Historical Introduction To Philosophy

by Hakim,Albert B.

• ISBN13: 9780131900059
• ISBN10: 0131900056
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-05-24
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

This text/anthology is designed to lead beginning students to an appreciation of Western philosophy through an exploration of its history, the problems (classical questions) it has dealt with, and the major philosophers and their works within that historical setting.

Table of Contents

Table of Problems: Readings	xiii
Preface	xix
Acknowledgment	xxi
Introduction	1	(6)
Part One: The Ancient Period
The Spirit of Greek Philosophy	7	(4)
The Predecessors of Socrates	11	(19)
Selected Fragments from the Pre-Socratics	19	(11)
Socrates (469--399 B.C.)	30	(24)
The Trial of Socrates (Plato's Apology)	33	(17)
The Death of Socrates (from Plato's Phaedo)	50	(4)
Plato (427--347 B.C.)	54	(33)
Doctrine of Forms (General statement, from Parmenides)	60	(2)
Doctrine of Forms (Creation Myth, from Timaeus)	62	(3)
Knowledge: The Allegory of the Cave (from The Republic, Book VII)	65	(2)
Learning as Recollection (from Meno)	67	(5)
Socrates' Dinner-Party Speech (from Symposium)	72	(6)
Virtue and the Highest Good (from Laws, Book IV)	78	(2)
Laying the Groundwork for Justice (from The Republic, Book II)	80	(5)
The Philosopher King (from Republic, Book V)	85	(2)
Aristotle (384--322 B.C.)	87	(35)
Toward a Definition of Wisdom (from Metaphysics, Book I)	98	(3)
The Prime Mover: One and Eternal (from Physics, Books I and VIII)	101	(4)
Thought, Contemplation, and the Life of God (from Metaphysics, Book XII)	105	(2)
Happiness and Man's Good (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book I)	107	(2)
Moral Virtue and the Mean (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book II)	109	(4)
The End of Human Nature: Happiness (from Nicomachean Ethics, Book X)	113	(3)
Wisdom and Virtue as the Basis of Society (from Politics, Book VII)	116	(2)
The Civil Society (from Politics, Book I)	118	(4)
Epicurus (341--270 B.C.)	122	(11)
The Letter of Epicurus to Herodotus	126	(7)
The Stoics: Epictetus (A.D. 50--138) and Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 121--180)	133	(20)
The Hymn of Cleanthes	140	(2)
The Manual of Epictetus	142	(2)
The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius	144	(5)
Part Two: The Medieval Period
The Spirit of Medieval Philosophy: Philosophy Meets Theology	149	(4)
St. Augustine (354--430)	153	(28)
Augustine's Conversion (from Confessions)	160	(1)
On Love of God (from Confessions)	161	(2)
The Problem of Human Freedom (from On Free Choice of the Will)	163	(6)
The Problem of Evil: 1 (from Confessions)	169	(3)
The Problem of Evil: 2 (from Enchiridion)	172	(2)
The Mystery of Time (from Confessions)	174	(7)
St. Anselm (1033--1109)	181	(8)
Faith Seeking Understanding (from Proslogion)	184	(2)
The ``Ontological Argument'' for the Existence of God (from Proslogion)	186	(3)
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225--1274)	189	(32)
On the Existence of God (from Summa theologiae)	197	(4)
On the Soul (from Summa theologiae)	201	(7)
The Unity of Man (from Summa theologiae)	208	(4)
On the Various Kinds of Law (from Summa theologiae)	212	(3)
Love and Happiness (from Summa theologiae and contra Gentes)	215	(6)
William of Ockham (c. 1280--1349)	221	(20)
On the Problem of Universals (from Logic, 1, 14)	230	(1)
A Universal Is Not a Thing Outside the Mind (from Logic, 1, 15)	231	(1)
A Universal Is Indistinct Knowledge of Many (from Commentary on Aristotle's `On Interpretation')	232	(1)
On the Notion of Being (from Logic, 1, 38)	233	(2)
Part Three: The Modern Period
The Spirit of Modern Philosophy: Philosophy and the Rise of Science	235	(6)
Rene Descartes (1596--1650)	241	(29)
Discourse on Method	247	(3)
Meditations on First Philosophy	250	(4)
Meditations on the First Philosophy in which the Existence of God and the Distinction Between Mind and Body Are Demonstrated	254	(16)
Baruch Spinoza (1632--1677)	270	(13)
Definitions and Axioms (from Ethics, Part I)	274	(2)
Seven Propositions on Substance (from Ethics, Part I)	276	(1)
The Third Degree of Knowledge and the Love of God (from Ethics, Part V)	277	(6)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646--1716)	283	(15)
From The Monadology	288	(6)
Evil as Privation (from Theodicy, #20)	294	(1)
The Analogy of the Boat (from Theodicy, #30--1)	295	(3)
Thomas Hobbes (1588--1679)	298	(20)
From Leviathan, or the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil	304	(14)
John Locke (1632--1704)	318	(35)
From Essay Concerning Human Understanding	327	(20)
From The Second Treatise of Civil Government	347	(6)
George Berkeley (1685--1753)	353	(12)
From A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge	358	(7)
David Hume (1711--1776)	365	(26)
Impressions and Ideas (from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section II)	370	(1)
Doubts Concerning the Understanding: The Cause-and-Effect Relationship (from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section IV)	371	(8)
The Advantages of Scepticism (from An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, Section XII, Part III)	379	(3)
Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion	382	(9)
Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)	391	(24)
Introduction (from Critique of Pure Reason)	397	(5)
Transcendental Illusion (from Critique of Pure Reason)	402	(2)
The Three Regulative Ideas of Pure Reason (from Critique of Pure Reason)	404	(4)
The Categorical Imperative (from Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals)	408	(3)
Postulates of Pure Practical Reason (from Critique of Practical Reason)	411	(4)
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770--1831)	415	(13)
The Absolute as Process of Self-Becoming (from Phenomenology of Mind, Preface)	419	(4)
Consciousness and the Dialectical Process (from Phenomenology of Mind, Introduction)	423	(5)
John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)	428	(25)
What Utilitarianism Is (from Utilitarianism)	434	(3)
Of the Law of Universal Causation (from A System of Logic)	437	(4)
On the Probable Futurity of the Labouring Classes (from Principles of Political Economy)	441	(3)
Liberty (from On Liberty)	444	(5)
Part Four: The Contemporary Period
The Spirit of Contemporary Philosophy: The Ascendancy of the Person	449	(4)
Søren Kierkegaard (1813--1855)	453	(19)
The Search for Personal Meaning (from Journals)	458	(3)
Abraham and ``Breaking Through the Universal'' (from Fear and Trembling)	461	(3)
The Subjective Truth, Inwardness; Truth Is Subjectivity (from Concluding Unscientific Postscript)	464	(8)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844--1900)	472	(14)
Readings: The Death of God and the Ascendancy of Superman (from Thus Spoke Zarathustra)	477	(4)
Anti-Christ and Revaluation (from The Anti-Christ)	481	(5)
Karl Marx (1816--1883)	486	(15)
A Chapter in the Exploitation of the Working Man (from Das Kapital)	490	(5)
On the Alienation of Man (from Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts)	495	(6)
Henri Bergson (1859--1941)	501	(14)
From Creative Evolution	505	(7)
Open Morality and Dynamic Religion (from The Two Sources of Morality and Religion)	512	(3)
William James (1842--1910)	515	(20)
The Meaning of Pragmatism (from What Is Pragmatism?)	519	(2)
The Pragmatic Method Applied to the Problem of Substance (from What Is Pragmatism?)	521	(1)
The Pragmatic Method Applied to the Problem of Religion (from What Is Pragmatism?)	522	(1)
The Will to Believe	523	(12)
Edmund Husserl (1859--1938)	535	(12)
Author's Preface to the English Edition (from Ideas: General Introduction to Pure Phenomenology)	540	(7)
Martin Heidegger (1889--1976)	547	(17)
The Fundamental Question of Metaphysics (from An Introduction to Metaphysics)	553	(2)
Selections from Being and Time	555	(9)
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905--1980)	564	(17)
The Meaning of Existentialism (from Existentialism and Humanism)	569	(4)
Reflections on Being and Nothingness (from Being and Nothingness)	573	(8)
Bertrand Russell (1872--1970)	581	(10)
Man's Place in the Universe (from An Outline of Philosophy)	585	(2)
The Value of Philosophy (from The Problems of Philosophy)	587	(4)
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889--1951)	591	(18)
Preface to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus	598	(1)
Language as Picture (from Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus)	599	(4)
Beyond the Limits of Language (from Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus)	603	(2)
Language as Language-Games (from Philosophical Investigations)	605	(4)
Current Dimensions	609	(43)
Women Philosophers: Susanne K. Langer	609	(3)
From Philosophy in a New Key	612	(2)
W. V. Quine	614	(2)
Interview with W. V. Quine (from Men of Ideas with Bryan Magee)	616	(10)
John Searle	626	(1)
From The Rediscovery of the Mind (chap. 1 and 2)	627	(3)
The Other Me (Review of Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines)	630	(2)
John Rawls	632	(1)
The Main Idea of A Theory of Justice	633	(3)
Two Principles of Justice	636	(1)
Peter Singer	637	(2)
A Broadly Utilitarian Position (from Practical Ethics, second edition, chap. 1 and 2)	639	(2)
Equality for Animals?	641	(3)
Jacques Derrida	644	(2)
Letter to a Japanese Friend	646	(6)
Epilogue	652	(7)
Past, Present, Future: Philosophy as Perennial
Glossary	659	(6)
Index	665