A History of the Spanish Language

by Ralph Penny

• ISBN13: 9780521011846
• ISBN10: 0521011841
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-10-21
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

This is a thoroughly revised, updated and expanded edition of Ralph Penny's authoritative textbook, first published in 1991, which provides a clear and elegant account of the development of Spanish over the last 2,000 years. Although principally oriented towards 'internal' history, 'external' history is also considered and referred to throughout. In this new edition, as well as adding insights from recent scholarship throughout the text, Professor Penny has added a new chapter which discusses the nature of linguistic history, the concept of World Spanish, processes of convergence and divergence in Spanish, and the English/Spanish interface. This edition also contains a glossary of technical terms, guidance on further reading, and suggested topics for discussion.

Table of Contents

List of maps	xi
List of tables	xii
Preface to the first edition	xv
Preface to the second edition	xvi
List of abbreviations and symbols	xvii
Introduction	1	(33)
Time-line	1	(1)
Indo-European, Latin and Romance	2	(6)
The Latin of Spain	8	(6)
Archaism	10	(1)
Conservatism	11	(1)
Dialectalism	12	(1)
Innovation	13	(1)
Conquest and Reconquest	14	(6)
The Visigoths	14	(2)
Moors and Christians	16	(4)
Standard Spanish	20	(2)
Spanish overseas	22	(8)
The Canaries	22	(1)
America	22	(4)
The Mediterranean and the Balkans	26	(3)
The Philippines	29	(1)
`Castilian' and `Spanish'	30	(1)
Spanish in the present day	31	(3)
Phonology	34	(77)
Phonological change	34	(5)
Conditioned change	34	(1)
Assimilation	34	(1)
Dissimilation	35	(1)
Epenthesis	36	(1)
Metathesis	36	(1)
Isolative change	36	(1)
Changes affecting the phonemic system	36	(1)
Split	37	(1)
Merger	37	(1)
Change of incidence of phonemes	38	(1)
Transmission	39	(2)
Popular words	39	(1)
Learned words	39	(1)
Semi-learned words	39	(1)
Doublets	40	(1)
Suprasegmental features	41	(3)
Position of the accent	41	(1)
Nature of the accent	42	(1)
The syllable	43	(1)
Development of the vowel system	44	(17)
The Latin vowel system	44	(2)
Tonic vowels	46	(1)
Metaphony	47	(4)
Diphthongization	51	(2)
The Latin diphthongs	53	(1)
New dipthongs	53	(1)
Medieval developments	54	(1)
Summary of tonic vowel development	54	(1)
Atonic vowel development	55	(1)
Initial vowels	56	(1)
Final vowels	57	(2)
Intertonic vowels	59	(1)
Hiatus	60	(1)
Development of the consonant system	61	(35)
The Latin consonant system	61	(1)
Developments from Latin to Old Spanish: (1) The creation of the palatal order	61	(1)
Consonantization of /i/	62	(1)
Palatal developments of consonant + (j)	62	(3)
Palatalization of syllable-initial velars	65	(4)
Palatalization of syllable-final velars	69	(2)
Palatalization of -LL- and -NN-	71	(1)
Palatalization of PL-, CL-, FL-	71	(1)
Summary of palatal developments from Latin to Old Spanish	72	(1)
Developments from Latin to Old Spanish: (2) The creation of the voiced fricative series	72	(1)
The appearance of /J/ and /β/	72	(2)
Lenition	74	(2)
Labial plosives	76	(1)
Labial fricatives	77	(1)
Labial nasal	77	(1)
Dental plosives	77	(1)
Dento-alveolar fricative	78	(1)
Dento-alveolar affricate	79	(1)
Palatal fricative	80	(1)
Velar plosives	80	(1)
/n/, /I/ and /f/	81	(1)
Further effects of lenition: consonant + R or L	82	(2)
Lenition of consonants in contact with a glide	84	(1)
The Old Spanish voiced fricative series	84	(1)
Final consonants	84	(2)
Secondary consonant groups	86	(4)
The development of Latin F	90	(4)
Other initial consonants	94	(2)
The Old Spanish consonant system	96	(1)
Phonological change since the Middle Ages	96	(12)
The merger of OSp. /b/ and /β/	96	(2)
The Old Spanish sibilants	98	(3)
The sibilants in Andalusian and American Spanish	101	(2)
The phonologization of /f/ and /h/	103	(1)
Learned consonant groups	104	(2)
Yeismo	106	(1)
Weakening of syllable-final /s/ and /θ/	106	(2)
Chronology of phonological change	108	(3)
Morpho-syntax	111	(144)
General concepts	111	(3)
Morphological change	112	(2)
The noun	114	(13)
Case and number	114	(5)
Gender	119	(1)
Neuter nouns	119	(4)
Gender-marking of the noun	123	(1)
Masculine and feminine nouns in -US and -A	123	(1)
Masculine and feminine nouns in /e/ or a consonant	124	(2)
Noun classes	126	(1)
The adjective	127	(4)
Adjective endings	128	(1)
Comparison of adjectives	129	(2)
The adverb	131	(1)
The pronoun	132	(16)
Personal pronouns	133	(4)
Forms of address	137	(2)
The possessive	139	(4)
Demonstratives and articles	143	(1)
The demonstratives	143	(2)
The articles	145	(1)
Relatives and interrogatives	146	(1)
Indefinites	147	(1)
The numeral	148	(4)
Cardinal numerals	148	(3)
Ordinal numerals	151	(1)
Multiples and fractions	151	(1)
The verb	152	(89)
General developmental features	152	(1)
Analytic and synthetic developments	152	(1)
Phonological and analogical change	153	(1)
The verbal accent	153	(1)
The third conjugation	154	(1)
The fourth conjugation	154	(1)
First- and second-person-plural forms	155	(1)
Learned verbs	155	(1)
Apocope of -e	156	(1)
Root vowels	157	(2)
Voice	159	(1)
Person and number	160	(1)
Paroxytonic forms of the second person plural	161	(1)
Proparoxytonic forms of the second person plural	162	(1)
Oxytonic forms of the second person plural	163	(1)
Aspect	163	(2)
Changes in the aspectual system of spoken Latin	165	(2)
The Old Spanish verbal system	167	(1)
The modern Spanish verbal system	168	(1)
Progressive aspect	169	(1)
Tense	170	(1)
Mood	170	(1)
Verb classes	171	(1)
Reduction from four classes to three	171	(1)
Changes of verb class	172	(2)
Verb paradigms	174	(1)
Present indicative and subjunctive	174	(1)
The palatal glide (j)	174	(1)
Verbs in /dj/, /gj/ and /bj/	174	(1)
Verbs in /pj/	175	(1)
Verbs in /nj/	175	(1)
The present-tense endings	176	(1)
Consonantal alternation	176	(1)
Verbs in vowel + /k/	177	(1)
Verbs in /rg/ and /ng/	178	(2)
Verbs in /sk/	180	(1)
Vocalic alternation	181	(1)
Vocalic alternation in -ar and -er verbs	181	(3)
Vocalic alternation in -ir verbs	184	(6)
Irregular present-tense paradigms	190	(1)
Verbs with irregularities in Latin	191	(1)
Ser	191	(1)
Ir	192	(1)
Dar, estar	193	(1)
Poder	193	(1)
Spanish verbs with irregularities	193	(1)
Haber	193	(2)
Ver	195	(1)
Saber, caber	195	(1)
Oir	195	(1)
Hacer	196	(1)
Imperative	196	(1)
The imperfect	197	(1)
The imperfect indicative	198	(3)
The imperfect subjunctive	201	(1)
The imperfect subjunctive in -se	201	(2)
The imperfect subjunctive in -ra	203	(2)
The future and the conditional	205	(1)
Origins of the future indicative	205	(2)
Origins of the conditional	207	(3)
Morphology and syntax of the Old Spanish future and conditional	210	(1)
Order of components	210	(1)
Analytic and synthetic forms	210	(1)
Syncope of synthetic forms	211	(3)
Root vowels	214	(1)
The future subjunctive	215	(2)
The perfect	217	(1)
The preterite	217	(1)
The weak preterite	218	(1)
Verbs in -ar	218	(1)
Verbs in -ir	219	(2)
Verbs in -er	221	(2)
The strong preterite	223	(2)
Strong preterites in -UI	225	(1)
Strong preterites in -SI	226	(2)
Strong preterites with change of root vowel	228	(3)
Strong preterites with consonant reduplication	231	(1)
Non-finite verbal forms	232	(1)
The infinitive	233	(2)
The gerund	235	(2)
The participle	237	(4)
Other word classes	241	(7)
The preposition	241	(4)
The conjunction	245	(3)
Conditional sentences	248	(7)
Open conditional sentences	249	(1)
Improbable and impossible conditional sentences	249	(6)
Lexis	255	(47)
Vocabulary inherited from Latin	255	(1)
Words of pre-Roman origin	255	(2)
Latinisms	257	(2)
Hellenisms	259	(4)
Germanic borrowings	263	(2)
Arabisms	265	(6)
Mozarabisms	271	(1)
Gallicisms and occitanisms	272	(3)
Amerindianisms	275	(2)
Anglicisms	277	(2)
Catalanisms	279	(1)
Lusisms	280	(1)
Italianisms	281	(3)
Word-formation	284	(18)
Prefixation	284	(5)
Derivation	289	(1)
Lexical derivation	290	(4)
Affective derivation	294	(5)
Composition	299	(3)
Semantics	302	(16)
Causes of semantic change	302	(8)
Linguistic causes	303	(1)
Historical causes	303	(1)
Social causes	304	(1)
Psychological causes	305	(1)
Fear taboo	306	(1)
Delicacy taboo	307	(1)
Decency taboo	307	(1)
Foreign influences which cause semantic change	308	(2)
The need to name a new concept	310	(1)
Types of semantic change	310	(4)
Metaphor	311	(1)
Metonymy	312	(1)
Popular etymology	313	(1)
Ellipsis	313	(1)
Consequences of semantic change	314	(4)
Change of semantic range	314	(2)
Change of affectivity	316	(2)
Past, present and future	318	(4)
The nature of language history	318	(1)
World Spanish	318	(1)
Convergence and divergence	319	(1)
English and Spanish	320	(2)
Glossary of technical terms used in the text	322	(7)
Topics of discussion and further reading	329	(3)
References	332	(9)
Word index	341	(50)
Subject index	391