A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond

by MacKenzie, David; Curran, Michael W.

• ISBN13: 9780534548919
• ISBN10: 0534548911
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-07-01
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

List of Maps	xxi	(1)
List of Illustrations	xxii	(4)
List of Figures	xxvi	(1)
List of Tables	xxvi
PART ONE EARLY RUSSIA TO 1689	3	(168)
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	3	(8)
Geography	3	(3)
The Peoples	6	(2)
Russian Responses to Challenges	8	(3)
CHAPTER 2 ANCIENT RUS	11	(13)
Early Occupants of the Great Eurasian Plain	11	(3)
The Huns, Avars, and Khazars	14	(3)
Problem 1: The Formation of Kievan Rus	17	(7)
CHAPTER 3 THE PRINCES OF KIEVAN RUS	24	(12)
Political History	24	(5)
Ruling Rus	29	(3)
External Relations	32	(2)
Decline and Fall	34	(2)
CHAPTER 4 KIEVAN RUS: ECONOMIC LIFE, SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND RELIGION	36	(15)
Economic Life	36	(2)
Social Structure	38	(2)
Urban Life	40	(4)
Religion and Culture	44	(7)
CHAPTER 5 THE ASCENDANCE OF THE SOUTHWEST AND THE NORTHEAST	51	(9)
The Southwest	51	(2)
The Northeast	53	(7)
CHAPTER 6 THE MONGOLS AND RUSSIA	60	(14)
Chingis-Khan	61	(1)
The Mongol Invasion of Rus	62	(1)
The Golden Horde's Suzerainty over Rus	63	(5)
Problem 2: The Mongol Impact	68	(6)
CHAPTER 7 NOVGOROD AND LITHUANIA	74	(11)
Novgorod	74	(7)
Lithuania	81	(4)
CHAPTER 8 THE RISE OF MOSCOW	85	(11)
Founding and Early Development	86	(1)
Moscow versus Tver	87	(1)
Ivan I and His Successors	88	(1)
Dmitri Ivanovich and the Battle of Kulikovo	89	(4)
Russian Historians on Moscow's Rise	93	(3)
CHAPTER 9 SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND RELIGION IN APPANAGE RUS	96	(9)
The Issue of Russian "Feudalism"	96	(3)
Role of the Orthodox Church	99	(6)
CHAPTER 10 THE UNIFICATION OF GREAT RUSSIA	105	(11)
Expansion and the Growth of Grand Princely Power	105	(3)
Ivan III, The Great (1462-1505)	108	(2)
Internal Changes and Conflicts	110	(3)
Vasili III (1505-1533)	113	(3)
CHAPTER 11 IVAN THE TERRIBLE (1533-1584)	116	(16)
Minority and Rule with the Chosen Council	116	(4)
External Affairs	120	(2)
The Oprichnina and After	122	(2)
Ivan's Reign Assessed	124	(2)
Problem 3: The Oprichnina	126	(6)
CHAPTER 12 THE TIME OF TROUBLES	132	(11)
Background and Causes	132	(2)
Dynastic Struggle: Fedor I and Boris Godunov (1584-1605)	134	(1)
Social Revolt and Foreign Invasion (1605-1610)	135	(5)
National Revival and the Romanovs' Election (1610-1613)	140	(3)
CHAPTER 13 THE EARLY ROMANOVS: POLITICS AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS	143	(13)
The Rulers and the Zemskii Sobor	143	(2)
Administration	145	(2)
Law	147	(1)
The Army	148	(1)
Eastward Expansion	149	(2)
Annexation of Eastern Ukraine	151	(5)
CHAPTER 14 THE EARLY ROMANOVS: SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND RELIGION	156	(15)
Foreign Influences	156	(1)
Religious Controversies and Heresies	157	(2)
Patriarch Nikon's Church Reforms	159	(4)
The Development of Serfdom	163	(8)
PART TWO EARLY IMPERIAL RUSSIA, 1689-1855	171	(128)
CHAPTER 15 PETER THE GREAT: POLITICS, WAR, AND DIPLOMACY	171	(18)
Peter's Youth and His Trip to the West	171	(4)
War and Diplomacy	175	(5)
Administration	180	(3)
Problem 4: Historians and the Petrine Reforms	183	(6)
CHAPTER 16 PETER THE GREAT: SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND RELIGIOUS POLICIES	189	(10)
State Service by the Nobility	189	(2)
Increased Burdens of the Peasantry	191	(2)
Economic Policies	193	(1)
Church Reform	194	(5)
CHAPTER 17 THE ERA OF PALACE REVOLUTIONS, 1725-1762	199	(12)
Politics	199	(4)
Society and Economy	203	(2)
Culture and Westernization	205	(1)
Foreign Relations	206	(2)
Conclusion	208	(3)
CHAPTER 18 CATHERINE II RULES AND EXPANDS RUSSIA, 1762-1796	211	(18)
Peter III and the Coup of June 1762	211	(2)
Catherine II--Woman and Ruler	213	(2)
The Legislative Commission	215	(1)
Administrative Changes	215	(2)
External Affairs	217	(6)
Problem 5: Was Catherine II an Enlightened Despot?	223	(6)
CHAPTER 19 CATHERINE II: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL POLICIES	229	(14)
The Economy	229	(2)
The Society	231	(4)
The Pugachov Revolt, 1773-1774	235	(2)
Education and Culture	237	(1)
The Russian Enlightenment	238	(5)
CHAPTER 20 BUREAUCRATIC MONARCHY: PAUL AND ALEXANDER I, 1796-1825	243	(15)
Paul I	243	(4)
Political Policies of Alexander I	247	(2)
Speranskii's Reform Program	249	(3)
The Arakcheevshchina	252	(1)
The Decembrist Revolt	253	(5)
CHAPTER 21 WAR AND DIPLOMACY, 1796-1825	258	(11)
Paul I	258	(1)
Alexander I: Orientation and Initial Policies, 1801-1804	259	(1)
Coalition Wars, 1805-1807	260	(1)
Tilsit and the Franco-Russian Alliance, 1807-1812	261	(2)
Napoleon Invades Russia, 1812	263	(2)
Liberation of Europe and the Vienna Settlement, 1813-1815	265	(1)
The Concert of Europe	266	(3)
CHAPTER 22 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT, 1796-1855	269	(12)
The Nobility	269	(1)
Urban Centers	270	(1)
Industrial Development	271	(2)
Literature	273	(4)
Music	277
Painting and Architecture	362
CHAPTER 23 THE "IRON TSAR"	281	(18)
The Ruler and His Ideology	281	(2)
Administration	283	(1)
The Army	284	(1)
The Intelligentsia	285	(2)
Foreign Affairs	287	(2)
The Crimean War, 1853-1856	289	(2)
Problem 6: Whither Russia? Slavophiles versus Westernizers	291	(8)
PART THREE MODERN RUSSIA, 1855 TO THE PRESENT	299	(398)
CHAPTER 24 POLITICAL REFORM AND MINORITIES, 1855-1904	299	(17)
Alexander II and the Emancipation	299	(3)
Other Social and Political Reforms	302	(1)
Censorship and Education	302	(1)
Local Self-Government	303	(1)
Judicial Reform	304	(2)
Military Reform	306	(1)
Significance of the Great Reforms	306	(1)
Treatment of Minorities before 1905	307	(2)
Problem 7: Why Did Alexander II Free the Serfs?	309	(7)
CHAPTER 25 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, 1855-1904	316	(15)
The Peasant World	317	(1)
Agriculture	318	(3)
Industry and Finance until 1891	321	(3)
Finance and Industry: The Spurt of the 1890s	324	(1)
Social Change	325	(3)
Religion	328	(3)
CHAPTER 26 DIPLOMACY AND EMPIRE, 1855-1905	331	(15)
Relations with Europe until 1875	332	(1)
Pan-Slavism and the Eastern Question until 1878	332	(2)
The Caucasus and Central Asia	334	(2)
Europe and the Balkans, 1881-1905	336	(1)
Russia in the Far East until 1914	337	(3)
Problem 8: Why Did Russia Expand in Central Asia?	340	(6)
CHAPTER 27 OPPOSITION TO TSARISM, 1855-1905	346	(17)
Liberalism and Radicalism, 1855-1870	347	(2)
Revolutionary Populism	349	(3)
The Development of Marxism	352	(5)
From Populism to the Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)	357	(1)
Liberalism Organizes	358	(1)
Reactionary Tsarism, 1881-1904	359	(4)
CHAPTER 28 WAR, REVOLUTION, AND REFORM, 1904-1914	363	(17)
The Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905	363	(1)
The 1905 Revolution	364	(4)
Creation of the Duma Monarchy, 1905-1906	368	(3)
Political Development, 1907-1914	371	(1)
Economic and Social Development	372	(4)
Foreign Affairs, 1906-1914	376	(4)
CHAPTER 29 CULTURAL DEVELOPMENTS, 1855-1917	380	(13)
Literature	380	(6)
Music	386	(3)
Painting	389	(2)
Architecture	391	(2)
CHAPTER 30 WAR AND REVOLUTION, 1914-1917	393	(17)
Russia Enters World War I	393	(1)
War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy	394	(1)
The Army and the Fronts	395	(2)
The Home Front	397	(5)
The March Revolution	402	(2)
Problem 9: Did World War I Cause the Collapse of Tsarism?	404	(6)
CHAPTER 31 FROM MARCH TO NOVEMBER 1917	410	(18)
The "Dual Power"	410	(2)
The Bolsheviks Gain Leaders and a Program	412	(2)
The Revolution Moves Left (May-July)	414	(1)
Kornilov and the Rightward Shift (July-September)	415	(1)
The Rising Tide (September-November)	416	(3)
The November Revolution	419	(3)
Problem 10: Why Did the Bolsheviks Win?	422	(6)
CHAPTER 32 CIVIL WAR AND COMMUNISM, 1917-1921	428	(12)
First Steps, 1917-1918	428	(3)
Civil War, 1918-1920	431	(1)
Civil War and Allied Intervention, 1918-1920	432	(4)
"War Communism": An Economic Disaster	436	(1)
The Kronstadt Revolt of 1921	437	(3)
CHAPTER 33 THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY AND POWER STRUGGLE, 1921-1927	440	(16)
Economic and Political Controls of NEP	440	(4)
The Struggle over Succession	444	(4)
Problem 11: From Lenin to Stalin: Continuity or Betrayal?	448	(8)
CHAPTER 34 THE POLITICS OF STALINISM, 1928-1941	456	(13)
Intraparty Struggles and Crises, 1929-1934	457	(2)
The Great Purge	459	(2)
Government and Party Organization	461	(5)
Stalinism	466	(3)
CHAPTER 35 THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION	469	(18)
The Great Industrialization Debate, 1924-1928	469	(2)
Forced Collectivization	471	(3)
Industry: The Five Year Plans	474	(4)
Shifts in Social Policies	478	(3)
Problem 12: Forced Collectivization: Why and How?	481	(6)
CHAPTER 36 SOVIET CULTURE UNDER LENIN AND STALIN, 1917-1953	487	(20)
Initial Policies	487	(1)
Lunacharskii: The Politics of Culture	488	(1)
Soviet Culture in the Making: Proletkult and Other Vanguard Groups	489	(2)
Literature	491	(3)
The Cinema	494	(1)
Education	495	(1)
Science	495	(1)
Stalinist Culture, 1929-1953	496	(2)
Partiinost in Literature	498	(4)
Anticosmopolitanism and the Arts	502	(1)
Music	503	(4)
CHAPTER 37 SOVIET FOREIGN RELATIONS TO 1941	507	(20)
First Revolutionary Era, 1917-1921	509	(2)
Accommodation, 1921-1927	511	(4)
Neoisolationism, 1928-1933	515	(1)
Collective Security, 1934-1937	516	(2)
The Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939-1941	518	(3)
Problem 13: The Nazi-Soviet Pact: Then and Now	521	(6)
CHAPTER 38 WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION, 1941-1953	527	(15)
Invasion	527	(3)
The 1942 Campaign: The Turning Point	530	(1)
Soviet Offensives and Allied Victory, 1943-1945	531	(2)
The USSR and the Far Eastern War	533	(1)
Postwar Stalinism	534	(8)
CHAPTER 39 THE KHRUSHCHEV ERA, 1953-1964	542	(20)
Politics: Repudiating Stalinism	542	(5)
Economy: Focus on Agriculture	547	(2)
Foreign Affairs: Crises in the Communist Bloc Countries	549	(4)
Khrushchev's Fall	553	(1)
Problem 14: De-Stalinization: Stalin's Role in the Purges and in World War II	554	(8)
CHAPTER 40 THE BREZHNEV ERA, 1964-1982	562	(27)
Politics: Brezhnev's Rise	562	(4)
Nationalism and Dissent	566	(3)
Economy and Society	569	(5)
Foreign Affairs and Armed Forces	574	(6)
Problem 15: Soviet Intervention in Czechoslovakia, 1968, and Its Repudiation, 1989	580	(9)
CHAPTER 41 THE SOVIET GERONTOCRACY, 1982-1985	589	(15)
Domestic Politics	589	(7)
Economy and Society	596	(3)
Foreign Policy	599	(5)
CHAPTER 42 THE GORBACHEV REVOLUTION, 1985-1991	604	(28)
The Leader and the Succession	604	(2)
Glasnost and Political Reform	606	(7)
Nationalities and Nationalism	613	(4)
Perestroika's Impact on the Economy and Society	617	(7)
National Security and Foreign Affairs	624	(8)
CHAPTER 43 SOVIET CULTURE AFTER STALIN, 1953-1991	632	(23)
The Thaw, 1953-1956	632	(1)
Dr. Zhivago and the Refreeze	633	(1)
Culture under Khrushchev	634	(4)
Culture under Brezhnev	638	(8)
Culture under Gorbachev, 1985-1991	646	(9)
CHAPTER 44 THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION, 1990-1992	655	(16)
Gorbachev Declines, Yeltsin Rises, 1990-1991	655	(2)
The August Coup	657	(4)
The Demise of the Soviet Union, 1991-1992	661	(2)
The Commonwealth of Independent States	663	(2)
Problem 16: Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?	665	(6)
CHAPTER 45 THE LEGACY OF SOVIET COMMUNISM AND TROUBLED TRANSITIONS IN THE 1990s	671	(26)
A Devastated Land	673	(6)
Troubled Transitions, 1992-1998	679	(11)
Post-Soviet Culture	690	(7)
Appendix A: Russian and Soviet Leaders, 1328-1998	697	(3)
Appendix B: Areas and Populations of Former Soviet Union Republics	700	(1)
Appendix C: Populations of Principal Cities of the Russian Federation	701	(1)
Glossary of Foreign Words	702	(3)
Bibliography	705	(6)
Index	711