In Hope of Liberty Culture, Community and Protest Among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860

by Horton, James O.; Horton, Lois E.

• ISBN13: 9780195047325
• ISBN10: 019504732X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1996-12-05
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Prince Hall, a black veteran of the American Revolution, was insulted and disappointed but probably not surprised when white officials refused his offer of help. He had volunteered a troop of 700 Boston area blacks to help quell a rebellion of western Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays during the economic turmoil in the uncertain period following independence. Many African Americans had fought for America's liberty and their own in the Revolution, but their place in the new nation was unresolved. As slavery was abolished in the North, free blacks gained greater opportunities, but still faced a long struggle against limits to their freedom, against discrimination, and against southern slavery. The lives of these men and women are vividly described in In Hope of Liberty, spanning the 200 years and eight generations from the colonial slave trade to the Civil War. In this marvelously peopled history, James and Lois Horton introduce us to a rich cast of characters. There are familiar historical figures such as Crispus Attucks, a leader of the Boston Massacre and one of the first casualties of the American Revolution; Sojourner Truth, former slave and eloquent antislavery and women's rights activist whose own family had been broken by slavery when her son became a wedding present for her owner's daughter; and Prince Whipple, George Washington's aide, easily recognizable in the portrait of Washington crossing the Delaware River. And there are the countless men and women who struggled to lead their daily lives with courage and dignity: Zilpha Elaw, a visionary revivalist who preached before crowds of thousands; David James Peck, the first black to graduate from an American medical school in 1848; Paul Cuffe, a successful seafaring merchant who became an ardent supporter of the black African colonization movement; and Nancy Prince, at eighteen the effective head of a scattered household of four siblings, each boarded in different homes, who at twenty-five was formally presented to the Russian court. In a seamless narrative weaving together all these stories and more, the Hortons describe the complex networks, both formal and informal, that made up free black society, from the black churches, which provided a sense of community and served as a training ground for black leaders and political action, to the countless newspapers which spoke eloquently of their aspirations for blacks and played an active role in the antislavery movement, to the informal networks which allowed far-flung families to maintain contact, and which provided support and aid to needy members of the free black community and to fugitives from the South. Finally, they describe the vital role of the black family, the cornerstone of this variegated and tightly knit community In Hope of Liberty brilliantly illuminates the free black communities of the antebellum North as they struggled to reconcile conflicting cultural identities and to work for social change in an atmosphere of racial injustice. As the black community today still struggles with many of the same problems, this insightful history reminds us how far we have come, and how far we have yet to go.

Author Biography

About the Authors:
James Oliver Horton is the Benjamin Banneker Professor of American Studies and History at the George Washington University, directs the African-American Communities Project at the Smithsonian Institution, and is the author of Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community. Lois E. Horton is Professor of Sociology and American Studies at George Mason University and the co-author of Black Bostonians: Family Life and Community Struggles in the Antebellum North.

Table of Contents

Introduction	ix
Slavery and Slave Trading in the Colonial North	3	(27)
Culture, Race, and Class in the Colonial North	30	(25)
Revolution and the Abolition of Northern Slavery	55	(22)
A Life in Freedom: The Evolution of Family and Household	77	(24)
Coping with Urban Life: Poverty, Work, and Regional Differences	101	(24)
Sustaining and Serving the Community: Building Institutions for Social and Spiritual Welfare	125	(30)
Culture, Politics, and the Issue of African-American Identity	155	(22)
Ambivalent Identity: Colonization and the Question of Emigration	177	(26)
The Growth of the Antebellum Antislavery Movement	203	(34)
The Widening Struggle, Growing Militancy, and the Hope of Liberty for All	237	(32)
Epilogue	269	(2)
Notes	271	(54)
Index	325