A History of Psychology

by Viney, Wayne; King, D. Brett

• ISBN13: 9780205268573
• ISBN10: 0205268579
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-08-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context, Third Edition, is a comprehensive history of psychology tracing psychological thought from ancient times through late twentieth-century developments. The reader is presented with a framework for interpreting the pedagogy of philosophy through the development of historiography and philosophical problems in the opening chapters. The book gives in-depth coverage to the intellectual trends that preceded the formal founding of psychology, coupled with an analysis of the major classical systems of thought and the key developments in the history of basic and applied psychology. The final epilogue focuses on the major trends in psychology in the latter half of the twentieth century. Designed for anyone interested in the history of psychology, systems of psychology or systematic psychology.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xv
CHAPTER 1 HISTORICAL STUDIES: SOME ISSUES	1	(13)
Why Study the History of Psychology?	1	(2)
History as a Key to Understanding the Future	1	(1)
History as a Contribution to Liberal Education	2	(1)
History Teaches Humility	2	(1)
History Teaches a Healthy Skepticism	2	(1)
History Influences Human Thought Processes	2	(1)
Some Problems in Historiography	3	(7)
The Development of Historical Consciousness	3	(1)
What Is History?	4	(1)
Can History Be Objective?	4	(2)
Presentism versus Historicism	6	(1)
Is There a Pattern or Direction in History?	7	(2)
What Makes History?	9	(1)
The History of the History of Psychology	10	(2)
Internal and External History	12	(1)
Review Questions	12	(1)
Glossary	12	(2)
CHAPTER 2 PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES	14	(24)
Epistemology	14	(10)
A Priori and A Posteriori Knowledge	14	(1)
Nativism versus Empiricism	15	(1)
Instinct versus Learning	15	(1)
What Are the Criteria by Which We Claim to Know the Truth?	16	(3)
Other Epistemologies	19	(1)
Science and Epistemology	19	(5)
Relevance of Epistemology	24	(1)
The Problem of Causality	24	(3)
Free Will and Determinism	27	(2)
The Mind-Body Problem	29	(6)
Monism	30	(1)
Dualism	31	(1)
Pluralism	32	(1)
Psychogeny	33	(2)
Review Questions	35	(1)
Glossary	35	(3)
CHAPTER 3 ANCIENT PSYCHOLOGICAL THOUGHT	38	(29)
Early Chinese Psychologies	38	(1)
Babylonia	39	(1)
Egypt	40	(1)
Other Ancient Eastern Psychologies	41	(1)
The Hebrews	41	(1)
Persia	42	(1)
Greece	43	(21)
The Cosmologists	43	(5)
Early Greek Concepts of Illness	48	(3)
Relativism	51	(1)
The Golden Age of Greece	51	(12)
Psychological Thought Following Aristotle	63	(1)
Review Questions	64	(1)
Glossary	64	(3)
CHAPTER 4 THE ROMAN PERIOD AND THE MIDDLE AGES	67	(26)
Roman Medicine	68	(2)
Galen	68	(2)
Roman Philosophy	70	(4)
Stoicism	70	(1)
Epicureanism	70	(1)
Skepticism	70	(2)
Neo-Platonism	72	(2)
The Fall of Rome	74	(1)
The Early Christian Faith	74	(1)
The Medieval Period	75	(16)
Aurelius Augustine	76	(3)
Boethius	79	(1)
Islam	80	(3)
Judaism in the Middle Ages	83	(1)
The Rise of the European Universities	84	(6)
Closing Comment	90	(1)
Review Questions	91	(1)
Glossary	91	(2)
CHAPTER 5 THE RENAISSANCE	93	(24)
Effect of the Plague	93	(2)
Expanding Geographic Knowledge	95	(1)
Influence of the Greek Classics	95	(1)
Diffusion of Authority	95	(1)
Growth of Empirical Studies	96	(1)
Quantification	97	(1)
Changing Visions of the World	97	(4)
The Heliocentric Theory	98	(1)
Galileo Galilei	99	(1)
The Larger Meaning of the Copernican Revolution	100	(1)
Psychological Thought in the Renaissance	101	(14)
Petrarch	101	(1)
Niccolo Machiavelli	102	(2)
Juan Luis Vives	104	(2)
Leonardo da Vinci	106	(1)
Paracelsus	107	(1)
Julius Caesar Scaliger	108	(1)
Michel de Montaigne	109	(3)
Oliva Sabuco	112	(1)
Juan Huarte	113	(2)
Review Questions	115	(1)
Glossary	115	(2)
CHAPTER 6 EMPIRICISM, ASSOCIATIONISM, AND UTILITARIANISM	117	(25)
Empiricism	117	(15)
Francis Bacon	117	(4)
John Locke	121	(4)
George Berkeley	125	(3)
David Hume	128	(4)
Empiricism on the Continent	132	(2)
Etienne Bonnot de Condillac	132	(1)
Claude-Adrien Helvetius	133	(1)
Associationism and Utilitarianism	134	(5)
David Hartley	134	(1)
Jeremy Bentham	135	(1)
James Mill	136	(1)
John Stuart Mill	137	(2)
Review Questions	139	(1)
Glossary	140	(2)
CHAPTER 7 RATIONALISM	142	(17)
Emphasis on A Priori Knowledge	142	(1)
Theory of the Active Mind	142	(1)
Deduction versus Induction	143	(1)
Rene Descartes	143	(3)
Descartes's Method	145	(1)
Baruch Spinoza	146	(3)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	149	(3)
Monadology	150	(2)
Christian von Wolff	152	(1)
Immanuel Kant	152	(2)
Sense Experience and Reason	153	(1)
Social Psychology	154	(1)
Johann Friedrich Herbart	154	(1)
Thomas Reid and Common-Sense Psychology	155	(2)
Review Questions	157	(1)
Glossary	157	(2)
CHAPTER 8 MECHANIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION	159	(24)
Thomas Hobbes	159	(3)
Rene Descartes Revisited	162	(2)
Jan Swammerdam	164	(1)
Neils Stensen	165	(1)
Stephen Hales	166	(1)
Robert Whytt	166	(1)
Johann August Unzer	167	(1)
Julien Offray de La Mettrie	168	(1)
Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis	169	(1)
Mapping the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	169	(11)
Localization of Function	169	(5)
Extending the Powers of Observation	174	(1)
Speed of a Nervous Impulse	175	(1)
Measuring Behavior	176	(3)
Applications of New Measurement Techniques	179	(1)
Review Questions	180	(1)
Glossary	181	(2)
CHAPTER 9 THE EXTENSION OF THE NATURALISTIC PERSPECTIVE	183	(28)
Evolutionary Theory	183	(8)
Evolution of the Solar System	183	(1)
Geological Evolution	184	(1)
Evolution in Other Arenas of Intellectual Discourse	185	(1)
Organic Evolution	185	(3)
Charles Darwin	188	(3)
Significance of Evolutionary Theory for Psychology	191	(5)
Comparative Psychology	192	(1)
Developmental Psychology	193	(1)
Emphasis on Adaptation	194	(1)
Individual Differences	194	(1)
Herbert Spencer	195	(1)
Naturalistic Approaches to Emotional Disorders	196	(4)
Demonology	196	(1)
The Witches' Hammer	196	(4)
The Demise of Witchcraft	200	(1)
The Early Reformers	200	(8)
Reform in the United States: Benjamin Rush	200	(2)
Reform in France: Philippe Pinel	202	(2)
Reform in Other Places	204	(1)
Reform Becomes a Social Movement: Dorothea Dix	205	(2)
Reform in the Care and Treatment of Mental Deficiency	207	(1)
Review Questions	208	(1)
Glossary	208	(3)
CHAPTER 10 PSYCHOPHYSICS AND THE FORMAL FOUNDING OF PSYCHOLOGY	211	(23)
Psychophysics	211	(9)
Ernst Heinrich Weber	212	(1)
Weber's Work on the Sense of Touch	212	(2)
Gustav Theodor Fechner	214	(2)
Rudolph Hermann Lotze	216	(1)
Hermann von Helmholtz	217	(3)
Wilhelm Wundt	220	(11)
General Characteristics of Wundt's Thought	224	(2)
The Laboratory and the Broader Vision	226	(2)
Some Key Concepts in Wundt's System	228	(1)
Wundt's Legacy	229	(1)
The Legacy of Wundt's Students in Applied Psychology	230	(1)
Review Questions	231	(1)
Glossary	231	(3)
CHAPTER 11 DEVELOPMENTS AFTER THE FOUNDING	234	(22)
Systematic Extension: Edward Bradford Titchener	234	(8)
Titchener's Psychology	236	(6)
Franz Brentano and Act Psychology	242	(4)
Brentano's Psychology	244	(2)
Carl Stumpf	246	(1)
Georg Elias Muller	247	(2)
Oswald Kulpe and the Wurzburg School	249	(1)
Hermann Ebbinghaus	250	(3)
Wundt's Contemporaries and Applied Psychology	253	(1)
Review Questions	254	(1)
Glossary	254	(2)
CHAPTER 12 FUNCTIONALISM	256	(31)
William James and Harvard University	256	(10)
General Characteristics of James's Thought	259	(3)
Jamesian Psychology	262	(4)
James's Legacy	266	(1)
Hugo Munsterberg	266	(2)
Munsterberg's Psychology	267	(1)
G. Stanley Hall and Clark University	268	(3)
Hall's Psychology	270	(1)
Functionalism and the University of Chicago	271	(4)
John Dewey	272	(1)
James Rowland Angell	273	(1)
Harvey A. Carr	274	(1)
Psychology at Columbia University	275	(4)
James McKeen Cattell	275	(2)
Robert Sessions Woodworth	277	(2)
Mary Whiton Calkins	279	(1)
The Growth of Applied Psychology	280	(3)
Leta Stetter Hollingworth	280	(1)
Binet and Intelligence Testing	281	(1)
Walter Dill Scott	282	(1)
Influence of Functionalism: An Evaluation	283	(1)
Review Questions	284	(1)
Glossary	284	(3)
CHAPTER 13 BEHAVIORISM	287	(25)
Antecedents of Behaviorism	288	(11)
Ivan Mikhailovich Sechenov	288	(1)
Ivan Pavlov	289	(6)
Other Russian Psychologies	295	(1)
Edward Lee Thorndike	296	(3)
Formal Founding of American Behaviorism	299	(10)
John B. Watson	300	(8)
Behaviorism and Applied Psychology	308	(1)
Review Questions	309	(1)
Glossary	309	(3)
CHAPTER 14 OTHER BEHAVIORAL PSYCHOLOGIES	312	(29)
Importance of Learning	312	(1)
Importance of Precision and Clarity	312	(2)
Importance of Experimentation	314	(1)
Early Behavioristic Psychologies	314	(8)
Max Frederick Meyer	315	(1)
William McDougall	316	(1)
Edwin Bissell Holt	317	(1)
Albert Paul Weiss	318	(1)
Walter Samuel Hunter	319	(1)
Karl Spencer Lashley	320	(2)
Neobehaviorism	322	(15)
Clark Leonard Hull	322	(3)
Edwin Ray Guthrie	325	(2)
Edward Chace Tolman	327	(4)
Burrhus Frederic Skinner	331	(6)
Further Contributions to Applied Psychology from Neobehaviorism	337	(1)
Review Questions	338	(1)
Glossary	338	(3)
CHAPTER 15 GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY	341	(27)
Max Wertheimer	341	(1)
Wolfgang Kohler	342	(2)
Kurt Koffka	344	(1)
Intellectual Background of Gestalt Psychology	344	(2)
Philosophy	344	(1)
Science	345	(1)
Psychology	346	(1)
The Fundamentals of Gestalt Psychology	346	(7)
Thinking	347	(1)
Principles of Perceptual Organization	348	(2)
Learning	350	(1)
Insight: A Further Challenge to the S-R Formula	351	(1)
Developmental Concepts	351	(2)
Primitive Phenomena	353	(1)
Gestalt Perspectives on Scientific Method	353	(1)
Mind and Brain	354	(1)
Isomorphism	355	(1)
The Influence of Gestalt Psychology	355	(1)
Kurt Lewin and Field Theory	356	(5)
Lewin's Field Theory	357	(1)
Tension Systems and Recall	358	(1)
Group Dynamics	359	(1)
Lewin's Influence	359	(1)
The Second Generation of Gestalt Psychologists	359	(2)
Some Common Misunderstandings of Gestalt Psychology	361	(1)
Gestalt Psychology and Gestalt Therapy	361	(1)
Gestalt Psychology and Scientific Analysis	361	(1)
Gestalt Psychology and Nativism	362	(1)
The Role of Past Experience	362	(1)
Gestalt Psychology and Applied Psychology	362	(2)
The Continuing Relevance of Gestalt Psychology	364	(1)
Review Questions	365	(1)
Glossary	365	(3)
CHAPTER 16 PSYCHOANALYSIS	368	(33)
Sigmund Freud	368	(4)
General Characteristics of Freud's Thought	370	(2)
Freud's System of Psychology	372	(14)
Life's Major Goal and Its Inevitable Frustration	372	(1)
The Structure of Personality	373	(1)
Motivation and Unconscious Processes	374	(3)
Anxiety	377	(1)
Defense Mechanisms of the Ego	378	(2)
Stages of Psychosexual Development	380	(2)
Psychoanalysis as a Therapeutic Technique	382	(1)
Freud's Social Psychology	383	(1)
Appreciative Overview	384	(1)
Critical Overview	385	(1)
Post-Freudian Analytic Psychologies	386	(1)
Alfred Adler	386	(2)
Adler's System of Psychology	387	(1)
Carl Gustav Jung	388	(5)
Jung's System of Thought	389	(3)
Evaluation	392	(1)
Karen Danielsen Horney	393	(3)
Horney's System of Thought	393	(3)
Other Developments	396	(1)
Review Questions	397	(1)
Glossary	397	(4)
CHAPTER 17 HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGIES	401	(22)
Intellectual Traditions	402	(6)
William James	402	(1)
Existentialism	403	(4)
Phenomenology	407	(1)
The Formal Emergence of Humanistic Psychologies	408	(10)
Abraham Maslow	409	(4)
Gordon Allport	413	(1)
Carl R. Rogers	414	(1)
Viktor Frankl	415	(2)
Joseph R. Rychlak	417	(1)
Overview of Third-Force Psychologies: Major Positions and Criticisms	418	(2)
Review Questions	420	(1)
Glossary	420	(3)
EPILOGUE: LATE-TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEVELOPMENTS	423	(14)
The Systems of Psychology in Retrospect	423	(3)
Psychoanalysis	423	(1)
Humanistic Psychology	424	(1)
Neobehaviorism and the Psychology of Learning	425	(1)
Cognitive Psychology	426	(7)
Intellectual Traditions	427	(3)
Themes and Content Areas of Cognitive Psychology	430	(1)
Critical Appraisal of Cognitive Psychology	431	(2)
Diversity and Pluralism in Modern Psychology	433	(1)
Review Questions	434	(1)
Glossary	435	(2)
REFERENCES	437	(34)
NAME INDEX	471	(12)
SUBJECT INDEX	483