History of Ukraine-Rus

by Hrushevsky, Mykhailo; Plokhy, Serhii; Sysyn, Frank E.

• ISBN13: 9781895571493
• ISBN10: 1895571499
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-06-29
• Publisher: Canadian Inst of Ukranian Study Pr

Summary

Volume 9 of Mykhailo Hrushevsky's History of Ukraine-Rus` is the longest and most extensively documented of its ten volumes. The two books of volume 9 contain the master historian's study of the Khmelnytsky era from the height of Cossackdom's political and military successes in early 1650 to the death of the founder of the Cossack Hetmanate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, in 1657. The driving force of this era was, in Hrushevsky's words, 'the struggle for the liberation of the Ukrainian masses,' dictated by socioeconomic conditions and led by the Cossack officer elite. The 'great political upheaval' that ensued effectively shifted the center of political gravity in eastern Europe from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to Muscovy. Book 1 of volume 9 covers the period from early 1650 to late 1653. Topics examined here include the Cossack Hetmanate's drive to overthrow the rule of the Commonwealth; Hetman Khmelnytsky's efforts to secure Ottoman and Muscovite support; the disastrous defeat at Berestechko; Khmelnytsky's rallying of his forces; the Bila Tserkva peace settlement; and the victorious Battle of Batih, which restored Cossack rule in Right-Bank Ukraine and parts of Podilia. Also examined are dramatic developments in Ukrainian-Moldavian relations, beginning with a victorious Cossack campaign in Moldavia and culminating in the marriage of Khmelnytsky's son Tymish to the Moldavian hospodar's daughter Roksanda. The book concludes with a discussion of the hetman's political and dynastic plans, which came to an abrupt end with his son's tragic death. Hrushevsky's extensive research allowed him to examine the Khmelnytsky era in great detail. His illumination of the Cossack state's relations with the Commonwealth, Muscovy, the Ottoman Empire, and the Danubian principalities, in particular, remains unsurpassed in clarity and thoroughness. Publication of his study in English is of particular value to specialists and students of Ottoman, Crimean, Romanian, and Hungarian history.

Author Biography

Mykhailo Hrushevsky (1866û1934) was Ukraine's greatest historian. His academic career began at Kyiv University, where in 1890 he graduated from the Department of History and Philology. Appointed professor of history at Lviv University in 1894, he became a leading figure in the Shevchenko Scientific Society and in the scholarly and cultural community centered in Lviv. In 1918 he became head of government of the independent Ukrainian republic. From 1924 to 1931, in Kyiv, he organized historical studies at the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. An extraordinarily prolific writer, he produced some 2,000 scholarly works. His magnum opus, the Istoriia Ukranny-Rusy (History of Ukraine-Rus'), appeared between 1898 and 1937. These ten published volumes (in twelve books) trace Ukrainian history from prehistoric times to the post-Khmelnytsky era in the late 1650s. The History was internationally acclaimed at the time of its publication, but in Soviet Ukraine after the 1930s no scholarly references to it were permitted to appear. Attempts in the 1960s to `rehabilitate' Hrushevsky and his works failed, and it was only in the late 1980s that the Ukrainian public began once again to have access to the History. The English-language edition prepared by the Peter Jacyk Centre for Ukrainian Historical Research is the first to make Hrushevsky's magnum opus fully available to the Western reader.

Table of Contents

Foreword	viii
Editorial Preface to the Hrushevsky Translation Project	xix
Editorial Preface to Volume 9, Book 1	xxi
Introduction: Writing the History in the USSR---Serhii Plokhy	xxix
Glossary	lxv
Maps	lxxiii
Preface	lxxvii
Submission to Turkey and the Moldavian Campaign of 1650	1	(145)
The mood in Ukraine in the spring of 1650: the return of the Polish hetmans from captivity and ensuing alarm	1	(2)
Potocki's note to the king concerning the Cossack issue	3	(1)
the program of revenge	4	(1)
Internal tensions	5	(1)
the dissatisfaction of the Cossack masses---rumors about the self-appointed hetmans	6	(1)
dissatisfaction with Khmelnytsky	7	(1)
legends about him	7	(1)
his manifestations of loyalty	7	(2)
the issue of the nobility's return to Ukraine	9	(1)
the admittance of royal officials to administrative duties---Shumeiko's letter	10	(1)
the magnates' bargaining with the hetman and the Cossack officers for admittance to their estates	10	(3)
mutual exasperation and revolts by subject villeins	13	(1)
the hetman's reprisals against the revolts	13	(1)
proclamations issued against unruliness	14	(2)
flight across the Muscovite border	16	(2)
Unmet religious demands	18	(1)
the unrealized Zboriv resolutions	19	(1)
the metropolitan and the clergy are invited to the Diet	19	(1)
the January conferences in Warsaw	20	(1)
Kysil's measures	21	(1)
the situation of the Cossack delegates	22	(1)
the royal charter of 12 January [N.S.]	23	(1)
the Kyiv discussion of religious affairs in March	24	(1)
the king's refusal in May	25	(1)
the August meeting at Irkliiv and the metropolitan's instruction to the emissaries dispatched to the king	26	(1)
Polish plans to set the Cossacks against the Turks or Muscovy: the revived Venetian plans	27	(1)
Parcevic's mission	28	(1)
Warsaw rumors about the khan's desire to fight with the Turks	28	(2)
the nuncio's reports about the khan's desire to obtain help from the Cossacks	30	(1)
Warsaw's hopes for a Venetian subsidy to hire an army to be used against the Cossacks	31	(1)
A Muscovite ultimatum to Poland interrupts these plans	32	(1)
the Polish government counters it with a plan for a Cossack and Tatar campaign against Muscovy	32	(1)
Kysil's advice	33	(1)
negotiations with Khmelnytsky	33	(2)
the hetman's dissemblings---his assurances of his complete readiness	35	(1)
the true wishes revealed by Cossack envoys in discussions with Muscovite envoys in Warsaw	36	(1)
the Host desires a Muscovite protectorate	36	(2)
Cossack envoys advise Muscovy not to make peace with Poland in view of the inevitable Cossack-Polish war	38	(1)
plans for the creation of an Orthodox league	39	(1)
Muscovy's indecision---symptoms of a new Time of Troubles	40	(1)
the khan demonstrates his desire to fight against Muscovy	41	(1)
Muscovy makes concessions; the Muscovite-Polish conflict disappears	41	(1)
the renewal of the Muscovite-Polish treaty	41	(1)
A Venetian mission to Bohdan Khmelnytsky and the hetman's diplomacy: Sagredo's directive to Vimina	42	(1)
the situation at the Warsaw court	43	(1)
the audience in Chyhyryn	43	(2)
the hetman's situation	45	(1)
his letter to Sagredo of 3 June 1650	46	(1)
Vimina's report	46	(1)
Polish negotiations and rumors of a war against Turkey	47	(2)
Ossolinski's plans and his death	49	(1)
Ukrainian relations with the Porte	49	(1)
the Turkish diplomatic mission at Chyhyryn in July 1650	50	(1)
the hetman's reply, and his grievances against the khan	51	(1)
the hetman restrains the Don Cossacks	51	(1)
The khan demands a Cossack army against the Circassians	51	(1)
the hetman's proclamation of May announcing a campaign	52	(1)
the expedition of Lysovets and Tymish Khmelnytsky to the Don area in August	53	(1)
the hetman explains his motives to the tsar	54	(1)
Akundinov and Muscovite efforts to extradite him	54	(2)
The audiences at Chyhyryn in late July: the Turkish mission	56	(2)
the hetman's letter to the sultan	58	(1)
the declaration of submission to the Porte	59	(2)
Polish accounts	61	(2)
the khan's mission---an appeal against Muscovy	63	(1)
A mission from the king	64	(1)
the meeting at Irkliiv	64	(1)
Strukov's news	65	(1)
Khmelnytsky rejects the campaign against Muscovy owing to the threat from Potocki	66	(1)
Khmelnytsky's relations with Potocki	67	(1)
Polish mobilization	68	(1)
the alarm generated by the mobilization---Lubieniecki's report	69	(2)
Potocki's insulting letter to the hetman	71	(3)
rumors of a war with Poland	74	(1)
mobilization and uprisings against the lords	75	(2)
rumors of Nechai's conflict with Khmelnytsky	77	(1)
the alarm raised among the nobility	78	(1)
the hetman's 'stern edicts' against the uprisings	79	(1)
The Moldavian campaign---its unexpectedness	80	(1)
contemporary attempts to explain it	81	(3)
prospects generated by the Moldavian campaign	84	(1)
the situation of the Porte	85	(1)
Khmelnytsky's true motives	86	(1)
literary romanticization	87	(1)
a factual history of the campaign, September 1650	88	(3)
Lupu's entreaties to the Poles for help	91	(1)
negotiations with Khmelnytsky	91	(1)
conditions of the truce	92	(1)
the political significance of Khmelnytsky's treaty with Lupu	93	(2)
its strategic significance	95	(1)
Khmelnytsky and Radziwill	95	(1)
the Orthodox-Protestant league	95	(2)
an explanation for the masses---a duma about the Moldavian war	97	(3)
unfavorable views on the part of contemporaries	100	(1)
The resolution of tensions generated by the campaign	100	(1)
the mission to Rakoczi	101	(1)
dispatches between Potocki and Khmelnytsky	102	(1)
Kravchenko's mission	103	(1)
alarm in the Polish camp	104	(2)
the Cossack army returns to Ukraine	106	(1)
the execution of lawless individuals	107	(1)
a Christian idyll---the 'sacred intentions' for the liberation of Christianity	108	(1)
the October negotiations	109	(1)
the mission of the flag-bearer Vasyl	109	(2)
dismissal of the Polish army	111	(1)
Potocki's report of 22 October	111	(2)
Ukrainian-Muscovite relations---reports of Muscovite embassies	113	(1)
Protasiev's mission	113	(1)
the search for Akundinov	114	(1)
the hetman's discussions with Protasiev during his return journey from the Moldavian campaign	114	(2)
Unkovsky's mission	116	(1)
Akundinov in Chyhyryn---Muscovite attempts to poison him	116	(2)
the hetman receives Unkovsky on 22 October N.S.	118	(1)
the discussions of 25 October	118	(1)
an exposition of Ukrainian politics	119	(2)
requests for the extradition of Akundinov and the hetman's refusal	121	(2)
Arsenii Sukhanov's report---a mission from Khmelnytsky to the Wallachian hospodar	123	(1)
Patriarch Paisios's letter to the hetman	124	(1)
Arsenii visits the hetman on 4/14 November	125	(1)
intercessions concerning Akundinov's extradition	125	(1)
the hetman complains about the tsar's policies	126	(4)
the theory of redeeming falsehood	130	(1)
a demand for a categorical reply from the tsar	130	(1)
the conclusion of the Akundinov affair	131	(1)
news from Unkovsky and Sukhanov	132	(2)
Ujlaki's mission from Rakoczi	134	(1)
relations with Moldavia	135	(1)
and the Porte	136	(1)
The formalization of relations with the Porte---the return from Istanbul of Antin Zhdanovych and the Turkish envoys in November	137	(1)
news of the Porte's great interest in the Cossacks	138	(1)
the hetman's letters to Istanbul of 1 December	139	(2)
news from Istanbul	141	(1)
the sultan's letter of Rabi I 1061---the formalization of the hetman's vassalage	142	(1)
letters of Istanbul's dignitaries sent along with it	143	(1)
the patriarch's letters	144	(1)
Kyivan talk about this	144	(2)
The War of 1651 with Poland: Preparations and Onset of the Campaign (Autumn 1650--Spring 1651)	146	(130)
Autumn plans for a preventive campaign against the Cossacks in Warsaw circles	146	(1)
the plan for a December Diet concerning preparations for war	147	(1)
a tally of forces	148	(1)
the search for foreign aid---Venetian subsidies and Austrian troops	149	(1)
measures undertaken in Istanbul	150	(1)
the desire to be done with the Cossacks by springtime	151	(1)
'ploys and counter-ploys'	151	(1)
appeasement of the Cossack Host	152	(1)
Kysil's mission	152	(1)
Polish emissaries visit Khmelnytsky	153	(2)
demonstrations of Cossack-Tatar friendship in Warsaw	155	(1)
the khan advises war against Muscovy	156	(1)
demands by the Cossack Host	156	(2)
Khmelnytsky's appeal to the dietines	158	(3)
The Cossack officers' council in November	161	(1)
the Moldavian issue	162	(1)
the Host does not wish to send delegates to the Diet	162	(1)
its pleas	163	(1)
news from Chyhyryn from Radziejowski's emissaries	164	(2)
news from Muscovite agents	166	(1)
martial moods	167	(1)
war is approved by the Host	168	(1)
The Diet of 5--24 December 1650	168	(1)
the mood on the eve of the Diet	169	(1)
Kysil's memorandum---his letter to the king	170	(1)
his address to the Diet	171	(2)
the program for a truce	173	(1)
the Diet appoints a commission in the matter of the Cossack issue	174	(1)
taxes for the war and a levy en masse	174	(1)
preparations for war	175	(2)
unsuccessful attempts to divide the khan and the Cossacks	177	(1)
emphasis on the desire for an accord	178	(1)
Machowski's mission	179	(1)
correspondence with Khmelnytsky	179	(2)
the Cossacks' attention is lulled	181	(2)
the metropolitan's letters	183	(1)
Prazmowski's mission to the tsar with warnings against the Cossacks	184	(1)
new information from Witowski's and Abukhovich's mission	185	(1)
The Tatar mission to Sweden	185	(1)
The beginning of the campaign---ambiguities in the literature	186	(1)
the king's initiative	187	(1)
his orders to the hetmans	188	(1)
Kalinowski's march to Bar in February	189	(1)
disputes with the Cossacks over the demarcation line	189	(1)
Kalinowski meets up with Lanckoronski	190	(1)
the encounter with Nechai	191	(1)
the defeat of Nechai in Krasne	192	(1)
and his death on 21 February [N.S.]	193	(2)
impressions made by his death	195	(1)
its popularity in folk song writing	195	(1)
songs about Nechai	196	(4)
they contrast Nechai with Khmelnytsky	200	(1)
and blame Khmelnytsky for his demise	200	(1)
the fragment of a duma about the siege of Vinnytsia	201	(1)
The war in Podilia: Kalinowski's attack on Murafa and Sharhorod	202	(1)
an attempt to negotiate with Khmelnytsky	203	(1)
Kysil's mediation---letters to the hetman and the metropolitan	203	(2)
resumption of the Polish attack on 3 March [N.S.]	205	(1)
the rout of the city of Stina	206	(1)
the raid on Iampil	207	(1)
the march on Vinnytsia	208	(1)
the assault and siege	208	(2)
demoralization within the Polish camp	210	(1)
Bohun's reputation as a hero	210	(1)
The Cossack offensive---the encounter with it at Lypovets	211	(1)
battles at Vinnytsia and the flight of the Poles	212	(1)
the retreat to Bar	213	(1)
the Cossacks at Khmilnyk	213	(1)
a council in the Polish camp on 1 April [N.S.] and the retreat to Kamianets	214	(1)
In the Cossack camp---the hetman's mysterious passivity	215	(1)
news from the Cossack side	215	(1)
the search for foreign aid	216	(2)
Cossack missions in the Crimea	218	(2)
relations with Rakoczi	220	(1)
Moldavian and Wallachian embassies	220	(1)
relations with Muscovy	221	(1)
decisive Muscovite attitudes	221	(1)
an assembly of the land is convened for February to accept Ukraine	222	(1)
the assembly's resolutions	223	(1)
Lopukhin's embassy to the hetman	224	(1)
his instruction	225	(1)
additional instructions sent with the undersecretary Stepanov	226	(1)
the tsarist government does not support the hetman	226	(1)
The hetman's campaign---a report from the hetman's headquarters by Radziwill's messenger	227	(3)
Captain Polovko's information	230	(1)
the situation in March---April	231	(1)
awaiting the Tatars	232	(1)
The Belarusian front---Ukrainian-Belarusian relations	233	(1)
Belarus's orientation toward the Cossacks	234	(1)
the Vilnius panegyric to Khmelnytsky and Vyhovsky	234	(1)
Afinahen Kryzhanouski's accounts	234	(2)
The Lithuanian magnates' policy of neutrality	236	(1)
Sapieha's letter	236	(2)
Janusz Radziwill's position	238	(1)
rumors of a Ukrainian-Lithuanian truce	239	(1)
The Prypiat front	239	(1)
uprisings	240	(1)
Radziwill's offensive	241	(1)
Nebaba besieges Homel	242	(1)
Cossack envoys visit Radziwill	243	(2)
Radziwill detains the envoys and sets out on the campaign	245	(1)
Polish measures: the search for subsidies	245	(1)
optimistic news about the successes of the campaign against the Cossacks	246	(1)
negotiations with Venice	246	(1)
negotiations in Moscow	247	(2)
Witowski's and Abukhovich's declarations of May 1651	249	(1)
Preparations for war	250	(1)
the levy en masse	250	(1)
delays	251	(1)
the king departs to join the army	252	(1)
Venice's final attempts to prevent the war	252	(1)
news about the Cossacks	253	(1)
Kalinowski leaves Kamianets	254	(1)
the Cossacks at Kamianets	255	(2)
diary of the siege written by Jesuits	257	(2)
the Cossacks retreat	259	(1)
the pursuit of Kalinowski	260	(2)
the battle of Kupchyntsi	262	(1)
The hetman's march: information about his army	262	(2)
captives' accounts	264	(2)
the mood among the Cossacks	266	(1)
The hetman's foreign relations	267	(1)
the discharge of the Moldavian mission	267	(1)
the correspondence with Lupu	267	(3)
a mission from Rakoczi	270	(1)
the Dissenters attempt to obtain Rakoczi's intervention	271	(1)
Rakoczi's vacillations	271	(2)
The tragedy in the hetman's family	273	(1)
his black days	274	(1)
distress with Muscovy	274	(1)
the mission to Moscow of Elias, son of Manolis	274	(1)
what he related in Moscow	274	(2)
Berestechko and the Treaty of Bila Tserkva of 28 September 1651	276	(126)
Before the Berestechko catastrophe: the amassing of the Polish army	276	(2)
the march to the vicinity of Sokal	278	(1)
in the camp at Sokal---measures taken to keep spirits up	278	(1)
'funny stories' in the royal headquarters	279	(1)
dissatisfaction in the army	279	(1)
news about the Cossacks	280	(1)
hesitation on the part of the Polish general staff	281	(2)
the march to the vicinity of Berestechko	283	(1)
at the new location	283	(1)
Alarming news about Khmelnytsky's emissaries in Poland	284	(1)
'arsonists'	285	(1)
The rebellion of Kostka-Napierski	286	(2)
hopes placed on the Cossacks	288	(2)
A Cossack campaign to the Smolensk region through Muscovite territory	290	(1)
Alarm in the Berestechko camp	291	(1)
reports about the Cossacks and the Tatars, a march launched against them	291	(1)
Khmelnytsky's offensive	292	(1)
The Berestechko debacle: the paucity of information from the Cossack side	292	(1)
Polish reports	293	(6)
the hetman's procrastination	299	(1)
awaiting the Tatars	299
Cossack accounts of the skirmishes at Berestechko	298	(1)
Semen Savych's account	299	(2)
the accounts of Cossack colonels	301	(2)
Polish sources on the skirmishes at Berestechko	303	(1)
The theater of the Berestechko debacle	304	(1)
Cossack and Polish forces	305	(1)
the battles of 28, 29, and 30 June N.S.	305	(1)
the Tatars' passivity and retreat	306	(1)
Khmelnytsky and Vyhovsky travel to see the khan	306	(1)
the khan's betrayal and flight---the hetman's	307	(1)
and Vyhovsky's	307	(1)
accounts of this; Savych's account	308	(1)
the khan's explanations	309	(1)
Why did Khmelnytsky and Vyhovsky stay with the khan?	310	(2)
Vyhovsky's account	312	(1)
The siege of the Cossack camp at Berestechko of 1--10 July N.S.	313	(1)
Khmelnytsky's replacements	314	(1)
negotiations with the king	315	(1)
the terms of surrender	316	(1)
the Cossacks' refusal	317	(1)
panic in the Cossack camp	318	(1)
the debacle of 10 July N.S.	319	(2)
the rout of the Cossack camp	321	(1)
the Poles' trophies	321	(1)
instances of Cossack bravery	322	(1)
Impressions made by the 'Berestechko tragedy'	323	(1)
a poem about Berestechko	323	(4)
songs about Berestechko	327	(2)
the interweaving of motifs about Nechai and Khmelnytsky	329	(1)
After Berestechko: rumors of Khmelnytsky's oppressive captivity in the hands of the khan	330	(2)
and how he managed to press the khan to go on	332	(1)
Khmelnytsky in Liubar	332	(1)
consultations and ordinances	333	(1)
the gathering of the survivors of Berestechko	334	(1)
consultations at Bila Tserkva	335	(1)
and the proclamation of 17 July [N.S.]; measures to strengthen the northern border and a new mobilization	336	(1)
the hetman's marriage	337	(1)
A revision of diplomatic relations---the mission of Metropolitan Gabriel and Grigorii Bogdanov	338	(1)
Vyhovsky's conversation with Bogdanov	339	(1)
Relations with the khan	340	(1)
the policy of Rakoczi and Lupu	341	(1)
the situation of the Porte	342	(1)
information about the situation gathered by Bogdanov	343	(1)
the hetman and the officers manage to get the situation completely under control	343	(2)
Polish information about the despondency and a new uplifting of Ukrainian spirits---July 1651	345	(1)
The Lithuanian army's offensive against Ukraine during July---August: Radziwill's march on the Siverian region	346	(1)
Nebaba's defeat	347	(1)
Pobodailo's defensive measures	348	(1)
Radziwill's failed march on Chernihiv	348	(1)
The rout of the Smolensk raid	349	(1)
The Cossack defeat at Dymer	350	(1)
Radziwill changes his plan of operations---instead of Chernihiv, a march on Kyiv	351	(2)
Panic in Kyiv	353	(1)
'the supplication' of the Kyiv clergy and burghers	353	(2)
the Lithuanian army at Vyshhorod---the legend of Vyshhorod	355	(1)
the Cossacks leave Kyiv	355	(1)
Radziwill enters	356	(1)
Westerfeldt's illustrations	356	(1)
Kyivan trophies	357	(1)
the rout in Kyiv	357	(1)
the fire and the destruction of the city	358	(1)
the Lithuanian army's difficult situation	359	(1)
its blockade	360	(1)
The Crown army's offensive: the breakdown in the army after the triumph near Berestechko	360	(1)
the king attempts to march into Ukraine and returns	361	(1)
the Crown army's arduous march through Volhynia	362	(1)
bliss on Kyivan territory	362	(1)
the demoralization of the army	363	(1)
popular uprisings	364	(1)
the march on Bila Tserkva	365	(1)
Jeremi Wisniowiecki's illness and death	366	(1)
the rout of Trylisy	366	(2)
the Polish army in Fastiv	368	(1)
the feasibility of a merger with the Lithuanian army	369	(1)
A renewal of negotiations from the Cossack side	369	(1)
Khmelnytsky's letter of 22 August [N.S.]	370	(1)
The people's determination	371	(1)
Potocki seeks an accord	372	(1)
Amicable gestures toward the Orthodox hierarchy	372	(1)
The first Cossack delegation to Potocki, 2 September [N.S.]	373	(1)
Battles and negotiations: Radziwill leaves Kyiv to join forces with the Crown army	374	(1)
the Cossacks attempt to gain control of Kyiv	375	(1)
War or truce---the hetmans' consultations	375	(1)
the second Cossack delegation, 6 September [N.S.], and Machowski's mission	376	(1)
The blockade of the Polish army	377	(1)
Machowski in the Cossack camp	378	(1)
the commissioners depart for Bila Tserkva for negotiations	379	(1)
the negotiations in Bila Tserkva	379	(2)
the Cossack revolt	381	(2)
the return of the commissioners	383	(1)
negotiations in the Polish camp	383	(1)
the Polish army's advance on Bila Tserkva	384	(2)
the breaking off of negotiations	386	(1)
the skirmishes at Bila Tserkva---23, 24, and 25 September [N.S.]	387	(2)
The Treaty of Bila Tserkva: Khmelnytsky's letter and the renewal of negotiations	389	(1)
an agreement is reached, 26 September [N.S.]	389	(1)
additional demands and the final agreement	390	(1)
Khmelnytsky expresses humility and swears an oath on 28 September	391	(1)
the quarrel with Radziwill	391	(1)
Vyhovsky's farewell visit	392	(1)
news about a peace agreement	393	(1)
the text of the agreement	394	(2)
motives for the agreement, as represented to the king by Potocki	396	(2)
an assessment of the hopeless situation of the Polish army by Oswiecim and others	398	(3)
What forced the Cossack side to make peace?	401	(1)
From Bila Tserkva to Batih (Winter 1651--Summer 1652)	402	(114)
The situation created by the Bila Tserkva peace agreement---misjudgment of it in the historiography	402	(1)
the impossibility of implementing the terms of the treaty	403	(2)
events immediately following the treaty---Khmelnytsky and his family in Korsun	405	(1)
councils in the Polish camp	406	(1)
alarm caused by the Tatars	407	(1)
Potocki's correspondence with Khmelnytsky	408
plans for a sea expedition	407	(1)
the khan's apocryphal letter to Khmelnytsky	408	(1)
the prospect of a Cossack expedition against Moldavia and the ensuing alarm	408	(3)
Khmelnytsky attests to his loyalty	411	(1)
the Cossack government's attempts to implement the resolutions of Bila Tserkva	411	(1)
Under the sign of loyalty: 'the quieting of the defiant'	412	(1)
Kysil's advice	413	(2)
Potocki praises Khmelnytsky's loyalty to the king	415	(2)
Venice resumes attempts to organize a Cossack sea expedition	417	(1)
Khmelnytsky postpones his expedition against Moldavia	417	(1)
The return of Polish officials to Ukraine	418	(1)
their acts of violence against the populace	419	(1)
the Polish side takes note of such acts	420	(1)
alarm among the people	421	(2)
flight across the Muscovite border	423	(1)
Rumors of revolts against Khmelnytsky	423	(1)
complaints against the hetman and the Cossack officers	424	(1)
rumors of new hetmans	424	(3)
Potocki's death aggravates the situation	427	(1)
the king orders soldiers to be dispatched beyond the Dnipro	427	(1)
his reprimands to Khmelnytsky	428	(1)
the damaging of relations	428	(1)
Khmelnytsky maintains his loyalist policy	429	(1)
the compilation of the register	429	(1)
Kysil asserts the peace agreement's brilliant successes	430	(1)
Before the explosion: the Cossack officers' New Year's consultations	431	(1)
Iskra's embassy to the tsar	432	(1)
questions about the possibility of help for the Cossacks and, in the event of failure, the Cossack Host's transfer, with or without its territory, under the tsar's protection	433	(1)
completion of the register and the delegation dispatched with it to the Diet	434	(1)
the envoys' instructions	435	(1)
Infighting between the king and the opposition at the Diet and the Radziejowski affair	436	(2)
rumors of an alliance between the king and the Cossacks	438	(2)
the Diet is broken	440	(1)
the Treaty of Bila Tserkva is not ratified	440	(1)
royal resolutions regarding the Cossacks' petitions	441	(1)
charters for the Host	442	(2)
The massacre beyond the Dnipro and its consequences: the account of the Eyewitness Chronicle	444	(1)
the hetman's warning to Pobodailo	445	(1)
the soldiers' conflicts with the population	446	(1)
the massacre in Lypove	447	(1)
Kalinowski's orders	448	(1)
Khmelnytsky plans to go to Poltava	449	(1)
mass emigration across the Muscovite border	449	(1)
Colonel Dzykovsky's departure	450	(1)
The responses brought from Moscow by Iskra	451	(2)
the council of the Cossack officers concerning these responses	453	(1)
the hetman's martial intentions and their revocation	454	(1)
Instead of a council in Poltava, a commission in Korsun	455	(1)
the trial of those accused of tormenting the Poles	455	(1)
the execution of Hladky and others	455	(1)
a reaction against Khmelnytsky	456	(3)
Khmelnytsky eases tensions by declaring war on Poland	459	(1)
an official duma about the causes of the break with the Poles and the purging of Ukraine	459	(3)
What was said about the causes of the new break	462	(1)
A battle at Batih: information on the council at Chyhyryn	463	(1)
and the participation of Tatar delegates in it	464	(1)
a resumption of Moldavian plans	465	(1)
their political significance	465	(3)
Alarms raised by Kalinowski	468	(1)
mobilization in the Crimea	468	(2)
the recall of troops billeted across the Dnipro	470	(1)
the mobilization of the Cossack army	470	(1)
the model of a circular about the mobilization	470	(2)
uprisings against the lords	472	(1)
The hetman sets out on the campaign	472	(2)
he warns Kalinowski not to block the route of the campaign against Moldavia	474	(1)
the encounter near Batih	475	(1)
the battle and the defeat of the Polish army on 2 June [O.S.]	476	(1)
the hetman's and Vyhovsky's accounts of the victory	477	(1)
the hetman's apocryphal proclamation	477	(1)
After the rout at Batih: panic in Poland	478	(2)
tales of tortured prisoners	480	(1)
reports of contemporaries	480	(3)
An excursion to Moldavia	483	(1)
renewal of the treaty with Lupu	484	(1)
The Cossack army near Kamianets	484	(1)
the unproductive siege and the hetman's return home	485	(3)
a letter to the chancellor concerning the renewal of relations	488	(1)
The Polish government's passive attitude toward ongoing events	489	(1)
diplomatic measures---an embassy to Muscovy	490	(1)
Unkovsky's embassy to the hetman	491	(1)
Muscovy is alarmed by Ukraine's ties with the Crimea and Turkey	492	(1)
The July Diet	493	(1)
Radziejowski's intercepted letters to the hetman and Vyhovsky	494	(1)
the hetman struggles to establish links with the Swedish court	495	(1)
information on the Cossack delegation to the Diet	495	(1)
the commission to establish relations	496	(1)
an instruction issued to the commissioners, Zatsyvilkovsky and Czerny, on 30 August [N.S.]	496	(1)
the Cossack envoys are graciously received	497	(2)
how the king's tactic was interpreted in Ukraine	499	(1)
Lupu's mediation in a reconciliation between the Cossacks and Poland	500	(1)
Khmelnytsky's demands advanced during these negotiations, at Tymish's wedding	501	(1)
The report submitted by Zatsyvilkovsky and Czerny about their mission	502	(1)
Khmelnytsky's hostile attitude	503	(1)
details about rude treatment of the envoys	504	(1)
the impossibility of taking military action	504	(1)
Radziwill takes on the role of mediator	505	(1)
his program for ennobling the Cossacks	506	(1)
requests to the hetman	507	(1)
The mood in the autumn---Polish preparations for an autumn war	507	(2)
proclamations of mobilization	509	(1)
Cossack diplomacy---relations with the Crimea and the Porte	509	(2)
an embassy by Bohdanovych-Zarudny and his comrades to Muscovy	511	(2)
The Cossack officers' council on the Feast of the Epiphany	513	(1)
An epidemic---its effect on the slackening of tensions	513	(1)
The heightened mood of the Host---an interesting letter written by Captain Umanets	514	(2)
The Marital Ties and Demise of Tymish Khmelnytsky	516	(183)
Tymish's marriage---the literature	516	(1)
the sensation generated among contemporaries	517	(1)
a romantic interpretation	517	(1)
its important political significance	517	(1)
the circumstances that forced Lupu to give his daughter away in marriage	518	(1)
final negotiations and the wedding	518	(1)
the journey of Tymish and Vyhovsky	519	(1)
a contemporary description of the wedding	520	(4)
Costin's account	524	(1)
Giustiniani's report	525	(1)
Golinski's compendium	525	(1)
the newlyweds' return to Ukraine and rumors of their unhappy coexistence	526	(1)
the hetman's announcement of the marriage	527	(1)
contemporary thoughts about its political consequences	527	(1)
changes brought about by it in political relations	528	(1)
a dilemma---who would convince whom	529	(1)
rumors of Lupu's and Khmelnytsky's designs on Wallachia and Transylvania	529	(2)
Tymish's winter journey to visit his father-in-law and suspicions raised by it	531	(1)
the resulting Moldavian coup d'etat	532	(1)
Ukrainian-Moldavian relations during the winter of 1652--53 and the spring raid: prospects of a Polish-Ukrainian war	532	(1)
the hetman's letter to the king, probably written in January	532	(1)
the negotiations of Bohdanovych-Zarudny and his comrades in Moscow in December	533
the council held in January in Chyhyryn	532	(2)
the Crown hetman announces the king's campaign to the Ukrainian hetman	534	(1)
the senatorial consultation at Hrodna in this matter	535	(1)
counting on the Cossacks' greatly weakened state caused by the epidemic and internal struggles---Kochowski's account of Khmelnytsky's acts of tyranny	535	(1)
Plans for a preventive war, February 1653	536	(1)
the war is delayed to the spring	536	(1)
a tally of forces	537	(1)
An interim raid on Ukraine in March	538	(1)
news from Polisia and Podilia	538	(1)
the siege of Monastyryshche	539	(1)
Czarniecki and Bohun	539	(3)
the mobilization of Cossack forces	542	(1)
the Poles retreat	543	(1)
Diplomatic relations---winter--spring 1653: the hetman's lively relations with the Crimea	543	(1)
Tatar contingents in Ukraine	544	(1)
measures taken in Istanbul	545	(1)
relations with Rakoczi	546	(1)
Lupu's mediation	546	(1)
Negotiations with Moscow---the promises brought by Bohdanovych-Zarudny and his comrades	547	(1)
the embassy of Burlii and Muzhylovsky	547	(2)
the issue of allowing the Cossack envoys' transit to Sweden	549	(1)
Radziwill's letters	550	(1)
rumors of an alliance between Radziwill and the Cossacks	550	(1)
the revival of the legend of an alliance between John Casimir and the Cossacks	551	(1)
the Diet at Brest---under the auspices of the Radziwills and their peace-making policies	551	(2)
questionable reports of a Cossack mission	553	(1)
news of a Cossack mobilization	553	(1)
meager appropriations from the Diet	554	(1)
Polish quests for foreign help---the mission to the Imperial Diet	554	(1)
the mission to the Kalmyks	555	(1)
The Moldavian affair	555	(1)
a mission from Lupu requesting help	556	(1)
the king explains the halt of the raid on Ukraine in terms of Lupu's interests	557	(1)
the question of protecting Lupu in Kamianets	557	(1)
Adam Kysil's death and characterizations of him	557	(2)
An internecine struggle in Moldavia and the Cossacks' participation in it: accounts of the coup d'etat in Moldavia---Georg Kraus's	559	(3)
Miron Costin's	562	(2)
Paul of Aleppo's	564
Tymish's campaign in aid of his father-in-law	561, 563, 565--66	(566)
Tymish in Iasi	566	(1)
Reports from Istanbul concerning the internecine struggle in Moldavia: that of Ioannes, son of Georgios	567	(1)
an anonymous author's	567	(2)
Roniger's	569	(1)
Ierlych's account	569	(1)
Golinski's compendium	570	(2)
The intense attention paid by Moldavia's neighbors to the Cossacks' participation in the events transpiring in Moldavia	572	(1)
the degree of Khmelnytsky's participation in them	572	(1)
The campaign of Rakoczi's army against Lupu	573	(2)
Lupu's flight	575	(1)
he pleads with Khmelnytsky for help	575	(1)
the letters of Bohdan and Tymish Khmelnytsky to Lupu	576	(1)
the hetman's account of these events to Fomin	577	(1)
Cossack accounts	578	(1)
Tymish's first campaign into Moldavia: Hospodar Stefan's defense measures	578	(1)
Tymish's lightning--quick march	579	(1)
Stefan flees	579	(1)
the strong impressions made by this episode	580	(1)
Poland alarms Europe with the Cossacks	580	(1)
the Poles' vacillation concerning Lupu	581	(1)
the Radziwills' line	582	(1)
Poland's military alliance with the Romanian confederation	583	(1)
manipulating public opinion against Tymish and the Cossacks	584	(1)
accounts of Tymish's acts of tyranny	584	(2)
Cossack missions to the Porte	586	(1)
talk in Ukraine about these relations with the Porte	587	(1)
Turkish envoys visit the hetman	588	(1)
conditions of submission to the Porte	589	(2)
the sultan's reprimand concerning Tymish's campaign	591	(1)
The defeat at Tirgoviste and Tymish's return to Ukraine	591	(1)
the hetman's and the Cossacks' accounts of this	591	(2)
those of Paul of Aleppo	593	(1)
and Costin	594	(1)
Tymish's flight	595	(2)
Roniger's information	597	(1)
and that of fugitive Moldavians	597	(2)
Impressions made by this episode	599	(1)
dissatisfaction in the Host	599	(1)
The hetman's march into Podilia: Matveev's and Fomin's report as the primary source---they are dispatched with Burlii and Muzhylovsky	599	(2)
the Cossack mission's dissatisfaction with the negotiations	601	(1)
obstacles encountered en route	601	(1)
the hetman on the march	602	(1)
Iatsin's report	603	(1)
his discussions with the hetman in Bar on 13 June [N.S.]	603	(2)
the hetman at Bedrykhiv Horodok	605	(1)
Retreat from Podilia---Polish explanations	606	(1)
misunderstandings with the Tatars	607	(1)
a mutiny in the Host in the latter third of June	608	(2)
the hetman's wrath against Vyhovsky---Muzhylovsky's account	610	(1)
Vyhovsky's explanations	611	(1)
accounts of the council on relations with the Porte	612	(1)
Vyhovsky's explanation of Ukrainian--Crimean relations	613	(1)
the Muscovite envoys' reports from the Crimea	613	(1)
Cossack missions to the khan	614	(1)
the khan threatens to sever relations as a result of the Cossacks' alliance with Muscovy	615	(1)
The end of the campaign---Zhdanovych's mission to the king	616	(1)
the terms submitted by the Zaporozhian Host	617	(1)
a letter from the Crown hetman to the Cossack hetman	618	(1)
the return of the hetman and the Host	619	(2)
Tymish's return	621	(1)
The Muscovite protectorate: Matveev and Fomin in Chyhyryn	622	(1)
conversations with Vyhovsky	622	(2)
an audience with the hetman on 14 July [N.S.]	624	(1)
the register of colonels	625	(1)
a private conversation with the hetman and Vyhovsky	626	(1)
news of Lupu and Rakoczi	627	(1)
Matveev and Fomin are disharged	627	(1)
Ladyzhensky's mission, the tsar's letter of 22 June O.S. stating that Ukraine is being taken under tsarist rule	627	(2)
Consultations by the Cossack officers in this matter at the end of July	629	(1)
the Moldavian and Crimean issues	629	(1)
Tymish's second campaign into Moldavia and the king's campaign against the Cossacks: Lupu's second flight from Moldavia	629	(1)
his pleas for help from the Cossacks	630	(1)
Lupu visits the hetman	631	(1)
discussions of this affair during the council	631	(1)
preparations for a new campaign	632	(1)
the clandestine forms of Ukrainian and Polish intervention in the Moldavian affair	632	(1)
The king in Lviv, the 'Lviv commission'	633	(1)
the arrest of Zhdanovych and his comrades	634	(1)
the king renounces Lupu despite the wishes of Janusz Radziwill and announces a levy en masse against the Cossacks	635	(1)
the partnership with Rakoczi against Lupu and the Cossacks	636	(1)
the concealment of this action from the emperor and the Porte	637	(1)
the dispatching of the Polish army to Moldavia in the guise of volunteers	637	(1)
Rakoczi breaks with the Cossacks	638	(2)
Tymish's departure on the campaign	640	(1)
his march toward Suceava	640	(1)
Hospodar Stefan's account of this campaign	641	(1)
the accounts of Costin	641	(1)
and Paul of Aleppo	642	(1)
of the siege of Suceava. The dire situation of the besieged	643	(1)
The Tatars abandon Tymish	644	(1)
News of the hetman	644	(1)
The demise of Tymish: interest in his person	645	(1)
accounts of his inclinations toward debauchery	645	(2)
romantic stories about his death	647	(1)
Cossack accounts of the Liakh betrayal	648	(1)
various versions of the circumstances of Tymish's death	649	(1)
comments and characterizations	649	(1)
the exact date of his death	650	(1)
The garrison continues to defend itself	650	(1)
Fedorovych succeeds Tymish as commander	650	(2)
the hetman's approach	652	(1)
Lupu endeavors to rescue the garrison	653	(1)
The king obtains a capitulation---Machowski's mission	654	(1)
the capitulation agreement	654	(1)
The Poles fail to uphold the agreement	655	(1)
the Cossacks leave for Ukraine with Tymish's body	655	(1)
the fate of Lupu's wife	656	(2)
and Lupu's treasures	658	(1)
rumors about Kondracki	658	(1)
the khan arrests Lupu	659	(1)
Janusz Radziwill's grievances over such a finale to the affair	659	(1)
Fedorovych's tragic demise	660	(1)
Tymish's funeral	661	(1)
Rudawski describes his sepulchre and the fate of his widow, Roksanda	661	(1)
Roksanda in Rashkiv	662	(1)
her letters to the tsar in 1660 and 1664	662	(2)
Appendixes
1. The Warsaw Religious Discussion of 1650	664	(19)
2. The Vilnius Panegyric to Khmelnytsky	683	(5)
Supplements
Draft of the sultan's letter to the hetman of 10 August 1650	688	(2)
Letters to the hetman from Istanbul in March 1651	690	(3)
Correspondence concerning permission for the Cossack Host to go through Muscovite territory to Roslavl in 1651	693	(1)
Reports to the royal prince Karol Ferdynand in 1651	694	(1)
The letter of autumn 1651 from the hetman to the Turkish sultan	694	(1)
Ukrainian emigration from the Siverian region in connection with the billeting of Polish troops beyond the Dnipro in 1652	695	(1)
The hetman's mission to the Porte of spring 1652	695	(1)
The date of Hetman Potocki's report	696	(1)
Lupu's and Khmelnytsky's plans for Wallachia and Transylvania	696	(1)
'To drink tobacco'	696	(1)
Nosach in Moldavia	697	(1)
Bisaccioni on the siege of Suceava	697	(2)
Bibliography	699	(9)
Abbreviations	699	(1)
Unpublished Sources	700	(1)
Published Sources	701	(3)
Secondary Literature	704	(4)
Tables of Hetmans and Rulers	708	(7)
Translations and Publications Consulted	715	(1)
Index	716