How to Prepare for the AP Biology Advanced Placement Exam

by Goldberg, Deborah T.

• ISBN13: 9780764179105
• ISBN10: 0764179101
• Edition: CD
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-02-02
• Publisher: Barrons Test Prep

Summary

This updated test preparation manual now includes a CD-ROM that presents virtually everything that is in the book, including its three full-length practice exams with questions answered and explained. An in-depth review of all AP Biology test topics covers biochemistry, photosynthesis, cell division, heredity, molecular genetics, evolution, plants and animals in Earth's ecological system, and laboratory procedure. Students will also find an enlightening overview of the AP Biology exam as well as study tips and test-taking advice.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 3
General Information	p. 3
The AP Exam	p. 3
Grades on the Exam	p. 5
Hints for Taking the Multiple-Choice Section	p. 6
Hints for Taking the Free-Response Section	p. 6
Subject Area Review	p. 9
Biochemistry	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Atomic Structure	p. 11
Bonding Between Atoms	p. 12
Bonding Between Molecules	p. 12
Characteristics of Water	p. 13
pH	p. 14
Isomers	p. 15
Organic Compounds	p. 15
Enzymes and Metabolism	p. 21
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 27
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 30
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 32
The Cell	p. 34
Introduction	p. 34
Comparison of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes	p. 34
How We Study Cells	p. 35
Structure and Function of the Cell	p. 36
Transport Into and Out of the Cell	p. 41
Cell Communication	p. 46
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 47
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 51
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 52
Cell Respiration	p. 54
Introduction	p. 54
ATP-Adenosine Triphosphate	p. 54
Glycolysis	p. 55
Anaerobic Respiration-Fermentation	p. 58
Structure of Mitochondrion	p. 59
Aerobic Respiration: The Krebs Cycle	p. 60
NAD and FAD	p. 61
Aerobic Respiration: The Electron Transport Chain	p. 61
Oxidative Phosphorylation and Chemiosmosis	p. 63
Summary of ATP Production	p. 63
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 65
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 68
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 69
Photosynthesis	p. 71
Introduction	p. 71
Photosynthetic Pigments	p. 71
The Chloroplast	p. 73
Photosystems	p. 73
The Light-Dependent Reactions-The Light Reactions	p. 73
The Calvin Cycle	p. 76
Photorespiration	p. 77
C-4 Photosynthesis	p. 77
CAM Plants	p. 79
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 80
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 83
Free-Response Question and Answer	p. 84
Cell Division	p. 86
Introduction	p. 86
The Cell Cycle	p. 87
Phases of the Cell Cycle	p. 87
Cell Division and Cancerous Cells	p. 89
Meiosis	p. 89
Meiosis and Genetic Variation	p. 90
Details of the Cell Cycle	p. 92
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 93
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 96
Free-Response Question and Answer	p. 98
Heredity	p. 100
Introduction	p. 100
Law of Dominance	p. 100
Law of Segregation	p. 101
Monohybrid Cross	p. 101
Backcross or Testcross	p. 102
Law of Independent Assortment	p. 102
Incomplete Dominance	p. 104
Codominance	p. 105
Multiple Alleles	p. 105
Gene Interactions	p. 106
Expressivity, Penetrance, and the Environment	p. 108
Sex-Influenced Inheritance	p. 109
Linked Genes	p. 109
Crossover and Gene Map Units	p. 110
Sex-linkage	p. 111
The Pedigree	p. 111
X Inactivation-The Barr Body	p. 112
Mutations	p. 113
Nondisjunction	p. 113
Human Inherited Disorders	p. 115
Probability-Multiplication and Addition	p. 115
Genomic Imprinting	p. 116
Extranuclear Inheritance	p. 116
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 117
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 122
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 124
The Molecular Basis of Inheritance	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
The Search for Inheritable Material	p. 125
The Structure of Nucleic Acids	p. 128
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes	p. 129
DNA Replication in Prokaryotes	p. 131
DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein	p. 131
Gene Mutation	p. 134
The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria	p. 135
Prions	p. 139
Transposons	p. 140
The Human Genome	p. 140
Recombinant DNA	p. 141
Cloning Genes	p. 141
Tools and Techniques of Recombinant DNA	p. 141
Ethical Considerations	p. 143
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 144
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 149
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 151
Classification	p. 155
Introduction	p. 155
The Five-Kingdom Classification System	p. 155
Animals	p. 157
Nine Common Animal Phyla	p. 158
Characteristics of Mammals	p. 161
Characteristics of Primates	p. 162
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 163
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 165
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 166
Evolution	p. 168
Introduction	p. 168
Evidence for Evolution	p. 168
Historical Context for Evolutionary Theory	p. 169
Natural Selection	p. 171
Types of Selection	p. 171
Sources of Variation in a Population	p. 173
Causes of Evolution of a Population	p. 175
Sources of Stability in Populations-Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium	p. 177
Speciation and Reproductive Isolation	p. 179
Patterns of Evolution	p. 181
Modern Theory of Macroevolution	p. 182
The Origin of Life	p. 183
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 184
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 188
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 189
Plants	p. 192
Introduction	p. 192
Classification of Plants	p. 192
Strategies That Enabled Plants to Move to Land	p. 193
How Plants Grow	p. 193
Plant Tissue	p. 194
Roots	p. 196
Stems	p. 197
The Leaf	p. 198
Transport in Plants	p. 199
Plant Reproduction	p. 200
Alternation of Generations	p. 201
Plant Responses to Stimuli	p. 203
Signal Transduction Pathway	p. 205
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 206
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 209
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 211
Animal Physiology	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Digestion Among Different Animals	p. 213
Digestion in Humans	p. 214
Gas Exchange Among Different Animals	p. 215
Gas Exchange in Humans	p. 216
Human Circulation	p. 218
Chemical Signals	p. 221
Temperature Regulation	p. 224
Osmoregulation	p. 225
Excretion	p. 226
Nervous System	p. 229
Muscle	p. 234
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 236
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 244
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 247
The Human Immune System	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms	p. 249
Specific Defense Mechanisms	p. 250
Types of Immunity	p. 254
ABO Antibodies	p. 254
AIDS Virus	p. 255
Positive Feedback in the Immune System	p. 255
Other Information Related to Immunity	p. 255
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 256
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 259
Free-Response Question and Answer	p. 260
Animal Reproduction and Development	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Asexual Reproduction	p. 261
Sexual Reproduction	p. 262
Embryonic Development	p. 265
Factors that Influence Embryonic Development	p. 267
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 269
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 272
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 274
Ecology	p. 276
Introduction	p. 276
Properties of Populations	p. 276
Population Growth	p. 278
Community Structure and Population Interactions	p. 281
The Food Chain	p. 282
Ecological Succession	p. 283
Biomes	p. 284
Chemical Cycles	p. 287
Humans and the Biosphere	p. 287
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 289
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 294
Free-Response Questions and Answers	p. 295
Animal Behavior	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
Fixed Action Pattern	p. 297
Learning	p. 297
Social Behavior	p. 299
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 300
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 302
Free-Response Question and Answer	p. 303
Laboratory Section	p. 305
Laboratory Review	p. 307
Graphing	p. 307
Designing an Experiment	p. 308
The 12 Recommended Biology Laboratories	p. 309
Diffusion and Osmosis	p. 309
Enzyme Catalysis	p. 311
Mitosis and Meiosis	p. 312
Plant Pigments and Photosynthesis	p. 314
Cell Respiration	p. 316
Molecular Biology	p. 317
Genetics-The Fruit Fly	p. 319
Population Genetics and Evolution	p. 320
Transpiration	p. 321
Physiology of the Circulatory System	p. 322
Animal Behavior	p. 323
Dissolved Oxygen and Aquatic Primary Productivity	p. 324
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 325
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 327
Extra Preparation for the AP Exam	p. 329
Major Themes in AP Biology	p. 331
Energy Transfer	p. 331
Relationship of Structure to Function	p. 332
Regulation	p. 333
Interdependence of Nature	p. 333
Evolution	p. 334
Analysis of Real Student Essays	p. 335
Sample Essay A	p. 335
Analysis of Essay A	p. 335
Sample Essay B	p. 336
Analysis of Essay B	p. 337
Practice Exams	p. 339
Model AP Biology Exam No. 1	p. 341
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 341
Reading Period	p. 360
Writing Period	p. 360
Answers	p. 361
Explanations	p. 362
Model AP Biology Exam No. 2	p. 376
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 376
Reading Period	p. 398
Writing Period	p. 399
Answers	p. 400
Explanations	p. 400
Model AP Biology Exam No. 3	p. 416
Multiple-Choice Questions	p. 416
Reading Period	p. 436
Writing Period	p. 436
Answers	p. 437
Explanations	p. 438
Appendices and Glossary	p. 455
Appendices	p. 457
Science as Process-Nobel Prize Winners and Research Topics	p. 457
Bibliography	p. 460
Commonly Used Prefixes and Suffixes	p. 461
Measurements Used in Biology	p. 463
Geologic Time Scale	p. 464
Glossary	p. 466
Index	p. 485
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