (1685--1763)	523	(3)
Patriot Tinderbox (1764--1776)	526	(2)
Federalist Era (1776--1821)	528	(1)
Brahmin Era (1822--1884)	529	(1)
Divided Rule (1885--1945)	530	(1)
Modern Revival (1946--Present)	530	(1)
Charleston	531	(16)
Initial Settlement (1670--1671)	531	(2)
Foundation (1672--1682)	533	(1)
Survival (1683--1720)	533	(2)
Crown Rule (1721--1774)	535	(2)
Revolutionary War (1775--1782)	537	(2)
Antebellum Era (1783--1860)	539	(1)
Annihilation (1861--1865)	540	(3)
Reconstruction (1865--1894)	543	(1)
Modern Era (1895--Present)	544	(3)
Chicago	547	(10)
Frontier Outpost (1673--1802)	547	(1)
Fort Dearborn (1803--1812)	548	(1)
Revival and First Shipping Boom (1816--1870)	549	(1)
The Great Fire (1871)	550	(1)
Resurgence (1872--1892)	551	(3)
The Great Fair (1893)	554	(1)
Progressive Era (1894--1930)	554	(1)
``Machine'' Politics (1931--1975)	554	(2)
Modern Era (1976--Present)	556	(1)
Detroit	557	(8)
Foundation (1701--1760)	557	(1)
British Occupation (1761--1796)	558	(1)
Early American Development (1796--1859)	559	(1)
Industrialization (1860--1899)	560	(1)
Automotive Capital (1900--1966)	561	(3)
Race Riot and Divide (1967--Present)	564	(1)
New Orleans	565	(14)
Antecedents (1682--1717)	565	(1)
French Colonial Era (1718--1765)	566	(2)
Spanish Era (1766--1803)	568	(2)
U.S. Annexation, British Assault (1804--1815)	570	(2)
Cotton Boom (1816--1860)	572	(2)
Civil War and Reconstruction (1861--1878)	574	(2)
Recuperation (1879--1894)	576	(1)
Modern Era (1895--Present)	577	(2)
New York City	579	(11)
Initial Probes (1524--1623)	579	(1)
New Amsterdam (1626--1663)	580	(2)
Seizure and Reoccupation (1664--1674)	582	(1)
British Restoration (1675--1688)	583	(1)
Leisler's Revolt (1689--1691)	583	(1)
Late Colonial Evolution (1692--1775)	584	(1)
Capture and Occupation (1776--1783)	584	(2)
Recuperation (1784--1824)	586	(1)
Boom (1825--1897)	587	(1)
Modern Era (1898--Present)	588	(2)
Pensacola	590	(14)
First Colonization Attempts (1519--1560)	590	(1)
Renewed Interest (1685--1697)	591	(1)
Foundation as ``Santa Maria de Galve'' (1698--1719)	592	(3)
Relocations (1721--1762)	595	(1)
British Occupation (1763--1781)	595	(2)
Spanish Reoccupation (1781--1813)	597	(2)
Uncertainty (1814--1820)	599	(1)
U.S. Annexation (1821--1860)	600	(1)
Civil War Abandonment (1861--1865)	601	(2)
Resurrection (1865--1905)	603	(1)
Cataclysm and Modern Evolution (1906--Present)	603	(1)
Philadelphia	604	(14)
Antecedents (1609--1680)	604	(1)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1681--1713)	605	(3)
Colonial Expansion (1714--1775)	608	(2)
Patriot Capital (1776--1800)	610	(2)
Early Republican Heyday (1800--1853)	612	(2)
Industrial Boom (1854--1945)	614	(3)
Modern Era (1946--Present)	617	(1)
San Francisco	618	(9)
Antecedents (1542--1774)	618	(2)
Stillborn Foundation (1775--1810)	620	(1)
Foreign Interest and Conquest (1811--1847)	620	(2)
``Gold Rush'' and Railhead Boom (1848--1905)	622	(2)
Earthquake and Resurrection (1906--1929)	624	(1)
Depression (1930--1941)	625	(2)
Modern Era (1942--Present)	627	(1)
St. Augustine	627	(11)
Initial Probe (1513)	627	(1)
Foundation and Early Vicissitudes (1565--1594)	627	(3)
Permanent Configuration (1595--1701)	630	(1)
Frontline Stronghold (1702--1762)	631	(2)
British Interlude (1763--1783)	633	(2)
Spanish Reoccupation (1784--1821)	635	(1)
Antebellum and Civil War Eras (1821--1865)	636	(1)
Reconstruction and Tourism Evolution (1866--Present)	637	(1)
Washington	638	(11)
Antecedents (1783--1790)	638	(1)
Creation and Early Growth (1790--1814)	639	(2)
Conflagration and Resurrection (1814--1860)	641	(2)
Union Capital (1861--1899)	643	(3)
Modern Evolution (1900--Present)	646	(3)
SOUTH AMERICA	649	(200)
Argentina	651	(16)
Buenos Aires	651	(16)
Failed Settlement (1536--1541)	651	(1)
Refoundation (1580--1617)	652	(1)
Regional Capital (1618--1775)	653	(2)
Viceregal Capital (1776--1805)	655	(2)
British Invasion (1806--1807)	657	(1)
Independence, Early Republican Strife (1808--1852)	658	(3)
Transition (1853--1879)	661	(1)
Demographic Boom and Physical Expansion (1880--1946)	662	(3)
Modern Sprawl (1947--Present)	665	(2)
Bolivia	667	(16)
La Paz	667	(9)
Origins (1185--1547)	667	(1)
Foundation and Early Vicissitudes (1548--1568)	668	(1)
Emergence (1569--1660)	669	(1)
Stagnation (1661--1780)	670	(1)
Siege and Reform (1781--1808)	671	(1)
Independence Struggle (1809--1825)	671	(2)
Republican Strife (1825--1898)	673	(1)
Modern Era (1899--Present)	673	(3)
Potosi	676	(4)
Discovery and Early Boom (1544--1571)	676	(1)
Emergence (1572--1625)	677	(2)
Downturn (1626--1749)	679	(1)
Resurgence (1750--1809)	680	(3)
Devastation (1800--1825)	681	(1)
Republican Era (1826--Present)	682	(1)
Brazil	683	(34)
Recife	683	(10)
Discovery and Settlement (1535--1629)	683	(1)
Dutch Conquest and Transference (1630--1636)	684	(2)
Emergence of ``Mauritsstad'' (1637--1653)	686	(4)
Reversion (1654--1709)	690	(1)
Resurgence (1710--1822)	690	(1)
Short-Lived Independence (1823--1824)	691	(1)
Provincial Capital (1825--1888)	692	(1)
Modern Era (1889--Present)	692	(1)
Rio de Janeiro	693	(10)
Initial Contacts (1502--1554)	693	(2)
French Settlement (1555--1564)	695	(1)
Portuguese Foundation (1565--1579)	696	(1)
Spanish Neglect (1580--1620)	696	(1)
Emergence (1621--1709)	696	(1)
French Attacks (1710--1712)	697	(1)
Recuperation (1713--1762)	697	(1)
Viceregal Capital (1763--1807)	698	(1)
Imperial Capital (1808--1888)	699	(1)
Turmoil (1889--1924)	700	(3)
Modern Era (1925--Present)	703	(1)
Salvador	703	(14)
Discovery and Settlement (1501--1545)	703	(1)
Relocation and Flourishment (1549--1623)	704	(3)
Invasion and Reclamation (1624--1625)	707	(1)
Disputed Stronghold (1626--1648)	707	(1)
Mid-Colonial Era (1649--1762)	708	(2)
Late Colonial Resurgence (1763--1807)	710	(1)
Independence Struggle (1808--1823)	710	(1)
Imperial Era (1824--1888)	711	(2)
Republican Era (1889--Present)	713	(4)
Chile	717	(20)
Concepcion	717	(11)
Initial Settlement (1550--1554)	717	(1)
Refoundation (1558--1575)	718	(1)
Stagnation (1576--1598)	719	(1)
Stronghold (1599--1750)	719	(2)
Relocation (1751--1807)	721	(1)
Independence Struggle (1808--1819)	722	(4)
Vicissitudes (1820--1860)	726	(1)
Modernization (1861--1938)	726	(2)
Santiago	728	(9)
Foundation and Colonial Evolution (1541--1809)	729	(3)
Independence Struggle (1810--1818)	732	(1)
Republican Era (1819--1891)	733	(1)
Modern Boom (1892--Present)	734	(3)
Colombia	737	(22)
Bogota	737	(9)
Conquest (1536--1538)	737	(1)
Early Colonial Evolution (1539--1739)	738	(1)
Viceregal Capital (1740--1819)	739	(2)
Early Republican Era (1820--1921)	741	(2)
First Urban Boom (1922--1947)	743	(1)
``Bogotazo'' and Municipal Expansion (1948--1954)	744	(1)
Modern Sprawl (1955--Present)	745	(1)
Cartagena	746	(13)
Antecedents (1501--1532)	746	(1)
Foundation and Early Vicissitudes (1533--1560)	747	(1)
Emergence as Plate-Fleet Terminal (1561--1585)	747	(2)
Drake's Descent (1586)	749	(1)
Recuperation (1587--1633)	750	(1)
Beleaguered Stronghold (1634--1696)	751	(1)
French Siege and English Blockade (1697--1713)	752	(1)
Recovery (1714--1740)	753	(1)
English Siege (1741)	754	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1742--1807)	755	(1)
Independence Struggle (1808--1821)	755	(1)
Collapse (1822--1906)	756	(1)
Modern Resurgence (1907--Present)	757	(2)
Ecuador	759	(20)
Guayaquil	759	(9)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1537--1623)	759	(1)
Enemy Raids (1624--1709)	760	(2)
Late Colonial Era (1710--1819)	762	(1)
Strife (1820--1834)	763	(2)
Revival and Reoccupation (1835--1860)	765	(1)
Tentative Modernization (1861--1894)	765	(1)
Ascendancy (1895--1925)	766	(1)
Modern Evolution (1926--Present)	767	(1)
Quito	768	(11)
Indigenous Origins (900 B.C.E.--1533 C.E.)	768	(2)
Spanish Conquest (1534)	770	(1)
Refoundation and Early Colonial Era (1535--1562)	770	(2)
Audiencia Seat (1563--1764)	772	(1)
Revolt and Late Colonial Era (1765--1807)	773	(1)
Insurgency (1808--1821)	774	(1)
Departmental Capital (1822--1830)	775	(2)
Modern Capital (1922--Present)	777	(2)
French Guiana	779	(12)
Cayenne	779	(12)
Tentative European Settlements (1568--1663)	779	(1)
French Conquest (1664--1678)	780	(2)
Early Difficulties (1679--1713)	782	(1)
Colonial Capital (1714--1788)	782	(2)
Revolutionary Upheaval (1789--1808)	784	(1)
Portuguese Occupation (1809--1817)	785	(1)
Reclamation (1818--1851)	785	(1)
Penal Colony (1852--1939)	786	(1)
World War II (1940--1945)	787	(2)
Departmental Capital (1947--Present)	789	(2)
Peru	791	(16)
Cuzco	791	(5)
Origins (1000--1533)	791	(1)
Spanish Conquest (1534--1554)	792	(2)
Transformation and Stagnation (1555--1779)	794	(1)
Tupac Amaru Rebellion (1780--1781)	795	(1)
War of Independence (1814--1824)	795	(1)
Republican Era (1825--Present)	796	(1)
Lima	796	(11)
Foundation and Early Vicissitudes (1535--1548)	796	(2)
Viceregal Capital (1549--1745)	798	(2)
Devastation and Resurrection (1746--1820)	800	(1)
Insurgent Conquest (1821--1825)	801	(1)
Early Republican Era (1826--1880)	801	(1)
Chilean Occupation (1881--1884)	802	(2)
Modern Era (1885--Present)	804	(3)
Surinam	807	(10)
Paramaribo	807	(10)
Initial Settlement (1651--1666)	807	(1)
Dutch Conquest (1667)	808	(1)
Early Sugar Capital (1668--1711)	809	(1)
Cassard's Raid (1712)	810	(1)
Recovery and Decay (1713--1798)	810	(2)
British Interregnums (1799--1815)	812	(1)
Colonial Backwater (1816--1939)	813	(1)
World War II (1940--1945)	813	(1)
Modernization (1948--1974)	814	(1)
Independence (1975--Present)	814	(3)
Uruguay	817	(12)
Montevideo	817	(12)
Early Visits (1514--1520)	817	(1)
Portuguese Outpost (1723--1724)	817	(1)
Spanish Foundation and Early Struggles (1726--1777)	818	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1778--1806)	819	(1)
British Occupation (1807)	819	(1)
Beleaguered Stronghold (1808--1814)	820	(1)
False Liberty (1815--1816)	821	(2)
Portuguese Occupation (1817--1828)	823	(1)
Brief Boom (1829--1837)	823	(1)
Great Siege (1838--1851)	823	(3)
Resurgence (1852--1869)	826	(1)
Modern Era (1870--Present)	826	(3)
Venezuela	829	(20)
Caracas	829	(10)
Foundation and Early Evolution (1567--1640)	829	(3)
Devastation and Recuperation (1641--1751)	832	(1)
Colonial Heyday (1752--1807)	832	(1)
Stirrings of Independence (1808--1811)	833	(1)
Earthquake and Turmoil' (1812--1869)	834	(2)
Modernization (1870--Present)	836	(3)
Maracaibo	839	(10)
Foundation as ``Ulma'' (1529--1535)	839	(1)
Revival as Ciudad Rodrigo (1569--1573)	840	(1)
Evolution as Nueva Zamora (1574--1640)	840	(1)
Buccaneer Raids (1641--1678)	841	(2)
Stagnation (1679--1820)	843	(2)
Independence and Republican Era (1821--1917)	845	(2)
Oil Capital (1917--Present)	847	(2)
SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY	849	(11)
General Studies and Specialized Journals	849	(1)
General Works on the Dutch in the Americas	850	(1)
General Works on the French in the Americas	851	(1)
General Works on Latin America	852	(8)
NORTH AMERICA	860	(57)
Regional Studies	860	(1)
Canada	861	(16)
General Studies	861	(1)
Halifax	862	(5)
British Colonial Era (1749--1860)	862	(2)
Early Maps and Depictions of Halifax, 1749--1819	864	(1)
Civil War Boom (1861--1865)	865	(1)
Early Canadian Era (1867--1916)	865	(1)
Great Explosion (1917)	866	(1)
Modern Era (1918--Present)	866	(1)
General Works	866	(1)
Montreal	867	(5)
French Era (1535--1760)	867	(1)
British Era (1761--1866)	868	(1)
Early Canadian Era (1867--1920)	869	(1)
Modern Era (1921--Present)	870	(1)
General Works	871	(1)
Quebec City	872	(4)
French Era (1535--1758)	872	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Quebec City, 1608--1761	873	(1)
British Era (1759--1866)	874	(1)
Modern Era (1867--Present)	875	(1)
General Works	875	(1)
Toronto	876	(1)
Early History (1720--1903)	876	(1)
Modern Era (1904--Present)	876	(1)
General Works	877	(1)
United States	877	(40)
General Studies	877	(9)
Boston	886	(2)
Colonial Era (1630--1774)	886	(1)
Independence (1775--1783)	887	(1)
Modern Era (1866--Present)	887	(1)
General Works	887	(1)
Charleston	888	(1)
Early History (1670--1860)	888	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Charleston, 1671--1788	888	(1)
Civil War Era (1861--1865)	888	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1866--Present)	889	(1)
Chicago	889	(4)
Early History (1673--1892)	889	(1)
The Great Fair (1893)	889	(1)
Progressive Era (1894--1930)	889	(3)
Modern Era (1931--Present)	892	(1)
General Works	893	(1)
Detroit	893	(2)
Early History (1701--1966)	893	(1)
Current Development (1967--Present)	894	(1)
General Works	895	(1)
New Orleans	895	(4)
French Era (1699--1766)	895	(1)
Spanish Era (1766--1803)	896	(1)
Early American Era (1803--1815)	897	(1)
Modern Era (1815--Present)	897	(1)
General Works	898	(1)
New York City	899	(3)
Dutch Era (1624--1663)	899	(1)
British Colonial Era (1664--1783)	899	(1)
Early Republican Era (1784--1865)	899	(1)
Modern Era (1866--Present)	900	(2)
General Works	902	(1)
Pensacola	902	(6)
Spanish Era (1689--1763)	902	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Pensacola, 1698--1801	902	(2)
British Era (1764--1780)	904	(1)
Spanish Reoccupation (1781--1820)	905	(1)
Antebelum Era (1821--1860)	905	(1)
Civil War Era (1861--1865)	906	(1)
Modern Era (1866--Present)	907	(1)
General Works	907	(1)
Philadelphia	908	(2)
Colonial and Revolutionary Eras, 1683--1800	908	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Philadelphia, 1683--1754	908	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1801--Present)	909	(1)
Early Spanish Maps and Depictions of San Francisco	910	(1)
San Francisco	910	(1)
Hispano-Mexican Era (1775--1845)	910	(1)
American Conquest and Gold Rush (1846--1905)	910	(1)
Earthquake and Reconstruction (1906--1930)	910	(1)
Modern Era (1931--Present)	911	(1)
General Works	911	(1)
St. Augustine	911	(5)
Early Spanish Era (1564--1701)	911	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of St. Augustine, 1586--1817	912	(1)
Threatened Outpost (1702--1762)	913	(1)
British Occupation (1763--1783)	914	(1)
Spanish Reoccupation (1784--1820)	914	(1)
Antebellum and Civil War Eras (1821--1865)	915	(1)
Reconstruction and Modern Era (1866--Present)	915	(1)
General Works	916	(1)
Washington	916	(1)
SOUTH AMERICA	917	(70)
Regional Studies	917	(2)
Argentina	919	(5)
Buenos Aires	919	(5)
Colonial Era (1536--1805)	919	(1)
Colonial-Era Maps and Depictions of Buenos Aires, 1536--1804	920	(2)
British Invasions (1806--1807)	922	(1)
Early Republican Era (1808--1860)	922	(1)
Immigration Boom (1860--1920)	923	(1)
Modern Era (1921--Present) and General Works	923	(1)
Bolivia	924	(5)
General Studies	924	(1)
La Paz	925	(1)
Colonial Era (1548--1824)	925	(1)
Potosi	926	(3)
Early Colonial Era (1544--1626)	926	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1627--1825)	927	(1)
Independence and General Works (1825--Present)	928	(1)
Brazil	929	(11)
General Studies	929	(4)
Recife	933	(2)
General Works	933	(1)
Dutch Occupation (1630--1654)	933	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Recife, 1630--1810	933	(1)
Late Colonial and Modern Eras (1654--Present)	934	(1)
Rio De Janeiro	935	(1)
Colonial Era (1565--1822)	935	(1)
Imperial Era (1823--1888)	935	(1)
Salvador	936	(4)
Colonial Era (1530--1823)	936	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Salvador, 1623--1810	937	(1)
Imperial Era (1824--1888)	938	(1)
Modern Era (1889--Present)	939	(1)
General Works	940	(1)
Chile	940	(7)
General Studies	940	(2)
Concepcion	942	(2)
Colonial Era (1550--1819)	942	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Concepcion, 1687--1801	943	(1)
Independence and General Works (1820--Present)	944	(1)
Santiago	944	(3)
Colonial Era (1541--1810)	944	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Santiago During the Colonial Era, 1605--1821	945	(1)
Republican Era (1810--Present)	946	(1)
General Works	947	(1)
Colombia	947	(8)
General Studies	947	(2)
Bogota	949	(3)
Conquest (1536--1539)	949	(1)
Colonial Era (1539--1809)	949	(1)
Early Republican Era (1810--1919)	950	(1)
Modern Era (1920--Present)	951	(1)
General Works	952	(1)
Cartagena	952	(3)
Early Colonial Era (1533--1700)	952	(1)
Suggested Early Maps and Depictions of Cartagena, 1570--1808	952	(2)
Late Colonial Era (1700--1821)	954	(1)
Modern Era (1821--Present)	954	(1)
General Works	955	(1)
Ecuador	955	(6)
General Studies	955	(2)
Guayaquil	957	(1)
Colonial Era (1537--1820)	957	(1)
Some Early Maps and Depictions of Guayaquil	958	(1)
Republican Era and General Works (1821--Present)	958	(1)
Quito	958	(3)
Native Origins	958	(1)
Early Colonial Ear (1534--1764)	959	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Quito, 1734--1846	960	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1765--1822)	960	(1)
Modern Era (1822--Present)	961	(1)
General Works	961	(1)
French Guiana	961	(1)
Cayenne	961	(1)
Peru	962	(9)
General Studies	962	(3)
Cuzco	965	(1)
Native Era (1000--1534)	965	(1)
Early Colonial Era (1534--1780)	965	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1780--1824)	966	(1)
Modern Era and General Works (1900--Present)	966	(1)
Lima	966	(5)
Early Colonial Era (1535--1745)	966	(2)
Early Maps and Depictions of Lima, 1611--1790	968	(1)
Late Colonial Era (1746--1823)	969	(1)
Early Republican Era (1824--1899)	969	(1)
Modern Era (1900--Present)	970	(1)
General Works	971	(1)
Surinam	971	(4)
General Works	971	(1)
Paramaribo	972	(3)
Early Maps and Depictions of Paramaribo, 1690--1880	972	(3)
Uruguay	975	(4)
General Studies	975	(1)
Montevideo	975	(4)
Colonial Era (1723--1828)	975	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Montevideo	976	(2)
Modern Era and General Works (1829--Present)	978	(1)
Venezuela	979	(8)
General Studies	979	(3)
Caracas	982	(3)
Colonial Era (1567--1810)	982	(1)
Early Maps and Depictions of Caracas, 1578--1801	983	(1)
Republican Era, 1811--Present	984	(1)
General Works	984	(1)
Maracaibo	985	(2)
Index	987