A History of Islamic Societies

by Ira M. Lapidus

• ISBN13: 9780521779333
• ISBN10: 0521779332
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-08-26
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

In the second edition of this classic work, Ira Lapidus explores the origins and evolution of Muslim societies. The book, now revised and updated, is divided into three parts. The first covers the formative era of Islamic civilization. The second traces the diffusion of worldwide Islamic societies, while the third explores their reaction to European imperialism, and emergence as independent states. The concluding chapters consider Islam's recent history, the formation of Islamic revival movements and global Islamic identities. The book is essential reading for students and for those seeking to understand the Muslim peoples.

Author Biography

Ira M. Lapidus is Professor Emeritus of History, University of California at Berkeley

Table of Contents

List of illustrations	xiii
List of maps	xv
Lists of tables and figures	xvii
Preface and acknowledgments to the first edition	xviii
Preface and acknowledgments to the second edition	xxvii
Publisher's preface	xxx
PART I THE ORIGINS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION: THE MIDDLE EAST FROM c. 600 TO c. 1200
Introduction: Middle Eastern societies before the advent of Islam	3	(1)
Ancient empires	4	(2)
Religion and society before Islam	6	(4)
THE PREACHING OF ISLAM
Arabia	10	(8)
Clans and kingdoms	12	(3)
Poetry and the gods	15	(3)
The life of the Prophet	18	(13)
Muhammad in Mecca	20	(3)
The Medina years	23	(4)
Triumph and the return to Mecca	27	(1)
The old world and the new religion	28	(3)
THE ARAB-MUSLIM IMPERIUM (632--945)
The Arab conquests and the socio-economic bases of empire	31	(14)
The Arab conquests	31	(3)
The administration of the new empire	34	(4)
Economic change and the new urban societies	38	(2)
Clients, converts, and communities	40	(5)
The Caliphate	45	(22)
From nomadic kingdom to syrian monarchy	45	(11)
The `Abbasid empire: social revolution and political reaction	56	(11)
Cosmopolitan Islam: the Islam of the imperial elite	67	(14)
Art, architecture, and the concept of the Caliphate	68	(6)
The Arabic humanities	74	(2)
Persian literature	76	(1)
Hellenism	77	(4)
Urban Islam: The Islam of the religious elites	81	(18)
Sunni scripturalism	82	(5)
Theology	87	(3)
Mystics and Sufism	90	(4)
Shi'i Islam	94	(5)
Islamic culture and the separation of state and religion	99	(4)
The fall of the `Abbasid empire	103	(9)
The decline of the central government	103	(3)
Provincial autonomy and disintegration	106	(6)
FROM ISLAMIC CULTURE TO ISLAMIC SOCIETY: IRAN AND IRAQ, 945--c. 1200
The post-`Abbasid Middle Eastern state system	112	(21)
Iraq, Iran, and the eastern provinces	112	(5)
The Saljuq empire	117	(3)
The slave states and administration	120	(2)
The iqta' system and Middle Eastern feudalism	122	(3)
Local courts and regional cultures: Islam in Persian garb	125	(8)
Muslim communities and Middle Eastern societies	133	(14)
The Shi'i communities	133	(1)
The schools of law and Sunni sectarianism	134	(3)
Sufi brotherhoods	137	(4)
Muslim religious movements and the state	141	(1)
Islamic institutions and a mass Islamic society	142	(5)
The collective ideal	147	(9)
The juristic theory	147	(2)
Mirrors for princes	149	(3)
The philosopher-king	152	(4)
The Personal Ethic	156	(70)
Normative Islam: scripture, Sufism, and theology	156	(2)
Sufism in the post-`Abbasid era	158	(2)
Al-Ghazzali: his life	160	(2)
Al-Ghazzali: his vision	162	(4)
Rationality and theology	166	(3)
Alternative Islam: philosophy, gnostic and popular Sufism	169	(8)
The dialogues within Islam	177	(7)
Conclusion: The Middle Eastern Islamic Paradigm	183	(1)
The formation of imperial Islamic society	184	(3)
States and communities in a fragmented Middle East	187	(2)
Coping with the limits of worldly life	189	(3)
State and religion in the Islamic paradigm	192	(5)
PART II THE WORLDWIDE DIFFUSION OF ISLAMIC SOCIETIES FROM THE TENTH TO THE NINETEENTH CENTURIES
Introduction: the Islamic world and the rise of Europe	197	(1)
Conversion to Islam	197	(9)
Muslim elites and Islamic communities	206	(5)
The social structure of Islam	211	(4)
Muslim states	215	(3)
Confrontation with Europe	218	(8)
THE MIDDLE EASTERN ISLAMIC SOCIETIES
Iran: the Mongol, Timurid, and Safavid empires	226	(22)
The Mongols	226	(3)
The Timurids	229	(2)
Iranian society and Sufi movements	231	(3)
Safavid Iran	234	(7)
The conversion of Iran to Shi'ism	241	(3)
The dissolution of the Safavid empire	244	(4)
The Turkish migrations and the Ottoman empire	248	(35)
The migrations and Turkish-Islamic states in Anatolia (1071--1243)	248	(2)
The rise of the Ottomans (c. 1280--1453)	250	(3)
The Ottoman world empire	253	(5)
The Ottoman state	258	(5)
Rulers and subjects	263	(5)
The Ottoman economy	268	(5)
Provincial administration	273	(2)
The Ottoman empire in disarray	275	(8)
The Arab Middle East	283	(16)
Egypt and Syria in the ``Caliphal'' age	283	(7)
The Saljuq model: state and religion	290	(4)
The Ottoman era	294	(5)
Islamic North Africa and Spain to the nineteenth century	299	(38)
State formation in the ``Caliphal'' phase	299	(10)
Spanish-Islamic civilization	309	(10)
The tripartite regime: Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from the thirteenth to the nineteenth centuries	319	(14)
States and Islam: North African variations	333	(4)
ISLAM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA
Inner Asia from the Mongol conquests to the nineteenth century	337	(19)
The western and northern steppes	338	(7)
Turkestan (Transoxania, Khwarizm, and Farghana)	345	(6)
Eastern Turkestan and China	351	(5)
The Indian subcontinent: the Delhi Sultanates and the Mughal empire	356	(26)
The Muslim conquests and the Delhi Sultanates	356	(5)
Conversion and the Muslim communities	361	(3)
The varieties of Indian Islam	364	(3)
Muslim holy men and political authority	367	(1)
The Mughal empire	368	(10)
The decline of the Mughal empire	378	(4)
The formation of Islamic societies in Southeast Asia	382	(18)
The diffusion of Islam	382	(2)
The Portuguese, the Dutch, and the Muslim states	384	(3)
Islamic societies in Southeast Asia	387	(10)
The new imperialism	397	(3)
ISLAM IN AFRICA
Islam in Sudanic, Savannah, and forest West Africa	400	(29)
The kingdoms of western and central Sudan	400	(9)
Merchants and missionaries in the desert, forest, and coastal regions	409	(7)
The West African jihads	416	(13)
Islam in East Africa and the rise of European colonial empires	429	(40)
Sudan	429	(3)
The coastal cities and the Swahili Islam	432	(3)
Ethiopia and Somalia	435	(3)
Colonialism and the defeat of Muslim expansion	438	(19)
Conclusion: the varieties of Islamic society	443	(10)
PART III THE MODERN TRANSFORMATION: MUSLIM PEOPLES IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Introduction: modernity and the transformation of Muslim societies	453	(4)
Islamic modernism	457	(4)
Islamic reformism	461	(8)
NATIONALISM AND ISLAM IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Iran: state and religion in the modern era	469	(20)
Qajar Iran: the long nineteenth century	469	(4)
The constitutional crisis	473	(3)
Twentieth-century Iran: the Pahlavi era	476	(6)
The `ulama' and the revolution	482	(3)
The Islamic Republic	485	(4)
The dissolution of the Ottoman empire and the modernization of Turkey	489	(23)
The partition of the Ottoman empire	489	(4)
Ottoman reform	493	(8)
Republican Turkey	501	(11)
Egypt: secularism and Islamic modernity	512	(23)
The nineteenth-century reforming state	512	(3)
British colonial rule	515	(1)
The Egyptian awakening: from Islamic modernism to nationalism	516	(3)
The liberal republic	519	(4)
The Nasser era	523	(3)
Sadat and Mubarak	526	(9)
The Arab Middle East: Arabism, military states, and Islam	535	(51)
Notables and the rise of Arab nationalism	535	(5)
Arabism in the colonial period	540	(6)
The struggle for Arab unity and the contemporary fertile crescent states	546	(11)
The Palestinian movement and the struggle for Palestine	557	(9)
The Arabian peninsula	566	(14)
Arab states, nationalism, and Islam	580	(6)
North Africa in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries	586	(34)
Algeria	586	(15)
Tunisia	601	(5)
Morocco	606	(6)
Libya	612	(3)
Islam in state ideologies and opposition movements	615	(5)
SECULARISM AND ISLAM IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN ASIA
The Indian subcontinent: India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh	620	(32)
Muslim militancy from Plassey to 1857	622	(1)
From the Mutiny to World War I	623	(6)
From cultural to political action	629	(3)
From elite to mass politics	632	(3)
The Pakistan movement	635	(5)
The Muslims of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh	640	(10)
Conclusion	650	(2)
Islam in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines	652	(32)
Dutch rule and the capitalist system in the Indies	652	(6)
Indonesian traditionalism, nationalism, and Islamic reform	658	(8)
Compromise and competition: 1900--1955	666	(4)
Indonesia from 1955 to the present	670	(5)
British Malaya and independent Malaysia	675	(6)
The Philippines	681	(2)
Conclusion	683	(1)
Inner Asia under Russian and Chinese rule; the Caucasus and Afghanistan	684	(48)
Tsarist rule and Jadid	684	(9)
The revolutionary era	693	(7)
Soviet modernization	700	(9)
Newly independent states in formerly Soviet Inner Asia	709	(5)
The Caucasus	714	(4)
Afghanistan	718	(7)
The Muslims of China	725	(6)
Conclusion	731	(1)
ISLAM IN TWENTIETH-CENTURY AFRICA
Islam in West Africa	732	(29)
Colonialism and independence: African states and Islam	732	(6)
Mauritania	738	(3)
Senegal	741	(4)
Nigeria	745	(9)
The Wahhabis and reformist movements	754	(7)
Islam in East Africa	761	(24)
Sudan	761	(7)
Somalia	768	(2)
Ethiopia and Eritrea	770	(2)
Swahili East Africa	772	(8)
Universal Islam and African diversity	780	(5)
ISLAM IN THE WEST
Muslims in Europe and America	785	(88)
Eastern Europe	785	(4)
Western Europe	789	(14)
Immigrant identities in Europe: a broad spectrum of responses	803	(2)
Muslims in America	805	(10)
Conclusion: secularized Islam and Islamic revival	814	(1)
The institutional and cultural features of pre-modern Islamic societies	815	(2)
The nineteenth- and twentieth-century transformation of Muslim societies	817	(5)
The Islamic revival	822	(13)
Contemporary patterns in the relations between states and Islamic societies	835	(9)
The neo-Islamic states	844	(6)
Muslims as political minorities	850	(1)
The role of women in Muslim societies	851	(16)
Concluding remarks	867	(6)
Glossary	873	(11)
Bibliography	884	(57)
Index	941