A History of Latin America, Volume 1: Ancient America to 1910

by Keen,Benjamin

• ISBN13: 9780618783205
• ISBN10: 0618783202
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-07-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This best-selling text for introductory Latin American history courses, A History of Latin America, encompasses political and diplomatic theory, class structure and economic organization, culture and religion, and the environment. The integrating framework is the dependency theory, the most popular interpretation of Latin American history, which stresses the economic relationship of Latin American nations to wealthier nations, particularly the United States.Spanning pre-historic times to the present, A History of Latin America uses both a chronological and a nation-by-nation approach, and includes the most recent historical analysis and the most up-to-date research. This is the most streamlined and cohesive edition yet, with substantial additions to pedagogy and chapter content. Expanded coverage of social and cultural history includes women, indigenous cultures, and Afro-Latino peoples.

Table of Contents

Maps	p. vi
Preface	p. vii
Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History	p. xiii
The Colonial Heritage of Latin America	p. 2
Ancient America	p. 7
Environment and Culture in Ancient America	p. 7
Populations in 1492	p. 11
Nuclear America	p. 12
Early American Civilizations	p. 14
The Maya of Central America	p. 17
Maya Economy and Society	p. 18
Maya Religion and Learning	p. 19
Maya Decline and Transformation of Mesoamerica	p. 22
The Aztecs of Mexico	p. 23
Aztec Imperial Expansion	p. 23
Aztec Culture and Society	p. 26
The Inca of Peru	p. 29
Origins of Inca Culture	p. 29
Inca Economy and Society	p. 30
Inca Religion and Learning	p. 35
The Hispanic Background	p. 36
The Medieval Heritage of Iberia's Christian Kingdoms	p. 37
Castile	p. 38
Aragón	p. 39
Ferdinand and Isabella: The Catholic Sovereigns	p. 41
Restoration of Order	p. 41
Religious and Economic Reforms	p. 42
Foreign Policy	p. 43
Reappraisal of Ferdinand and Isabella's Policies	p. 43
The Hapsburg Era: Triumph and Tragedy	p. 47
The Reign of Charles	p. 47
The Reign of Philip II and the Remaining Hapsburgs	p. 48
The Waning Economy and Society	p. 49
Literary and Artistic Developments	p. 50
The Conquest of America	p. 52
The Great Voyages	p. 52
Exploration Under Prince Henry	p. 52
The Sea Route to the East	p. 53
The Advance into the Atlantic	p. 54
The Voyages of Columbus	p. 55
The Discovery of America in Historical Perspective	p. 56
Balboa and Magellan	p. 61
The Conquest of Mexico	p. 61
Early Contact with Moctezuma	p. 61
Cortés-Quetzalcóatl	p. 62
The March to Tenochtitlán	p. 64
The Aftermath of Conquest	p. 65
The Conquest of Peru	p. 66
Pizarro and Atahualpa	p. 66
Post-Conquest Troubles	p. 67
How a Handful of Spaniards Won Two Empires	p. 68
The Quest for El Dorado	p. 69
Failures in North America	p. 69
Frustrations in South America	p. 71
The Conquistadors	p. 71
Lope de Aguirre-An Underdog of the Conquest	p. 74
The Economic Foundations of Colonial Life	p. 76
Tribute and Labor in the Spanish Colonies	p. 77
The Encomienda and Slavery	p. 77
The New Laws of the Indies and the Encomienda	p. 79
The Repartimiento, Yanaconaje, and Free Labor	p. 81
Black Slavery	p. 82
The Colonial Economy	p. 83
Cortés as a Businessman	p. 85
The Growth of the Haciendas	p. 85
Spanish Agriculture in the New World	p. 86
Colonial Mining and Industry	p. 88
Commerce, Smuggling, and Piracy	p. 91
The Colonial Commercial System	p. 91
Sir Francis Drake, Piracy, and Foreign Plunder	p. 92
The Framework of the Colonial Economy	p. 93
State, Church, and Society	p. 95
Political Institutions of the Spanish Empire	p. 95
Formation of Colonial Administration	p. 95
The Royal Agents	p. 96
Provincial Administration	p. 98
Ineffectiveness of Much Spanish Colonial Law	p. 100
The Church in the Indies	p. 100
The Spiritual Conquest of America	p. 101
The Moral Decline of the Clergy and the Missionary Impulse	p. 104
The Inquisition in the New World	p. 106
The Church and Education	p. 106
Science, Literature, and the Arts	p. 108
The Structure of Class and Caste	p. 110
The Ruling Class	p. 110
The Mestizo: An Ambiguous Status	p. 111
Indigenous Peoples: A Separate Nation	p. 112
Blacks, Mulattos, Zambos: The Lowest Class	p. 115
Life in the City and on the Hacienda	p. 116
Marriage, Sexuality, and the Status of Women	p. 118
Colonial Brazil	p. 122
The Beginning of Colonial Brazil	p. 122
The Captaincy System	p. 122
Portugal's Indigenous Policy	p. 124
The French and Dutch Challenges	p. 126
The Mineral Cycle, the Cattle Industry, and the Commercial System	p. 126
Government and Church	p. 128
The Administrators and Their Deficiencies	p. 129
The Church and the State	p. 130
Masters and Slaves	p. 131
Color, Class, and Slavery	p. 131
Large Estates and Colonial Towns	p. 133
The Bourbon Reforms and Spanish America	p. 135
Reform and Recovery	p. 135
The Bourbon Reforms	p. 135
Revival of Colonial Commerce and Breakdown of Trading Monopoly	p. 137
Increased Economic Activity	p. 138
Labor Systems in the Eighteenth Century	p. 141
Early Labor Struggles	p. 142
Political Reforms	p. 143
Strengthening the Defenses	p. 146
Colonial Culture and the Enlightenment	p. 147
Creole Nationalism	p. 148
Colonial Society in Transition, 1750-1810: An Overview	p. 150
The Revolt of the Masses	p. 152
The Revolt in Peru	p. 153
The Insurrection in New Granada (1781)	p. 156
The Independence of Latin America	p. 158
Background of the Wars of Independence	p. 158
Creoles and Peninsular Spaniards	p. 158
The Causes of Revolution	p. 161
The Liberation of South America	p. 162
Simón Bolívar, the Liberator	p. 163
The Southern Liberation Movement and San Martín	p. 166
The Achievement of Brazilian Independence	p. 169
Mexico's Road to Independence	p. 170
Latin American Independence: A Reckoning	p. 176
Latin America in the Nineteenth Century	p. 178
Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870	p. 193
The Fruits of Independence	p. 193
Economic Stagnation	p. 194
Politics: The Conservative and Liberal Programs	p. 195
Mexico	p. 196
The Mexican Economy	p. 197
Politics: Liberals versus Conservatives	p. 199
La Reforma, Civil War, and the French Intervention	p. 201
Postwar Transformation of Law Reforma	p. 204
Argentina	p. 205
The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Upper Peru	p. 205
The Struggle for Progress and National Unity	p. 205
The Paraguayan War	p. 209
Progress and Development Under Sarmiento	p. 211
Chile	p. 211
Portales and Economic Growth	p. 212
Economic Expansion Under Bulnes	p. 212
Montt's Moderate Reforms	p. 214
Liberal Control	p. 215
United Provinces of Central America	p. 216
Independence and the Failure of Union, 1810-1865	p. 216
Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888	p. 219
Brazil	p. 220
Dom Pedro, Emperor	p. 221
Regency, Revolt, and a Boy Emperor	p. 222
The Game of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery	p. 224
The Antislavery Movement	p. 225
Peru	p. 228
Peruvian Politics and Economy	p. 229
Pardo and the Civilianist Party	p. 230
Cuba	p. 231
Economic and Social Change: The Bitter Harvest of King Sugar	p. 231
The Ten Years' War	p. 234
Gran Colombia	p. 235
Páez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the Federal War in Venezuela, 1830-1863	p. 237
Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party System in Colombia, 1830-1850	p. 239
The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900	p. 243
The New Colonialism	p. 244
Expansion of the Hacienda System	p. 245
Foreign Control of Resources	p. 246
The Politics of Acquisition	p. 246
Mexican Politics and Economy	p. 247
Dictatorship Under D&iaacute;az	p. 247
Concentration of Landownership	p. 249
The Economic Advance	p. 250
Labor, Agrarian, and Middle-Class Unrest	p. 250
Argentine Politics and Economy	p. 252
Consolidation of the State	p. 252
Economic Boom and Inflation	p. 252
The Formation of the Radical Party	p. 254
Electoral Reform and the Growth of the Labor Movement	p. 255
Chilean Politics and Economy	p. 255
Nitrates and War	p. 255
Aftermath of the War of the Pacific	p. 256
Balmaceda's Nationalistic Policies	p. 258
The Parliamentary Republic, Foreign Economic Domination, and the Growth of the Working Class	p. 260
Brazilian Politics and Economy	p. 260
The Fall of the Monarchy	p. 260
The New Republic	p. 262
The Economic Revolution	p. 263
Central American Politics and Economy	p. 265
Guatemala, 1865-1898	p. 265
Nicaragua, 1870-1909	p. 266
El Salvador, 1876-1911	p. 267
Venezuelan Politics and Economy	p. 268
Colombian Politics and Economy	p. 270
Rafael Núñez, the ""Regeneration,"" and the War of a Thousand Days, 1880-1903	p. 271
Index	p. 1
Maps
Geographic Features of Middle America	p. xiv
Geographic Features of South America	p. xv
Principal Sites of Pre-Conquest Culture in Mesoamerica	p. 16
Valley of Mexico	p. 25
Growth of the Inca Empire, 1460-1532	p. 32
Spain in the Time of Christopher Columbus	p. 44
Early Spanish Voyages in the Caribbean	p. 59
Colonial Conquest, Trade, and Enslavement in the Making of Latin America	p. 84
Viceroyalties and Audiencias in Sixteenth-Century Spanish America	p. 97
Colonial Brazil	p. 123
Viceroyalties in Latin America in 1780	p. 144
Latin America in 1830	p. 198
War and National Development in Paraguay and Bolivia, 1864-1938	p. 210
War of the Pacific	p. 257
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