Host Manipulation by Parasites

by Hughes, David P.; Brodeur, Jacques; Thomas, Frederic

• ISBN13: 9780199642243
• ISBN10: 0199642249
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2012-07-26
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Parasites that manipulate the behaviour of their hosts represent striking examples of adaptation by natural selection. This field of study is now moving beyond its descriptive phase and into more exciting areas where the processes and patterns of such dramatic adaptations can be better understood. This innovative text provides an up-to-date, authoritative, and challenging review of host manipulation by parasites that assesses the current state of developments in the field and laysout a framework for future research. It also promotes a greater integration of behavioral ecology with studies of host manipulation (behavioral ecology has tended to concentrate mainly on behaviour expressed by free living organisms and is far less focused on the role of parasites in shapingbehaviour). To help achieve this, the editors adopt a novel approach of having a prominent expert on behavioral ecology (but who does not work directly on parasites) to provide an afterword to each chapter.

Table of Contents

List of contributors	p. ix
Foreword	p. xi
A history of parasites and hosts, science and fashion	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
The days before cool	p. 1
Becoming cool	p. 6
Beyond manipulation	p. 9
Conclusion	p. 10
Afterword	p. 14
Evolutionary routes leading to host manipulation by parasites	p. 16
Introduction	p. 16
The origins of host manipulation	p. 16
Manipulation serisu stricto	p. 16
Complex parasitic cycles: the cause or the consequence of parasite manipulation?	p. 17
Host-driven scenarios of manipulation	p. 17
Exaptation?	p. 20
The evolution of manipulation after its emergence	p. 20
Genetically based variation in phenotypic alterations	p. 21
Other sources of variation	p. 22
Multidimensional manipulations: evidence of evolution or a syndrome?	p. 27
Why do multidimensional manipulations evolve?	p. 27
Simultaneous versus sequential multidimensional manipulations	p. 27
How did multidimensional manipulations evolve?	p. 28
Proximate aspects of multidimensionality	p. 29
Conducting remarks	p. 29
Afterword	p. 34
The strings of the puppet master: how parasites change host behavior	p. 36
Introduction	p. 36
How do parasites alter host behavior? Vertebrate examples	p. 36
Toxoplasma gondii	p. 36
Neuroviruses	p. 41
Invertebrate examples	p. 41
Gammarids-don't go into the light!	p. 42
Suicidal crickets	p. 43
How might parasites manipulate host behavior?	p. 45
How can parasitic infections produce specific changes in host behavior without neuroanatomical specificity?	p. 46
Afterword	p. 52
Parasites discover behavioral ecology: how to manage one's host in a complex world	p. 54
Introduction	p. 54
The problem	p. 55
A healthy caterpillar	p. 56
A parasitized caterpillar	p. 61
Discussion	p. 67
Afterword	p. 71
Manipulation of plant phenotypes by insects and insect-borne pathogens	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Plant manipulation by insect herbivores	p. 74
Gall-inducing insects	p. 75
Structural modification of host plants	p. 78
Green islands	p. 80
Manipulation of phytohormones	p. 81
Plant manipulation by insect-borne pathogens	p. 82
Manipulation of plant-pollinator interactions by fungal parasites	p. 82
Pathogen manipulation of plant-herbivore interactions	p. 85
Conclusion	p. 86
Afterword	p. 93
Visual trickery in avian brood parasites	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Accessing host nests	p. 96
The egg stage	p. 96
The nestling stage	p. 104
Visual trickery to elicit parental care	p. 107
Mimicry in generalist versus specialist parasites	p. 109
Conclusions	p. 110
Afterword	p. 116
Endosymbiotic microbes as adaptive manipulators of arthropod behavior and natural driving sources of host speciation	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Wolbachia: the multidimensional manipulator of arthropods	p. 119
Reproductive parasitism triggered by Wolbachia	p. 121
Wolbachia's repertoire of inducing non-reproductive, adaptive phenotypes	p. 123
Symbiont-directed adaptive manipulation of host sexual behavior	p. 124
Feminization-the transformation of genetic males into functional females	p. 124
Manipulating sexual mating behavior	p. 127
Conclusions	p. 131
Afterword	p. 138
Parasites and the superorganism	p. 140
Introduction	p. 140
The extended phenotype and the unitary organism	p. 140
The behavior of social insects	p. 141
Behavior of the superorganism	p. 143
Parasites divide the interests of superorganism	p. 144
Behaviorally modifying parasites of social insects	p. 144
Manipulating the whole colony	p. 147
Parasitizing social resources	p. 147
Cheating the mutualism	p. 147
Panicking the crowd	p. 148
Shifting foraging ecology	p. 149
Future directions and tests	p. 150
Afterword	p. 155
Ecological consequences of manipulative parasites	p. 158
Introduction	p. 158
What makes a manipulator important ecologically?	p. 159
Parasitic castrators and parasitoids as host behavior manipulators	p. 160
Nematomorphs, endangered charr, and crickets in Japanese streams	p. 161
Trophically transmitted parasites as host behavior manipulators	p. 162
Tapeworms, wolves, moose, and forests on Isle Royale	p. 162
Trematodes, cockles, limpets and anemones in New Zealand mudflats	p. 164
The ecological reach of host behavior manipulators	p. 165
Testing for the ecological effects of manipulative parasites	p. 165
Conclusions	p. 166
Afterword	p. 169
Applied aspects of host manipulation by parasites	p. 172
Introduction	p. 172
Manipulative parasites, biological invasions, and conservation	p. 172
Manipulative parasites in agriculture and aquaculture	p. 175
Parasite manipulation of disease vectors	p. 177
Leishmaniasis	p. 179
African sleeping sickness	p. 180
Malaria	p. 180
Parasite manipulation in humans: the case of Toxoplasma gondii	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 187
Afterword	p. 195
Behavioral manipulation outside the world of parasites	p. 198
Introduction	p. 198
A categorization of manipulation	p. 198
Deceit through sensory exploitation	p. 199
Exploitation of compensatory mechanisms	p. 200
Coercive exploitation	p. 201
Manipulation of information	p. 202
Neuroendocrine manipulation	p. 204
A brief critique of the "manipulation" concept	p. 205
Manipulation inside and outside the world of parasites: convergence and divergence	p. 205
Afterword	p. 213
Index	p. 215
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.