Why Do We Study the History of Art? | |
The Artistic Impulse | |
Chronology | |
Why Do We Value Art? | |
Material Value | |
Intrinsic Value | |
Brancusi’s Bird: Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art? | |
Religious Value | |
Nationalistic Value | |
Psychological Value | |
Art and Illusion | |
Images and Words | |
Traditions Equating Artists with Gods | |
Art and Identification | |
Reflections and Shadows: Legends of How Art Began | |
Image Magic | |
Architecture | |
Archaeology and Art History | |
Methodologies of Art History | |
Formalism | |
Iconography and Iconology | |
Marxism | |
Feminism | |
Biography and Autobiography | |
Semiology | |
Deconstruction | |
Psychoanalysis | |
The Language of Art | |
Composition | |
Plane | |
Balance | |
Line | |
Expressive Qualities of Line | |
Lines Used for Modeling | |
Depth | |
The Illusion of Depth | |
Perspective | |
Space | |
Shape | |
Types of Shapes | |
Expressive Qualities of Shape | |
Light and Color | |
Physical Properties of Color | |
Expressive Qualities of Color | |
Texture | |
Stylistic Terminology | |
Prehistoric Western Europe | |
The Stone Age | |
Paleolithic | |
MAP: Prehistoric Site in Europe | |
Sculpture | |
Technique: Carving | |
Technique: Modeling | |
Technique: Categories of Sculpture | |
Painting | |
Media: Pigment | |
Beyond the West: Rock Paintings of Australia | |
Mesolithic | |
Neolithic | |
Menhirs | |
Dolmens | |
Cromlechs | |
Architecture: Post-and-Lintel Construction | |
The Ancient Near East | |
The Neolithic Era | |
MAP: The Mediterranean and the Ancient Near East | |
Jericho | |
Çatal Hüyük | |
Mesopotamia | |
Primary Source: Inanna | |
The Uruk Period | |
Ziggurats | |
Religion: Mesopotamian Gods | |
Cylinder Seals | |
From Pictures to Words | |
Literature: Gilgamesh | |
Sumer: Early Dynastic Period | |
Akkad | |
Society and Culture: Sargon of Akkad | |
Neo-Sumerian | |
The Ziggurat of Ur | |
Babylon | |
Society and Culture: The Law Code of Hammurabi | |
Anatolia: The Hittites | |
Assyria | |
Technique: Glazing | |
The Neo-Babylonian Empire | |
Architecture: Round Arches | |
Iran | |
Society and Culture: Destroying the Archaeological Record | |
The Scythians | |
Achaemenid Persia | |
Architecture: Columns | |
Ancient Egypt | |
The Gift of the Nile | |
The Pharaohs | |
The Egyptian Concept of Kingship | |
Chronology: Egyptian Kings | |
MAP: Ancient Egypt and Nubia | |
The Palette of Narmer | |
Religion: Egyptian Gods | |
The Old Kingdom | |
Pyramids | |
Mummification | |
Sculpture | |
Technique: The Egyptian Canon of Proportion | |
The Middle Kingdom | |
The New Kingdom | |
Temples | |
Painting | |
The Amarna Period | |
Tutankhamon’s Tomb | |
Egypt and Nubia | |
The Rock-Cut Temple of Ramses II | |
Meroë | |
The Aegean | |
Cycladic Civilization | |
MAP: The Ancient Aegean World | |
Minoan Civilization | |
The Palace at Knossos | |
Media and Technique: Minoan Fresco | |
Religion | |
Pottery | |
Society and Culture: Minoan Scripts | |
Discoveries at Thera | |
The Frescoes | |
Mycenaean Civilization | |
Myth: The Legend of Agamemnon | |
The Art of Ancient Greece | |
MAP: Ancient Greece and the Eastern Mediterranean | |
Cultural Identity | |
Government and Philosophy | |
Philosophy: Plato on Artists | |
Society and Culture: Women in Ancient Greece | |
Literature and Drama | |
“Man Is the Measure of All Things” | |
Religion: Greek Gods and Their Roman Counterparts | |
Painting and Pottery | |
Geometric Style | |
Orientalizing Style | |
Archaic Style | |
Media and Technique: Greek Vases | |
Late Archaic to Classical Style | |
Classical to Hellenistic Style | |
Sculpture | |
Archaic Style | |
Early Classical Style | |
Media and Technique: The Lost-Wax Process | |
Classical Style | |
Classical Architecture: The Athenian Acropolis | |
The Parthenon | |
Architecture: Plan of the Parthenon | |
Architecture: The Greek Orders | |
Myth: Medusa | |
The Temple of Athena Nike | |
The Erechtheum | |
Late Classical Style | |
The Greek Theater | |
Architecture: Greek Theater | |
Sculpture | |
Style: The “Hermes of Praxiteles” | |
Hellenistic Period | |
Sculpture | |
Myth: The Trojan Horse | |
The Art of the Etruscans | |
MAP: Etruscan and Roman Italy | |
Architecture | |
Pottery and Sculpture | |
Women in Etruscan Art | |
Funerary Art | |
Cinerary Containers | |
Sarcophagi | |
Tomb Paintings | |
Ancient Rome | |
MAP: The Roman Empire, A.D. 14-282 | |
Primary Source: Virgil’s Aeneid | |
Chronology: Roman Periods | |
Architecture: Arches, Domes, and Vaults | |
Architectural Types | |
Domestic Architecture | |
Public Buildings | |
History: Julius Caesar | |
Media: Roman Building Materials | |
Religious Architecture | |
Commemorative Architecture | |
Primary Source: Josephus and the Jewish Wars | |
Sculptural Types | |
The Sarcophagus | |
Media: Color Symbolism in Roman Marble | |
Portraits | |
History: Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher | |
Pictorial Style | |
Painting and Mosaic | |
Early Christian and Byzantine Art | |
A New Religion | |
Constantine and Christianity | |
The Divergence of East and West | |
Religion: Christianity and the Scriptures | |
Early Christian Art | |
Sarcophagi | |
Religion: Christian Symbolism | |
History: The Catacombs | |
Basilicas | |
Religion: Saint Peter | |
Centrally Planned Churches | |
Justinian and the Byzantine Style | |
San Vitale | |
Media and Technique: Mosaics | |
MAP: The Byzantine Empire under Justinian I, A.D. 565 | |
Hagia Sophia | |
The Codex | |
The Vienna Genesis | |
Media: Parchment | |
Later Byzantine Developments | |
The Early Middle Ages | |
Islamic Art | |
Religion: Islam | |
The Great Mosque, Córdoba | |
Northern European Art | |
Anglo-Saxon Metalwork | |
Primary Source: Beowulf | |
Hiberno-Saxon Art | |
Media and Technique: Manuscript Illumination | |
The Carolingian Period | |
MAP: The Holy Roman Empire under Charlemagne, 814 | |
Manuscripts | |
Religion: Revelation and the Four Symbols of the Evangelists | |
Monasteries | |
Ottonian Period | |
Romanesque Art | |
Economic and Political Developments | |
Society and Culture: Feudalism | |
Pilgrimage Roads | |
MAP: Pilgrimage Roads to Santiago de Compostela, Spain | |
Architecture | |
Sainte-Foy at Conques | |
Developments at Autun | |
The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych | |
Manuscripts | |
Mural Painting | |
The “Bayeux Tapestry” | |
Gothic Art | |
Origins of the Gothic Style in France | |
Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis | |
Religion: The Life of Saint Denis | |
Elements of Gothic Architecture | |
Rib Vaults | |
Piers | |
Flying Buttresses | |
Pointed Arches | |
The Skeleton | |
Stained-Glass Windows | |
Society and Culture: Guilds | |
Romanesque Precursors of Gothic | |
The Age of Cathedrals | |
Chartres | |
Exterior Architecture of Chartres | |
Exterior Sculpture of Chartres | |
Interior of Chartres | |
Later Developments of the French Gothic Style | |
Reims | |
Paris: Reliquary Chapel of Sainte-Chapelle | |
The Saint Louis Psalter | |
English Gothic | |
Salisbury Cathedral | |
German Gothic | |
Cologne Cathedral | |
Precursors of the Renaissance | |
Thirteenth-Century Italy | |
Nicola Pisano | |
Cimabue | |
MAP: Leading Art Centers in Renaissance Italy | |
Fourteenth-Century Italy | |
Giotto | |
Literature: Dante: Poet of Heaven and Hell | |
Media and Technique: Tempera | |
Media and Technique: Altarpieces | |
The Arena Chapel | |
Media and Technique: Fresco | |
Painting in Siena | |
Duccio’s Rucellai Madonna | |
The Maestà | |
The Kiss of Judas | |
Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Effects of Good Government | |
The International Gothic Style | |
Claus Sluter | |
The Limbourg Brothers | |
The Early Renaissance | |
Italy in the Fifteenth Century | |
Renaissance Humanism | |
Society and Culture: The Humanist Movement | |
Society and Culture: Soldiers of Fortune | |
The Competition for the Florence Baptistery Doors | |
Brunelleschi’s Architecture | |
History: Vasari’s Lives | |
Linear Perspective | |
Ghiberti’s East Baptistery Doors | |
The Early Fifteenth-Century Painting | |
Masaccio | |
International Style in Italy: Gentile da Fabriano | |
Technique: Aerial Perspective | |
Early Fifteenth-Century Sculpture: Donatello’s David | |
Second-Generation Developments | |
Leon Battista Alberti | |
The Theme of David and Goliath | |
The Equestrian Portrait | |
State Portraits | |
Media: Oil Painting | |
Monumentality versus Spirituality in Fifteenth-Century Painting | |
Filippo Lippi | |
Andrea Mantegna’s Illusionism | |
History: Isabella d’Este | |
Botticelli’s Mythological Subject Matter | |
Philosophy: The Platonic Academy | |
Fifteenth-Century Painting in the Netherlands | |
MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance | |
Campin’s Mérode Altarpiece | |
Jan van Eyck | |
Rogier van der Weyden | |
Later Developments | |
The High Renaissance in Italy | |
Architecture | |
The Ideal of the Circle and Centrally Planned Churches | |
St. Peter’s and the Central Plan | |
History: Julius II | |
Painting and Sculpture | |
Leonardo da Vinci | |
Technique: Sfumato | |
Michelangelo Buonarroti | |
Raphael | |
Developments in Venice | |
Gentile Bellini | |
Giovanni Bellini and the Sacra Conversazione | |
Theory: Pietro Aretino on Color versus Drawing | |
Giorgione | |
Titian | |
Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy | |
Politics and Religion | |
History: The Reformation | |
Mannerism | |
Mannerist Painting | |
Society and Culture: Vasari on Women Artists | |
Mannerist Sculpture | |
History: The Counter-Reformation | |
Counter-Reformation Painting | |
Tintoretto | |
History: The Painter’s Daughter | |
El Greco | |
Architecture: Andrea Palladio | |
Theory: The Four Books of Architecture | |
Sixteenth-Century Painting and Printmaking in Northern Europe | |
Humanism in the North | |
MAP: Northern and Central Europe in the Renaissance | |
The Netherlands | |
Hieronymus Bosch | |
History: Martin Luther | |
Caterina van Hemessen | |
Pieter Bruegel the Elder | |
Literature: W.H. Auden’s Icarus | |
Germany | |
Albrecht Dürer | |
Media and Technique: Printmaking | |
Society and Culture: The Myth of the Mad Artist | |
History: Erasmus | |
Matthias Grünewald | |
Lucas Cranach | |
Hans Holbein the Younger | |
The Baroque Style in Western Europe | |
Religion, Politics, and Science | |
Baroque Style | |
MAP: Europe during the Baroque Style | |
Architecture | |
Italy | |
France | |
Society and Culture: The French Academy | |
England | |
Sculpture: Gianlorenzo Bernini | |
Italian Baroque Painting | |
Caravaggio | |
Artemisia Gentileschi | |
Society and Culture: Women as Artists from Antiquity to the 17th Century | |
Giovanni Battista Gaulli | |
Baroque Painting in Northern Europe | |
Flanders: Peter Paul Rubens | |
Holland: Rembrandt van Rijn | |
Technique: Etching | |
Beyond the West: Mughal Art and the Baroque | |
Frans Hals | |
Judith Leyster | |
Jan Vermeer | |
Jacob van Ruisdael | |
Maria van Oosterwyck | |
Spanish Baroque Painting | |
Juan Sánchez Cotán | |
Francesco de Zurburán | |
Diego Velázquez | |
French Baroque Painting: Nicolas Poussin | |
Rococo, the Eighteenth Century, and Revival Styles | |
Cultural Developments | |
Society and Culture: Salons and Salonnières | |
The Age of Enlightenment | |
Painting in France | |
Antoine Watteau | |
Jean-Honoré Fragonard | |
Adélaide Labille-Guiard | |
Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun | |
History: Prelude to the French Revolution | |
Bourgeois Realism: Jean-Baptiste Chardin | |
Painting in England | |
Thomas Gainsborough | |
William Hogarth | |
Rococo Architecture in Germany | |
Balthasar Neumann | |
Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann | |
Dominikus Zimmermann | |
Architectural Revivals in England | |
Classicism: Lord Burlington and Robert Adam | |
Gothic Revival: Horace Walpole | |
Neoclassicism: Angelica Kauffmann | |
American Painting | |
John Singleton Copley | |
Benjamin West | |
Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries | |
The Neoclassical Style in France | |
Jacques-Louis David | |
Chronology: The French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon | |
Napoleon and the Arts | |
Antonio Canova | |
Marie-Guillemine Benoist | |
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres | |
MAP: The Napoleonic Empire, 1812 | |
Developments in America | |
The American Revolution | |
Chronology: The American Campaign for Independence | |
The Architecture of Thomas Jefferson | |
MAP: The United States, showing states and territories during Jefferson’s presidency, c. 1803 | |
John Trumbull’s Declaration of Independence | |
Greenough’s George Washington | |
Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries | |
The Romantic Movement | |
Architecture | |
Music and Poetry: Romanticism in Music and Poetry | |
Sculpture | |
Painting in Europe | |
William Blake | |
Media and Technique: Watercolor | |
Théodore Géricault | |
Society and Culture: The Salon | |
Eugène Delacroix | |
Francisco de Goya y Lucientes | |
Media and Technique: Aquatint | |
Germany: Caspar David Friedrich | |
Theory: The Aesthetic of the Sublime | |
England: John Constable and Joseph Mallord William Turner | |
Painting in the United States | |
Thomas Cole | |
Literature: American Romantic Writers | |
Folk Art: Edward Hicks | |
Albert Bierstadt | |
Nineteenth-Century Realism | |
Cultural and Political Context | |
Philosophy: The Communist Manifesto | |
Literature: Realism | |
French Realism | |
Jean-François Millet | |
Rosa Bonheur | |
Gustave Courbet | |
Honoré Daumier | |
Media and Technique: Lithography | |
Society and Culture: Daumier and Satire | |
Photography | |
France: Nadar | |
England: Julia Margaret Cameron | |
America: Mathew Brady | |
American Realist Painting | |
Thomas Eakins’s Gross Clinic | |
Henry Ossawa Tanner | |
French Realism in the 1860s | |
Édouard Manet’s Déjeuner sur l’Herbe | |
Manet’s Olympia | |
Architecture | |
Joseph Paxton: The Crystal Palace | |
Bridges: The Roeblings | |
The Eiffel Tower | |
Origins of the Skyscraper: Louis Sullivan | |
Nineteenth-Century Impressionism | |
Context and Style | |
Society and Culture: Urban Renewal during the Second Empire | |
Painting in France | |
Édouard Manet: 1880s | |
Pierre-Auguste Renoir | |
Edgar Degas | |
Mary Cassatt | |
Berthe Morisot | |
Claude Monet | |
Views of Paris: Renoir and Pissarro | |
Beyond the West: Japanese Woodblock Prints | |
French Sculpture: Auguste Rodin | |
American Painting at the Turn of the Century | |
Winslow Homer | |
John Singer Sargent | |
“Art for Art’s Sake” | |
Whistler vs. Ruskin | |
Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century | |
Post-Impressionist Painting | |
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec | |
Paul Cézanne | |
An Apple a Day… | |
Georges Seurat | |
Vincent van Gogh | |
“Dear Theo”-The Letters of Vincent van Gogh | |
Paul Gauguin | |
Beyond the West: Gauguin and Oceania | |
Symbolism | |
Society and Culture: The Symbolist Movement | |
Gustave Moreau | |
Edvard Munch | |
Naïve Painting: Henri Rousseau | |
History: Freud on the Mechanisms of Dreaming | |
The Early Twentieth Century: Picasso, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse | |
Culture and Context | |
Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse | |
Symbolism: Picasso’s Blue Period | |
Literature: Wallace Stevens: “The Man with the Blue Guitar” | |
Beyond the West: African Art and the European Avant-Garde | |
Fauvism: Matisse in 1905-1906 | |
Expressionism | |
The Bridge (Die Brücke) | |
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner | |
Emil Nolde | |
The Blue Rider (Der Blaue Reiter) | |
Vassily Kandinsky | |
Franz Marc | |
Käthe Kollwitz | |
Matisse after Fauvism | |
Harmony in Red | |
Dance 1 | |
Icarus | |
Cubism, Futurism, and Related Twentieth-Century Styles | |
Cubism | |
Precursors | |
History: Gertrude Stein | |
Analytic Cubism: Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque | |
Collage | |
Media and Technique: Collage and Assemblage | |
Synthetic Cubism | |
Picasso’s Surrealism | |
Picasso’s Guernica | |
Other Early Twentieth-Century Developments | |
Futurism | |
Fernand Léger’s The City | |
Piet Mondrian | |
The Armory Show | |
Stuart Davis | |
Aaron Douglas and the Harlem Renaissance | |
Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism | |
Postscript | |
Architecture | |
Frank Lloyd Wright and the Prairie Style | |
Architecture: Cantilever | |
The International Style | |
Holland: De Stijl | |
Germany: The Bauhaus | |
France: Le Corbusier | |
The United States | |
Dada, Surrealism, Social Realism, Regionalism, and Abstraction | |
Dada | |
Marcel Duchamp | |
Jean (Hans) Arp | |
Surrealism | |
Man Ray | |
Paul Klee | |
Salvador Dalí | |
Joan Miró | |
René Magritte | |
Sculpture Derived from Surrealism | |
Max Ernst | |
Alberto Giacometti | |
Henry Moore | |
Alexander Calder | |
The United States: Regionalism and Social Realism | |
Grant Wood | |
Jacob Lawrence | |
Edward Hopper | |
James VanDerZee | |
Dorothea Lange | |
Mexico | |
Diego Rivera | |
Frida Kahlo | |
Toward American Abstraction | |
Alfred Stieglitz | |
Georgia O’Keeffe | |
Transcendental Painting | |
Society and Culture: American Self-Taught Painters | |
Mid-Century American Abstraction | |
The Teachers: Hans Hofmann and Josef Albers | |
Abstract Expressionism | |
The New York School | |
Arshile Gorky | |
Theory: The Avant-Garde | |
Action Painting | |
Jackson Pollock | |
Media and Technique: Navajo Sand Painting | |
Franz Kline | |
Willem de Kooning | |
Mark Rothko | |
Color Field Painting | |
Helen Frankenthaler | |
Media and Technique: Acrylic | |
Frank Stella | |
Ellsworth Kelly | |
West Coast Abstraction: Richard Diebenkorn | |
Sculpture | |
Isamu Noguchi | |
David Smith | |
Louise Nevelson | |
Pop Art, Op Art, Minimalism, and Conceptualism | |
Pop Art in England: Richard Hamilton | |
Pop Art in the United States | |
Jasper Johns | |
Robert Rauschenberg | |
Andy Warhol | |
Roy Lichtenstein | |
Tom Wesselmann | |
Wayne Thiebaud | |
Sculpture | |
Op Art | |
Minimalism | |
Donald Judd | |
Dan Flavin | |
Agnes Martin | |
Eva Hesse | |
Conceptualism: | |
Joseph Kosuth | |
Sol Lewitt | |
Action Sculpture: Joseph Beuys | |
Continuity, Innovation, and Globalization | |
Return to Realism | |
Chuck Close | |
Richard Estes | |
Duane Hanson | |
Ron Mueck and Constantin Brancusi | |
Performance | |
Gilbert and George | |
Laurie Anderson | |
Architecture | |
The Geodesic Dome: R. Buckminster Fuller | |
Post-Modern Architecture | |
Environmental Art | |
Robert Smithson | |
Andy Goldsworthy | |
Christo and Jeanne-Claude | |
Urban Environment | |
Society and Culture: Government Funding and Censorship | |
Installations | |
Feminist Art | |
Judy Chicago | |
Kiki Smith | |
Elizabeth Murray | |
Race and Gender | |
Bob Thompson | |
Romare Bearden | |
Kara Walker | |
Yasumasa Morimura | |
Plus ça change… | |
Susan Rothenberg | |
Anselm Kiefer | |
Maya Ying Lin | |
Nancy Graves | |
Bruce Nauman and Marcel Duchamp | |
Cindy Sherman | |
Video Art | |
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