A History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education : From Ancient Civilizations to the Modern World (3rd)

by Mechikoff, Robert A.; Estes, Steven

• ISBN13: 9780072354126
• ISBN10: 0072354127
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-08-01
• Publisher: McGraw Hill (Tx)

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
SECTION I Ancient Civilizations
History and Philosophy in Sport and Physical Education	2	(20)
Definitions	3	(1)
``Doing'' History	4	(5)
Modernization	6	(1)
Urbanization and Industrialization	7	(1)
Metaphysics	8	(1)
Philosophical Processes	9	(3)
Basic Philosophical Terms	10	(1)
Metaphysics and Ontology	11	(1)
Metaphysical Dualism	11	(1)
Epistemology	12	(1)
From Dualism to Monism in the Western World	12	(6)
Philosophies of the Modern World	13	(1)
Pragmatism	14	(1)
Existentialism	14	(3)
Phenomenology	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Discussion Questions	19	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	19	(1)
Notes	19	(3)
Sumer, Egypt, and China	22	(14)
General Events	22	(1)
Introduction	23	(2)
Sumer	25	(3)
Egypt	28	(3)
China	31	(2)
Summary	33	(1)
Discussion Questions	34	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	34	(1)
Notes	34	(2)
Greece	36	(28)
General Events	36	(1)
Introduction	37	(1)
The Influence of the Jews and the Phoenicians upon Greek Culture	37	(2)
Philosophical Positions of the Body	39	(1)
Dualism	39	(1)
Classical Humanism	40	(1)
Socrates' and Plato's View of the Body	41	(1)
Socrates' and Plato's View of Physical Education	42	(3)
Education Through the Physical versus Education of the Physical	45	(1)
Aristotle	46	(1)
Historical Foundations of Sport and Physical Education	47	(1)
Arete and Agon	47	(1)
Funeral Games	48	(1)
Influence of Crete	48	(1)
Some Historical Perspectives on the Development of Greek Sport	49	(1)
Athens and Sparta: A Tale of Two Cities	50	(5)
Fitness Assessment in Sparta	52	(1)
Athenian Education	52	(1)
Athenian Physical Education	52	(1)
Athletic Participation of Greek Women	53	(2)
The Ancient Olympic Games	55	(5)
Summary	60	(1)
Discussion Questions	61	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	61	(1)
Notes	62	(2)
Rome	64	(22)
General Events	64	(1)
Introduction	65	(1)
The Etruscans	65	(3)
Nero	68	(1)
Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Greeks and Romans	69	(1)
Philosophical Orientation	69	(3)
The Cynics	70	(1)
The Stoics	71	(1)
The Epicureans	71	(1)
Marcus Tullius Cicero	71	(1)
Antiochus	72	(1)
Sport and Physical Education	72	(1)
Military Training	73	(1)
Claudius Galen	73	(1)
Greek Athletics	74	(1)
Women and Sport	75	(1)
Games and Spectacles	75	(6)
Sport and Christianity	81	(1)
Greek Reaction to the Introduction of Roman Sport	82	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Discussion Questions	82	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	83	(1)
Notes	83	(3)
SECTION II From the Spiritual World to the Secular World: Changing Concepts of the Body
Philosophy, Sport, and Physical Education During the Middle Ages: 900-1400	86	(17)
General Events	86	(1)
Introduction	87	(1)
The Impact of Christianity	87	(2)
Christianity and Greek Philosophy	89	(1)
Philosophical Position of the Body in the Middle Ages	89	(2)
The Body and Physical Fitness According to St. Thomas Aquinas	91	(1)
Moses Maimonides and St. Bonaventure	92	(1)
Linking the Spiritual with Secular Sport	93	(1)
Holidays and Ball Games	94	(1)
Rugged Ball Games, Equestrian Events, and English Football	94	(1)
Medieval Social Structure: Knights, Nobles, and Worthy Pursuits	95	(1)
Sport of the Aristocracy	96	(2)
Medieval Tournaments	97	(1)
Hawking, Hunting, and Other Pastimes	97	(1)
Medieval Concepts of Health and Hygiene: Galen Revisited	98	(1)
Summary	99	(1)
Discussion Questions	100	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	100	(1)
Notes	101	(2)
The Renaissance and the Reformation	103	(19)
General Events	103	(1)
Introduction	104	(1)
Cultural Changes of the Renaissance	104	(2)
The Reformation	106	(1)
The Philosophers and Educators of the Renaissance	107	(4)
Petrus Paulus Vergerius	109	(1)
Vittorino da Feltre	109	(1)
Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini	110	(1)
Baldassare Castiglione	111	(1)
The Philosophers and Educators of the Reformation	111	(8)
William of Ockham	113	(1)
Desiderius Erasmus	114	(1)
Martin Luther	114	(2)
John Calvin	116	(1)
Thomas Elyot	117	(1)
Roger Ascham	118	(1)
Summary	119	(1)
Discussion Questions	120	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	120	(1)
Notes	120	(2)
The Age of Science and the Enlightenment	122	(22)
General Events	122	(1)
Introduction: From Heaven to Humanity-The Age of Science and the Enlightenment	123	(3)
The Age of Science: 1560-1688	123	(2)
The Enlightenment: 1688-1789	125	(1)
Philosophers of Science	126	(2)
Galileo Galilei	126	(1)
Francis Bacon	127	(1)
Isaac Newton	128	(1)
The Philosophers	128	(4)
Thomas Hobbes	129	(1)
Rene Descartes	130	(1)
George Berkeley	131	(1)
The Educators	132	(3)
Francois Rabelais	132	(1)
Richard Mulcaster	132	(1)
Michel de Montaigne	133	(1)
John Comenius	134	(1)
John Milton	134	(1)
John Locke	134	(1)
Philosophes and Physical Educators	135	(6)
Jean Jacques Rousseau	136	(3)
Johann Bernhard Basedow	139	(1)
Johann Friedrich GutsMuths	140	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Discussion Questions	141	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	142	(1)
Notes	142	(2)
Philosophical Positions of the Body and the Development of Physical Education: Contributions of the Germans, Swedes, and Danes in Nineteenth-Century Europe	144	(26)
General Events	144	(1)
Introduction	145	(1)
Idealism	145	(2)
The Self	146	(1)
On Knowledge	146	(1)
The German Idealists: Kant, Fichte, and Hegel	147	(4)
Immanuel Kant	148	(2)
Johann Fichte	150	(1)
Georg Hegel	150	(1)
The Application of Idealism to Physical Education	151	(2)
Student	152	(1)
Values	152	(1)
Objectives	152	(1)
Curriculum	152	(1)
Evaluation	153	(1)
The Educators	153	(13)
Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi	153	(2)
Friedrich Wilhelm August Froebel	155	(1)
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn	156	(4)
Charles Follen	160	(1)
Charles Beck	161	(1)
Francis Lieber	161	(1)
Franz Nachtegall	162	(2)
Per Henrik Ling	164	(2)
Summary	166	(1)
Discussion Questions	166	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	167	(1)
Notes	167	(3)
SECTION III The Theoretical and Professional Development of American Physical Education
Science, Medicine, and the Concept of Health: The Theoretical and Professional Development of Physical Education, 1885-1930	170	(27)
General Events	170	(1)
Introduction to the Nineteenth-Century Concept of Health	171	(3)
Orthodox Medicine	172	(1)
The Preeminence of Biological Science	173	(1)
Social and Institutional Change in Nineteenth-Century America	174	(1)
The Theoretical Basis of American Physical Education	175	(5)
Three Distinct Periods	177	(1)
Biological and Philosophical Issues	178	(1)
Evolution	179	(1)
The Disease-Neurasthenia: The Cure-Exercise!	180	(1)
Exercise Builds Brain Power	180	(1)
Women: Mothers of the Race	181	(1)
Women, Higher Education, and Physical Education	182	(1)
The Golden Age of Anthropometric Measurement: 1885-1900	182	(2)
Defining the Scope of the Discipline	184	(1)
The Contributions of German Gymnastics, Dio Lewis, and the Swedish System to Teacher Training	185	(2)
Physical Education the American Way	187	(1)
Changing Concepts of Health	187	(1)
A Changing Profession	187	(1)
The Professional Preparation of Teachers	188	(4)
Summary	192	(1)
Discussion Questions	193	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	193	(1)
Notes	194	(3)
Toward the Reform of Physical Education: 1900-1939	197	(19)
General Events	197	(1)
The Transformation of Physical Education and the Adoption of Sports Programs	198	(3)
The Development of Play Theory: 1900-1915	201	(2)
Herbert Spencer	201	(1)
Karl Groos	202	(1)
G. Stanley Hall	202	(1)
Luther Halsey Gulick	202	(1)
John Dewey	203	(1)
Advocates and Adversaries: The Promotion of Play	203	(1)
Play and Popular Culture	204	(1)
Play versus Gymnastics	204	(1)
Play in Physical Education: 1900-1915	205	(1)
The Paradigmatic Basis of the New Physical Education: 1916-1930	206	(1)
The Architects of the New Physical Education: Clark Hetherington, Thomas D. Wood, and Rosalind Cassidy	206	(1)
Components and Goals of Physical Education	206	(1)
Promotion of Physical Education	207	(1)
Physical Education Literature in the Early Twentieth Century	207	(1)
Science and the Quantification of Physical Education	208	(2)
Tests and Measurements	208	(1)
The Relationship Between Physical Ability and Mental Ability	208	(1)
Physical Fitness Assessment	209	(1)
Summary	210	(1)
Discussion Questions	211	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	211	(1)
Notes	212	(4)
SECTION IV Historical and Philosophical Development of Sport in America
Sport in the Colonial Period	216	(11)
General Events	216	(1)
Sport in the Colonial Period	217	(1)
Sport in England: A Tale of Two Cultures	217	(2)
Sport in New England: The Puritans	219	(2)
Amusements in New England	221	(1)
Sport in the Mid-Atlantic Region	221	(1)
Sport in the South	221	(3)
Summary	224	(1)
Discussion Questions	225	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	225	(1)
Notes	225	(2)
Changing Concepts of the Body: Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America	227	(24)
General Events	227	(1)
A Changing America	228	(1)
Early Technological Innovations and Their Impact on Sport	228	(1)
Nineteenth-Century American Philosophy: Transcendentalism and Pragmatism	229	(2)
Ralph Waldo Emerson	230	(1)
Henry David Thoreau	230	(1)
Pragmatism	231	(1)
The Influence of Charles Darwin	231	(1)
The Pragmatists	232	(1)
Charles Sanders Peirce	232	(1)
William James	233	(1)
Sport in the Nineteenth Century	233	(1)
Justifying Sport in the Nineteenth Century	234	(1)
Religion as an Argument for Sport	234	(1)
Other Arguments That Justified Sport Participation	235	(1)
Sport Develops in the Nineteenth Century	235	(2)
Sport and Play in Nineteenth-Century America	237	(11)
Horse and Harness Racing	237	(3)
Ball Games: Cricket, Baseball, and Football	240	(5)
``Amateur'' Sports	245	(3)
Summary	248	(1)
Discussion Questions	248	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	248	(1)
Notes	249	(2)
Sport in the Twentieth Century	251	(17)
General Events	251	(1)
Introduction	252	(1)
College Football	252	(4)
Professional Football	256	(2)
Basketball	258	(2)
Volleyball	260	(1)
Women and Sport	260	(5)
Summary	265	(1)
Discussion Questions	265	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	266	(1)
Notes	266	(2)
SECTION V Modern Olympic Games
A Selected Political and Social History of the Modern Olympic Games, 1896-1936	268	(25)
Introduction	269	(1)
The Architects of the modern Olympic Games: Dr. William Penny Brooks and Baron Pierre de Fredy de Coubertin	270	(3)
The Ist Olympiad: Athens, 1896	273	(1)
The IInd Olympiad: Paris, 1900	274	(1)
The IIIrd Olympiad: St. Louis, 1904	275	(1)
The IVth Olympiad: London, 1908	276	(2)
The Vth Olympiad: Stockholm, 1912	278	(2)
The VIIth Olympiad: Antwerp, 1920	280	(1)
The VIIIth Olympiad: Paris, 1924	281	(1)
The Ist Winter Olympics: Chamonix, 1924	282	(1)
The IXth Olympiad: Amsterdam, 1928	283	(1)
The IInd Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1928	283	(1)
The Issue of Amateurism	284	(1)
The Xth Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1932	284	(1)
The IIIrd Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1932	285	(1)
The Political Nature of the Olympic Games	285	(1)
The XIth Olympiad: Berlin, 1936	286	(4)
Sport and Physical Education in Nazi Germany	286	(4)
The IVth Winter Olympics: Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 1936	290	(1)
Discussion Questions	291	(1)
Notes	291	(2)
A Selected Political and Social History of the Modern Olympic Games, 1948-1968	293	(79)
Introduction	294	(1)
The XIVth Olympiad: London, 1948	294	(3)
Political Atmosphere	295	(2)
The Vth Winter Olympics: St. Moritz, 1948	297	(1)
The XVth Olympiad: Helsinki, 1952	298	(4)
Cold War of Sports	299	(1)
Propaganda War	300	(2)
The VIth Winter Olympics: Oslo, 1952	302	(1)
The XVIth Olympiad: Melbourne, 1956	302	(4)
The Aussie Olympics	303	(1)
Olympic Boycott	304	(2)
The VIIth Winter Olympics: Cortina, 1956	306	(1)
The XVIIth Olympiad: Rome, 1960	306	(3)
Roman Holiday	307	(1)
East versus West	307	(2)
The VIIIth Winter Olympics: Squaw Valley, 1960	309	(1)
The XVIIIth Olympiad: Tokyo, 1964	310	(3)
The Perfect Olympiad	310	(1)
Olympic Politics	310	(2)
Defections	312	(1)
Notables	312	(1)
The IXth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1964	313	(1)
The XIXth Olympiad: Mexico City, 1968	313	(3)
Student Demonstrations	314	(1)
Olympic Politics	314	(2)
The Xth Winter Olympics: Grenoble, 1968	316	(1)
Summary	317	(1)
Discussion Questions	317	(1)
Notes	318	(3)
A Selected Political and Social History of the Modern Olympic Games, 1972-2000
The XXth Olympiad: Munich, 1972	321	(4)
World View	321	(1)
Olympic Politics	321	(2)
The Munich Massacre	323	(1)
Notables	324	(1)
The XIth Winter Olympics: Sapporo, 1972	325	(1)
The XXIst Olympiad: Montreal, 1976	326	(4)
The Taiwan Issue	326	(2)
The Boycott	328	(1)
Security Concerns	329	(1)
Political Defections and Propaganda	329	(1)
Notables	330	(1)
The XIIth Winter Olympics: Innsbruck, 1976	330	(1)
The XXIInd Olympiad: Moscow, 1980	331	(4)
What Led to the U.S. Boycott?: The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan	331	(2)
Athletes as Political Pawns	333	(1)
Presidential Pressure and Promises	334	(1)
Epilogue	335	(1)
Notables	336	(1)
The XIIIth Winter Olympics: Lake Placid, 1980	336	(1)
The XXIIIrd Olympiad: Los Angeles, 1984	337	(3)
Political Atmosphere	337	(1)
What Goes Around, Comes Around: The Soviet Boycott of the XXIIIrd Olympiad	338	(1)
Security Concerns	339	(1)
Notables	339	(1)
The XIVth Winter Olympics: Sarajevo, 1984	340	(1)
The XXIVth Olympiad: Seoul, 1988	340	(3)
Security Concerns and Olympic Politics	341	(1)
Nationalism	341	(1)
NBC versus South Korea	341	(1)
Banning Performance Enhancing Drugs and Other Illicit Drugs at the Olympics	341	(1)
The Ultimate Incentive	342	(1)
Notables	342	(1)
Prologue	343	(1)
The XVth Winter Olympics: Calgary, 1988	343	(2)
Economics	343	(1)
Atmosphere	344	(1)
Notables	344	(1)
The XXVth Olympiad: Barcelona, 1992	345	(1)
The XVIth Winter Olympics: Albertville/Savoie, 1992	346	(2)
Economics	347	(1)
Atmosphere	347	(1)
Notables	347	(1)
The XVIIth Winter Olympics: Lillehammer, 1994	348	(1)
Atmosphere	348	(1)
Notables	348	(1)
The Centennial Olympiad: Atlanta, 1996	349	(6)
Notables	352	(3)
The XVIIIth Winter Olympics: Nagano, 1998	355	(1)
Milestones	355	(1)
Goals and Outcomes	355	(1)
Notables	356	(1)
Scandals and Ill-Gotten Gains	356	(2)
The XXVIIth Olympiad: Sydney, 2000	358	(9)
Social Protests	358	(1)
Terrorist Threats	359	(1)
Politics	360	(1)
The Tape-Delayed Olympics-Thank you, NBC!	360	(1)
Economics and Attendant Social Issues	361	(3)
Technology	364	(1)
Doping	364	(1)
Notables	365	(2)
Summary	367	(2)
Discussion Questions	369	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	369	(1)
Notes	369	(3)
Index	372