Human Adaptive Strategies: Ecology, Culture, and Politics

by Bates, Daniel G.

• ISBN13: 9780205327683
• ISBN10: 0205327680
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Based on Bates' Cultural Anthropology, this text provides a framework for analyzing cultures based on their economic systems. Cultural ecology is the study of human behavior and culture within an environmental context. It examines how humans adapt to their environment and how the environment shapes culture. Based on a selection of materials from Bates' and Fratkin's Cultural Anthropology, Second Edition , Human Adaptive Strategies uses case studies to show how cultures evolved within the context of their environment and how their methods of surviving in their environment have affected other aspects of their culture. One reviewer says, Concentrating, as the book does, on subsistence patterns and cultural ecology, it creates a conceptual structure conducive to the needs of the introductory student in anthropology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
The Study of Human Behavior	1	(21)
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry	2	(1)
Holism	3	(1)
Cultural Relativism	3	(2)
The Role of Theory	5	(1)
The Science of Anthropology	5	(4)
Studying Cultural Behavior: Fieldwork, Data Collection, and Analysis	6	(1)
Objectivity and Science in Anthropology	7	(1)
Ethnography and Ethnology from Other Times, Other Places	8	(1)
Aspects of Culture	9	(5)
Culture Gives Meaning to Reality	10	(1)
Culture Creates Gender	11	(1)
Becoming Invisible	12	(1)
Culture is Integrated	13	(1)
Culture is Adaptive	13	(1)
Behavior, Language, and Learning	14	(5)
Language, Biology, and Culture	16	(3)
Summary	19	(1)
Key Terms	20	(1)
Suggested Readings	20	(2)
Evolution, Ecology, and Politics	22	(28)
The Human Evolutionary Legacy	22	(6)
Darwin: Evolution by Natural Selection	24	(1)
Mendel: The Genetics of Natural Selection	25	(1)
Evolution and Human Culture	26	(2)
Human Ecology	28	(5)
The Nature of Ecological Systems	28	(2)
The Human Ecological Context	30	(1)
Ecosystems and Adaptation	31	(2)
The Evolution of Procurement Systems	33	(2)
Adapting to Environmental Problems	35	(7)
Adapting to Available Resources	36	(2)
Risk Management in a Mountain Farming Ecosystem	38	(1)
Adapting to Resource Fluctuation	39	(1)
Management and Mismanagement	40	(2)
Political Ecology	42	(5)
Access to Resources: Cooperation and Competition	42	(1)
``Scramble Competition'' among the Pathans of Pakistan	42	(1)
Environmental Uncertainty	43	(1)
Politics and Access to Resources	44	(2)
Gender, Politics, and Property	46	(1)
Whose Cows are They, Anyway?	46	(1)
Summary	47	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Suggested Readings	48	(2)
Foraging	50	(28)
Who Speaks for Whom?	52	(1)
The Organization of Energy	53	(2)
Managing Resources	54	(1)
Food as Energy	54	(1)
Social Organization	55	(4)
Economic Exchange: Reciprocity	56	(1)
Canadian Indians Vindicate Their oral History and Win Land Rights	57	(1)
Power, Influence, and Social Control	58	(1)
Settlement Patterns and Mobility	59	(1)
Resilience, Stability, and Change	59	(1)
The Dobe Ju/'hoansi	60	(7)
Climate and Resources	61	(1)
Settlement Patterns	62	(1)
Social Practices and Group Composition	62	(1)
Reciprocity	63	(1)
Quality of Life: Diet and Nutrition	64	(1)
Demography	65	(1)
The People of the Dobe Today	66	(1)
The Inuit or Eskimo	67	(6)
The Arctic Ecosystem	67	(1)
The Seasonal Migrations	67	(2)
Demography	69	(1)
Social Relationships	69	(1)
The Impact of Modernization	69	(4)
The Break Foragers of the Philippines	73	(2)
Summary	75	(1)
Key Terms	76	(1)
Suggested Readings	77	(1)
Horticulture: Feeding the Household	78
The Horticultural Adaptation	79	(8)
Prehistoric Origins of Agriculture	79	(1)
Red Rice out of Africa	80	(2)
Energy Use and the Ecosystem	82	(1)
Horticultural Cultivation Methods	83	(2)
Social Organization	85	(2)
The Yanomamo	87	(8)
Farming in the Jungle	87	(2)
Village Life	89	(1)
Warfare and Violence	90	(3)
Future Prospects for the Yanomamo	93	(1)
Brazilian Indians and the Environmental Alliance	94	(1)
The Pueblo of North America	95	(5)
Two Environments	96	(2)
Two Social Patterns	98	(2)
Summary	100	(1)
Key Terms	101	(1)
Suggested Readings	101	(3)
Nomadic Pastoralism	103	(26)
The Pastoral Adaptation	104	(2)
Development	104	(1)
The Organization of Energy	104	(1)
Nomadic Movement	105	(1)
Social Organization	106	(5)
Tribal Structure	107	(2)
Wealth, Inequality, and Status	109	(1)
Pastoralism and Market Relations	109	(1)
The Social and Symbolic Value of Livestock	110	(1)
The Ariaal of Northern Kenya	111	(6)
The Origins of the Ariaal	111	(1)
The Ariaal Adaptation	112	(3)
The Household: Organization and Status	115	(1)
The Age Grades and Age Sets	115	(1)
Gender Roles and Power	116	(1)
Can the Ariaal Survive Development?	116	(1)
The Yoruk of Turkey	117	(7)
The Situation of Pastoralists Today	118	(2)
The Market Economy	120	(1)
Social Organization	121	(1)
Adapting to a Changing Economy	122	(1)
Future Prospects	123	(1)
Resourceful Pastoralists: Building on Oasis	124	(1)
Al-Murra of Saudi Arabia	124	(2)
Summary	126	(2)
Key Terms	128	(1)
Suggested Readings	128	(1)
Intensive Agriculture: Feeding the Cities	129	(27)
The Development of Intensive Agriculture	130	(6)
A Philippine Frontier Community: Agricultural Intensification	131	(2)
The Organization of Energy	133	(2)
Environmental Resilience, Stability, and Change	135	(1)
Regional Differentiation	136	(1)
The Social Consequences of Intensive Agricultural: Peasant Farmers	136	(7)
Varieties of Peasant Farmers	136	(2)
The Peasant Household Budget	138	(1)
Small Farmers and Change	139	(1)
Access to Land	139	(1)
The Political Ecology of a Peasant Revolt	140	(1)
Sharecropping	140	(1)
Peasant Repsonses to Oppression and Changes	141	(2)
The Tamang	143	(4)
The Village	144	(1)
Field, Forest, and Pasture	144	(2)
The Domestic cycle	146	(1)
Prospects for Timling's Future	146	(1)
Where the Dove Calls: The Mexican Village of Cucurpe	147	(2)
The Kofyar of Central Nigeria	149	(2)
Directions of Change in Rural Egypt	151	(3)
Summary	154	(1)
Key Terms	155	(1)
Suggested Readings	155	(1)
Industrial Society: Feeding the World	156	(22)
The Emerging Fourth World in the New Millennium	158	(1)
From Intensive Agriculture to Industrialized Farming	159	(8)
Population Growth	160	(1)
Intensification through Science and Industry	161	(2)
Specialization	163	(1)
Centralization, Collectivization, and Communism	164	(1)
Feeding a Fifth of the World: From Chinese Communes to Farms	165	(1)
Expanding Cities and Migrant Workers	165	(2)
Village Becomes Suburb: Shinohata, Japan	167	(2)
Urbanized Rural Society: Farming in the United States	169	(4)
The Development of Agribusiness in California	169	(2)
Family Farmers in the Midwest: The Immigrant Legacy	171	(2)
The Rise and Fall of Collective Agriculture in Bulgaria	173	(3)
Summary	176	(1)
Key Terms	177	(1)
Suggested Readings	177	(1)
``Change and Development'' The Challenges of Globalism	178	(31)
Adaptation and Processes of Cultural Transformation	179	(7)
Long-Term Change: The Vikings in the North Atlantic	179	(2)
Processes of Long-Term Cultural Change	181	(2)
The Individual Dimension of Adaptation and Short-term Change	183	(1)
The Individual and Entrepreneurial Innovation	184	(1)
Acceptance of Innovation	184	(1)
Gender, Inequality, and change	185	(1)
Beyond Industrialism	186	(7)
The Integration of the Postindustrial World	188	(2)
Globalization and Development	190	(1)
Emergence of ``Cyberculture''	191	(1)
The Global Informational Society	192	(1)
The Ecological Consequences of Postindustrialism	193	(5)
Energy Consumption and Resource Depletion	193	(1)
Imaging Resource Depletion	194	(1)
Pollution and Toxic Waste	195	(1)
Toxic Accidents	196	(2)
Can We Survive Progress?	198	(4)
Development in Ecological Perspective	198	(2)
Development and Malnutrition in Northern Kenya	200	(2)
Sahel Visions	202	(3)
The Ethics of Development Work	205	(1)
Summary	206	(1)
Key Terms	207	(1)
Suggested Readings	207	(2)
Glossary	209	(6)
Bibliography	215	(14)
Index	229