Hormones and Signaling

by Birnbaumer; Darnell; Evans; Hunter; Means; Wylie; O'Malley

• ISBN13: 9780123124111
• ISBN10: 0123124115
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-09-30
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Hormones and Signaling focuses on the mechanism of gene regulation at the cellular level. It also covers the way hormones act to modulate gene regulation and animal development. Key Features * Includes information on: * Nuclear receptors, coactivators, and corepressors * Membrane receptors, kinases, and phosphorylation on cascades * Hormonal regulation of development * Calcium channels and neurotransmitters * Chromatin, transcription factors, and regulation of gene expression * JAK/STAT pathways * Hormone-regulated development and gene "knock-out"

Table of Contents

Contributors	xi	(2)
Preface	xiii
Glucocorticoids and Oxysterols in Lymphoid Apoptosis	2	(40)
E. Brad Thompson
I. Introduction	2	(1)
II. Mechanisms of Action of the Glucocorticoid Receptor	3	(3)
A. Control of Transcription	3	(2)
B. Posttranscriptional Control	5	(1)
C. Regulation of Growth Factors	5	(1)
III. Actions of Oxysterols on Lymphoid Cells	6	(1)
IV. Apoptosis	7	(5)
A. DNA Lysis	8	(1)
B. Calcium Flux	8	(1)
C. Proto-oncogenes	8	(2)
D. Cell Shrinkage	10	(1)
E. Induced Lethality Genes	10	(1)
F. Fas and the Cysteine Proteases	11	(1)
G. Summary	12	(1)
V. Glucocorticoids and Oxysterols Cause Apoptosis of CEM Cells	12	(19)
A. Derivation of CEM Cell Clones	12	(2)
B. Both Glucocorticoids and Oxysterols Cause CEM Cell Death by Apoptosis	14	(2)
C. The Glucocorticoid Pathway to Apoptosis	16	(4)
D. The Role of the GR in Apoptosis: Mapping the GR for Cell Death Domains	20	(7)
E. The Oxysterol Path to Apoptosis in CEM Cells	27	(4)
VI. Conclusions	31	(1)
References	32	(10)
RAGE: A Receptor with a Taste for Multiple Ligands and Varied Pathophysiologic States	42	(24)
Ann Marie Schmidt
Jean-Luc Wautier
David Stern
Shi Du Yan
I. Introduction	42	(1)
II. Identification and Characterization of RAGE	42	(5)
III. Expression and Functions of RAGE: Endothelial Cells and Mononuclear Phagocytes	47	(4)
A. Endothelial Cells	47	(2)
B. Mononuclear Phagocytes	49	(2)
IV. RAGE and Diabetes	51	(4)
V. RAGE and Amphoterin	55	(1)
VI. RAGE and Alzheimer's Disease	56	(4)
VII. Hypothesis	60	(1)
References	61	(5)
The Function and Regulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases	66	(24)
Alexander D. Macrae
Robert J. Lefkowitz
I. Introduction	66	(1)
II. The Regulation of Cellular Signaling	66	(3)
III. The G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases	69	(2)
A. Cloning and Structure of the GRKs	69	(1)
B. Expression of the GRKs	70	(1)
IV. The Regulation of the G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases	71	(5)
A. Regulation by Membrane Association	71	(2)
B. Regulation by Membrane Lipids	73	(2)
C. Microsomal Membrane Association	75	(1)
D. Regulation by PKC	75	(1)
V. Kinase Enzymology	76	(1)
VI. Receptor-Kinase Specificity	76	(3)
VII. Animal Models	79	(2)
A. Animal Studies by Transgenic Gene Expression	79	(1)
B. Animal Studies by Gene Deletion	80	(1)
VIII. Physiological Significance	81	(2)
IX. Conclusions	83	(1)
References	83	(7)
Characteristics and Function of the Novel Estrogen Receptor XXX	90	(23)
George G. J. M. Kuiper
Stefan Nilsson
Jan-Ake Gustafsson
I. Introduction	90	(1)
II. Cloning of ERXXX cDNA	91	(4)
III. Ligand-Binding Characteristics of ER BETA Protein	95	(4)
IV. Transactivation Function of ER BETA Protein	99	(2)
V. Expression of ER BETA mRNA	101	(2)
VI. Physiological Role of ER BETA Protein	103	(3)
A. ER BETA in the ER BETA Knock-Out Mouse	103	(2)
B. ER BETA and the Prostate	105	(1)
C. ER BETA and Environmental Endocrine Disruptors	106	(1)
VII. Concluding Remarks	106	(1)
References	107	(6)
EGF Family Receptors and Their Ligands in Human Cancer	113	(54)
Careen K. Tang
Marc E. Lippman
I. Introduction	113	(1)
II. EGF Family Receptors	114	(7)
A. Overview	114	(2)
B. Structure, Expression, and Transforming Potential of EGF Family Receptors	116	(5)
III. EGF-like Growth Factors	121	(9)
A. Overview	121	(1)
B. Common Structure of EGF-like Growth Factor Family Members	121	(1)
C. Function of EGF-like Growth Factors	122	(1)
D. Expression and Biological Role of EGF-like Growth Factors	123	(7)
IV. Activation of EGF Family Receptors	130	(6)
A. Interaction between the EGF Family Receptors and Their Ligands	130	(1)
B. The Mechanisms of Receptor Activation	130	(4)
C. Heterodimerization, Transphosphorylation	134	(2)
V. Clinical Significance of EGF Family Receptors	136	(3)
A. EGFR	136	(1)
B. ErbB-2	137	(1)
C. ErbB-3	138	(1)
D. ErbB-4	139	(1)
VI. Potential Clinical Application by Targeting of EGF Family Receptor Members and Ligands	139	(6)
A. Immuno (Antibody) Therapy	140	(1)
B. Coupling of Receptor Antibodies or Ligands to Toxin Molecules	141	(2)
C. Antisense Strategies	143	(1)
D. Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (EGFR PTK Inhibitors)	144	(1)
VII. Conclusion	145	(1)
References	146	(21)
Fertilization: Common Molecular Signaling Pathways across the Species	167	(43)
Timothy A. Quill
David L. Garbers
I. Introduction	167	(1)
II. Oviductal Transport	168	(2)
III. Motility Modulation	170	(13)
A. Motility Stimulation (Chemokinesis)	170	(5)
B. Egg Peptide Receptors	175	(5)
C. Chemotaxis	180	(3)
IV. Gamete Adhesion	183	(2)
V. Acrosome Reaction	185	(7)
VI. Egg Plasma Membrane Interactions and Egg Activation	192	(3)
References	195	(15)
The JNK Family of MAP Kinases: Regulation and Function	210	(26)
Audrey Minden
Michael Karin
I. Introduction	210	(2)
II. Regulation of c-Jun Expression and Activity	212	(1)
III. Phosphorylation of the c-Jun Amino-Terminal Sites by JNK	213	(3)
IV. Signal Transduction Pathways Leading to Activation of JNK and Other MAP Kinases	216	(6)
V. Other Substrates for the JNKs	222	(2)
VI. Biological Functions of JNK and Other MAP Kinase Pathways	224	(3)
VII. Conclusions and Future Considerations	227	(1)
References	228	(8)
PPAR ALPHA: Tempting Fate with Fat	236	(23)
Pallavi R. Devchand
Walter Wahli
I. PPAR ALPHA as a Ligand-Activated Transcription Factor	236	(1)
II. Lipid Homeostasis: How Complex Can It Be?	237	(5)
A. Cell and Lipid Type	238	(1)
B. Peroxisomes Are Multifunctional Organelles	238	(3)
C. Cross-Talk at the Transcription Factor Level	241	(1)
III. PPAR ALPHA Expression during Development and Adulthood	242	(1)
IV. PPAR ALPHA and Its Activators: Open Relationships?	243	(8)
A. Assays for PPAR Activators	243	(2)
B. Fatty Acids	245	(1)
C. Channeling Arachidonic Acid	245	(4)
D. Peroxisome Proliferators	249	(1)
E. Thiazolidinediones	249	(1)
F. Species Differences	250	(1)
G. Summary of PPAR ALPHA Activation Profile	250	(1)
V. PPAR ALPHA Ligands	251	(1)
VI. PPAR ALPHA Functions	251	(4)
A. Evaluation of PPAR ALPHA Function in Vitro	251	(2)
B. PPAR ALPHA Knock-Out Mice	253	(2)
VII. Conclusion	255	(1)
References	255	(4)
Molecular Mechanisms of Neuronal Survival and Apoptosis	259	(49)
Sandeep Robert Datta
Michael E. Greenberg
I. The Neurotrophic Theory	259	(2)
II. Apoptosis--A Means of Neuronal Death	261	(1)
III. Activity, Intracellular Calcium, and Survival	262	(1)
IV. The Calcium Set-Point Hypothesis	263	(1)
V. Mechanisms of Survival: Neurotrophin Receptors and Second Messengers	264	(2)
VI. The Ras-MAPK Pathway	266	(4)
VII. The Phosphatidylinositide-3'-OH Kinase/Akt Pathway	270	(3)
VIII. Protein Kinase C	273	(1)
IX. Neurotrophin-Dependent Pathway Cross-Talk	274	(1)
X. Calcium-Dependent Kinase Pathways	274	(2)
XI. Interaction of Calcium and Neurotrophin Signaling in Survival	276	(2)
XII. Mechanisms of Death	278	(1)
XIII. Upstream Events in Neuronal Death and p75	278	(3)
XIV. Death and Second Messengers: Ceramide and JNK/p38	281	(4)
XV. Signal Integration: The Balance between Life and Death	285	(3)
XVI. Caspases and the Bcl-2 Family	288	(3)
XVII. Cell-Extrinsic Signaling Meets Cell-Intrinsic Survival and Death Mechanisms	291	(1)
XVIII. Frontiers in Neuronal Survival and Death	292	(1)
References	292	(16)
Nuclear Orphan Receptors: The Search for Novel Ligands and Signaling Pathways	308	(51)
Patricia J. Willy
David J. Mangelsdorf
I. Introduction	308	(7)
A. Background	308	(3)
B. Definition of an Orphan Receptor	311	(4)
II. Discovery of Orphan Receptor Ligands	315	(4)
A. The Hunt for Ligands	315	(1)
B. The Retinoid X Receptors	316	(3)
III. Orphan Receptors That Function as RXR Heterodimers	319	(8)
A. RXR Heterodimer Partners with Ligands and/or Activators	319	(3)
B. RXR Heterodimer Partners with No Known Ligands or Activators	322	(1)
C. Receptors That Mediate Retinoid Signaling through Heterodimerization with RXR	323	(4)
IV. Orphan Receptors That Function Independently of Dimerization with RXR	327	(13)
A. Receptors That Generally Function as Trancriptional Activators	327	(7)
B. Receptors That Generally Function as Transcriptional Repressors	334	(5)
C. Receptors with Unknown Activation Functions	339	(1)
V. Summary and Perspective	340	(2)
References	342	(17)
Index	359