Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Introduction
What Grading Terminology Is Needed?
What Is the Context of Grading?
Constructivist Theories of Learning
How Do These Concepts Affect Assessment?
Why Grade?
What Are the Underlying Perspectives on Grading?
Grading Practices and Guidelines
Grading Issues
Linking Grades
The Case of Michael's Amazing Passing Shop Grade
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 1
Using Performance Standards
The Case of Sally's Shocking Grade
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 2
Grading Individual Achievement
The Case of Rick's Mysterious Falling Grade
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 3
Sampling Student Performance
The Case of Heather's Grim Grade
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 4
Changing Grades
The Case of Anil's Amazing Improvement
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 5
Crunching Numbers
The Case of Alexis' Absences
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 6
Quality Assessment and Keeping Records
The Case of Brian's Boosted Grade
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 7
Communicating With Students About Grades
The Case of Huan's Lunchtime Surprise
What's the Purpose of the Guideline?
What Are the Key Elements of the Guideline?
What's the Bottom Line?
What's My Thinking Now?
A Reflection on Guideline 8
Putting It All Together
Grade Book and Checklists
Conclusion
More Grading Issues
Grading Systems
Grading Exceptional Students
Computer Grading Programs
Calculating Grade Point Averages
Other Legal Issues
Grading Policy
Communicating Student Achievement to Others
Report Cards
Expanded-Format Reporting
Informal Communications
Student-Involved Conferencing
Summary
The Way Ahead
De-emphasizing Traditional Grades
Demystifying the Entire Grading Process
Focusing on the Process of Learning
Focusing on the Progress of the Individual Student
Summary
Recommendations
What's My Thinking Now?
Glossary
Guidelines for Grading in Standards-Based Systems
A Proposed Grading Policy
Bibliography
Additional Resources
Index
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