Human Biology (with CD-ROM and InfoTrac)

by Starr, Cecie; McMillan, Beverly

• ISBN13: 9780534997830
• ISBN10: 053499783X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-09-28
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

In this 6th edition of HUMAN BIOLOGY, Cecie Starr and Bev McMillan have created a friendly, issues-oriented book with enormous instructional power. The Sixth Edition of Starr and McMillan's best-selling HUMAN BIOLOGY is designed to help students understand human biology by engaging them in learning in every way possible. Segments on the FREE accompanying interactive CD-ROM, as well as the CNN® Today videos, Web links, and reading from the InfoTrac® College Edition library are all integrated with the text to support, illuminate, and reinforce the text. The chapter opening "Impacts, Issues" case study focuses students on a key biology-related societal issue and is revisited throughout the chapter. Then the chapter's "How Would You Vote?" feature asks students to consider a related news topics, gather and evaluate pro/con information, apply knowledge, and cast a vote on the Web. Students can see how peers in their state and across the nation voted. The free Student CD-ROM provides access to BiologyNow, a powerful diagnostic learning tool that helps students assess their unique study needs through pretests and personalized learning plans. The content has been updated as well. Several key chapters have been reorganized to improve the flow of ideas and to better tie core concepts to illustrations. For example, the chapter on digestion and nutrition has expanded coverage of dietary guidelines and weight control. Chapter 9 provides a more focused, better-illustrated discussion of heart structure, the cardiac cycle, and circuits of blood flow. Coverage of human evolution is expanded in Chapter 24. Other updated content can be found in the chapters on the muscular system, digestive system, and cardiovascular system. There is also expanded coverage of topics such as food allergies, newly emerging infectious diseases including SARS, "Mad Cow" disease, and West Nile virus. Sections on disorders of the nervous system and immune system have been expanded too.

Table of Contents

Learning About Human Biology
Impacts, Issues What Am I Doing Here?	1	(1)
The Characteristics of Life	2	(1)
Where Do We Fit in the Natural World?	3	(1)
Humans Have Evolved Over Time	3	(1)
Humans Are Related to All Other Organisms---and Humans Also Have Some Distinctive Features	3	(1)
Life's Organization	4	(2)
Life Is Organized on Many Levels	4	(1)
Organisms Are Connected Through the Flow of Energy and Cycling of Materials	4	(2)
Science as a Way of Learning About the Natural World	6	(2)
Science Is an Approach to Gathering Knowledge	6	(1)
Scientific Reasoning Is Logical	6	(1)
Experiments Are Major Scientific Tools	7	(1)
Science in Action: Cancer, Broccoli, and Mighty Mice	8	(1)
Science in Perspective	9	(1)
A Scientific Theory Explains a Large Number of Observations	9	(1)
Science Has Limits	9	(1)
Critical Thinking in Science and Life	10	(1)
Consider the Source	10	(1)
Evaluate the Content	10	(1)
Choices: Biology and Society: What is the Truth About Herbal Food Supplements?	11	(5)
Molecules of Life
Impacts, Issues It's Elemental	15	(1)
The Atom	16	(1)
Atoms Are Composed of Smaller Particles	16	(1)
Isotopes Are Varying Forms of Atoms	16	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Saving Lives with Radioisotopes	17	(1)
What is a Chemical Bond	18	(2)
Interactions Between Atoms: Electrons Rule!	18	(1)
Chemical Bonds Join Atoms	18	(1)
Atoms Can Combine Into Molecules	19	(1)
Important Bonds in Biological Molecules	20	(2)
An Ionic Bond Joins Atoms That Have Opposite Charges	20	(1)
Electrons Are Shared in a Convalent Bond	20	(1)
A Hydrogen Bond Is a Weak Bond Between Polar Molecules	21	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Antioxidants---Fighting Free Radicals	22	(1)
Life Depends on Water	23	(1)
Water Is Liquid Due to Hydrogen Bonding	23	(1)
Water Can Absorb and Hold Heat	23	(1)
Water Is the Biological Solvent	23	(1)
Acids, Bases, and Buffers: Body Fluids in Flux	24	(2)
The pH Scale Indicates the Concentration of Hydrogen Ions	24	(1)
Acids Give Up H+ and Bases Accept H+	24	(1)
Buffers Protect Against Shifts in pH	25	(1)
A Salt Releases Other Kinds of Ions	25	(1)
Organic Compounds: Building on Carbon Atoms	26	(2)
Biological Molecules Contain Carbon	26	(1)
Carbon's Key Feature: Versatile Bonding	26	(1)
Functional Groups Affect the Chemical Behavior of Organic Compounds	26	(1)
Cells Have Chemical Tools to Assemble and Break Apart Biological Molecules	27	(1)
Carbohydrates: Plentiful and Varied	28	(2)
Simple Sugars---The Simplest Carbohydrates	28	(1)
Oligosaccharides: Short Chains of Sugar Units	28	(1)
Polysaccharides: Sugar Chains That Store Energy	29	(1)
Lipids: Fats and Their Chemical Kin	30	(2)
Fats Are Energy-Storing Lipids	30	(1)
Phospholipids Are Key Building Blocks of Cell Membranes	31	(1)
Sterols Are Building Blocks of Cholesterol and Steroids	31	(1)
Proteins: Biological Molecules with Many Roles	32	(2)
Proteins Are Built From Amino Acids	32	(1)
The Sequence of Amino Acids Is a Protein's Primary Structure	32	(2)
A Protein's Function Depends on Its Shape	34	(2)
Many Proteins Undergo Second and Third Rounds of Folding	34	(1)
Proteins Can Consist of More Than One Polypeptide Chain	34	(1)
Glycoproteins Have Sugars Attached; Lipoproteins Have Lipids	35	(1)
Disrupting a Protein's Shape Denatures It	35	(1)
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids	36	(1)
Nucleotides: Energy Carriers and Other Roles	36	(1)
Nucleic Acids Include DNA and RNA	36	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Food Production and a Chemical Arms Race	37	(5)
Cells and How They Work
Impacts, Issues When Mitochondria Spin Their Wheels	41	(1)
Cells: Organized for Life	42	(2)
All Cells Are Alike in Three Ways	42	(1)
There Are Two Basic Kinds of Cells	42	(1)
Why Are Cells Small?	43	(1)
The Structure of a Cell's Membranes Reflects Their Function	43	(1)
The Parts of a Eukaryotic Cell	44	(2)
The Plasma Membrane: A Lipid Bilayer	46	(1)
The Plasma Membrane Is a Mix of Lipids and Proteins	46	(1)
Membrane Proteins Carry Out Most Membrane Functions	46	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Sugar Wars	47	(1)
The Carbo Corps	47	(1)
Carbo Culprits, Carbo Cops	47	(1)
Cancer In the Crosshairs	47	(1)
The Nucleus	48	(2)
A Nuclear Envelope Encloses the Nucleus	48	(1)
The Nucleous Is a ``Workshop'' Where Cells Make the Subunits of Ribosomes	49	(1)
DNA Is Organized in Chromosomes	49	(1)
Events That Begin in the Nucleus Continue to Unfold in the Cell Cytoplasm	49	(1)
The Endomembrane System	50	(2)
ER: A Protein and Lipid Assembly Line	50	(1)
Golgi Bodies: Packing and Shipping	50	(1)
A Variety of Vesicles	51	(1)
Mitochondria: The Cell's Energy Factories	52	(1)
Mitochondria Make ATP	52	(1)
ATP Forms in an Inner Compartment of the Mitochondrion	52	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Microscopes: Windows Into the World of Cells	53	(1)
The Cytoskeleton: Cell Support and Movement	54	(2)
The Cytoskeleton Provides Internal Support for Cells	54	(1)
Structures That Allow Cells to Move: Flagella and Cilia	55	(1)
Moving Substances Across Membranes by Diffusion and Osmosis	56	(2)
The Plasma Membrane Is ``Selective''	56	(1)
Diffusion: A Solute Moves Down a Gradient	56	(1)
Osmosis: How Water Crosses Membrances	57	(1)
Other Ways Substances Cross Cell Membranes	58	(1)
Small Solutes Cross Membranes Through Transport Proteins	58	(1)
Vesicles Transport Large Solutes	59	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Revenge of El Tor	59	(1)
Metabolism: Doing Cellular Work	60	(2)
ATP---The Cell's Energy Currency	60	(1)
There Are Two Main Types of Metabolic Pathways	60	(1)
A Closer Look At Enzymes	61	(1)
How Cells Make ATP	62	(2)
Cells Make ATP in Three Steps	62	(1)
Step 1: Glycolysis Breaks Glucose Down to Pyruvate	62	(1)
Step 2: The Krebs Cycle Produces Energy-Rich Transport Molecules	62	(1)
Step 3: Electron Transport Produces a Large Harvest of ATP	63	(1)
Summary of Aerobic Respiration	64	(1)
Alternative Energy Sources in the Body	65	(5)
Carbohydrate Breakdown in Perspective	65	(1)
Energy From Fats	65	(1)
Energy From Proteins	65	(4)
Tissues, Organ Systems, and Homeostasis
Impacts, Issues Open or Close the Stem Cell Factories?	69	(1)
Epithelium: The Body's Covering and Linings	70	(2)
There Are Two Basic Types of Epithelia	70	(1)
Glands Develop From Epithelium	70	(2)
Connective Tissue: Binding, Support, and Other Roles	72	(2)
Three Kinds of Soft Connective Tissues	72	(1)
Specialized Connective Tissues	72	(2)
Muscle Tissue: Movement	74	(1)
Nervous Tissue: Communication	75	(1)
Neurons Carry Messages	75	(1)
Neuroglia Are Support Cells in Nervous Tissue	75	(1)
Science Comes to Life: The Human Body Shop: Engineering New Tissues and Organs	76	(2)
Replacing Tissues	76	(1)
Isn't So Simple	76	(1)
Stem Cells---But From What Source?	76	(1)
Is It Possible to Grow New Organs?	77	(1)
Cell Junctions: Holding Tissues Together	78	(1)
Membranes: Thin, Sheetlike Covers	79	(1)
Epithelial Membranes Pair Epithelium With Connective Tissue	79	(1)
Membranes in Joints Consist of Connective Tissue Alone	79	(1)
Organ Systems: Built From Tissues	80	(2)
The Skin---Example of an Organ System	82	(1)
Epidermis and Dermis---The Two Layers of Skin	82	(1)
Sweat Glands and Other Structures Are From Epidermis	83	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Sun, Skin, and the Ozone Layer	83	(1)
Homeostasis: The Body in Balance	84	(6)
The Internal Environment: A Pool of Extracellular Fluid	84	(1)
Homeostasis Requires the Interaction of Sensors, Integrators, and Effectors	84	(1)
Feedback Mechanisms Are Important Homeostatic Controls	84	(5)
The Skeletal System
Impacts, Issues Hold the Hype	89	(1)
Bone---Mineralized Connective Tissue	90	(2)
There Are Two Kinds of Bone Tissue	90	(1)
A Bone Develops on a Cartilage Template	90	(1)
There Is a Constant Turnover of the Minerals in Bone Tissue	91	(1)
The Skeleton: The Body's Bony Framework	92	(2)
The Skeleton: A Preview	92	(1)
Bone Functions Are Vital in Maintaining Homeostasis	92	(2)
The Axial Skeleton	94	(2)
The Skull: Protection for the Brain	94	(1)
Facial Bones	94	(1)
Vertebral Column: The Backbone	95	(1)
The Ribs and Sternum	95	(1)
The Appendicular Skeleton	96	(2)
The Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs	96	(1)
The Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs	97	(1)
Joints---Connections Between Bones	98	(2)
Synovial Joints Move Freely	98	(1)
Other Joints Move Little or Not At All	98	(2)
Skeletal Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries	100	(1)
Arthritis: Inflammation of Joints	100	(1)
Tendinitis and Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	100	(1)
Strains, Sprains, and Dislocations	100	(1)
Fractures: Broken Bones	101	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Replacing Joints	101	(5)
The Muscular System
Impacts, Issues Pumping Up Muscles	105	(1)
The Structure and Functioning of Skeletal Muscles	106	(2)
A Skeletal Muscle Is Built of Bundled Muscle Cells	106	(1)
Bones and Skeletal Muscles Work Like a System of Levers	106	(1)
Many Muscles Are Arranged as Pairs or in Groups	106	(2)
How Muscles Contract	108	(1)
A Muscle Contracts When Its Cells Shorten	108	(1)
Muscle Cells Shorten When Actin Filaments Slide Over Myosin	108	(1)
Energy for Muscle Cells	109	(1)
How the Nervous System Controls Muscle Contraction	110	(2)
Calcium Ions: The Key to Contraction	110	(1)
Neurons Act on Muscle Cells at Neuromuscular Junctions	111	(1)
Properties of Whole Muscles	112	(2)
Muscle Tension Is the Force Skeletal Muscles Exert on Bones	112	(1)
Muscle Cells Are Organized Into Motor Units	112	(1)
``Fast'' and ``Slow'' Muscle	113	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Muscle Matters	114	(6)
Exercise: Making the Most of Your Muscles	114	(1)
Muscle-Building Substances	114	(5)
Digestion and Nutrition
Impacts, Issues Hips and Hunger	119	(1)
The Digestive System: An Overview	120	(2)
The Digestive Tube Has Four Layers	121	(1)
Digestive System Operations Contribute to Homeostasis in Key Ways	121	(1)
Chewing and Swallowing: Food Processing Begins	122	(2)
Processing Starts With the Teeth and Salivary Gland Enzymes	122	(1)
Swallowing Has Voluntary and Involuntary Phases	123	(1)
The Stomach: Food Storage, Digestion, and More	124	(1)
The Small Intestine: A Huge Surface Area for Digestion and Absorption	125	(1)
How Are Nutrients Digested and Absorbed?	126	(2)
Nutrients Are Released by Chemical and Mechanical Means	126	(1)
Different Nutrients Are Absorbed by Different Mechanisms	127	(1)
The Multipurpose Liver	128	(1)
The Large Intestine	129	(1)
The Large Intestine Eliminates Wastes and Absorbs Some Nutrients	129	(1)
Colon Malfunctions	129	(1)
Digestion Controls and Disruptions	130	(1)
Nerves and Hormones Regulate Digestion	130	(1)
Malabsorption Disorders Disrupt Normal Digestion	130	(1)
Nutrient Processing After and Between Meals	131	(1)
The Body's Nutritional Requirements	132	(2)
A Healthy Diet Provides Adequate Amounts of Essential Nutrients	132	(1)
Food Pyramids Assort Food Into Groups	132	(2)
Diet Alternatives	134	(1)
Vegetarian Diets Often Combine Foods That Contain Incomplete Proteins	134	(1)
Low-Carbohydrate Diets: A Carbohydrate-Insulin Connection	134	(1)
Choices: Biology and Society: Malnutrition and Undernutrition	135	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	136	(2)
Calories Count: Food Energy and Body Weight	138	(6)
Hormones Affect Appetite and Hunger	139	(1)
Dieting, Exercise, and Disorders	139	(4)
Blood
Impacts, Issues Chemical Queries	143	(1)
Blood: Plasma, Blood Cells, and Platelets	144	(2)
The Watery Plasma Carries Proteins and Other Substances	144	(1)
Red Blood Cells Carry Oxygen and CO2	144	(1)
White Blood Cells: Defense and Cleanup	145	(1)
Platelets Help Clot Blood	145	(1)
How Blood Transports Oxygen	146	(1)
Hemoglobin Is the Oxygen Carrier	146	(1)
Several Factors Affect Oxygen Binding	146	(1)
Life Cycle of Red Blood Cells	147	(1)
Blood Types---Genetically Different Red Blood Cells	148	(2)
ABO Blood Typing	148	(1)
Rh Blood Typing	149	(1)
Other Applications of Blood Typing	149	(1)
Hemostasis and Blood Clotting	150	(1)
Hemostasis Prevents Blood Loss	150	(1)
Factors in Blood Can Trigger Clotting	150	(1)
. . . and So Can Factors From Damaged Tissue	150	(1)
Blood Disorders	151	(3)
Anemias: Red Blood Cell Disorders	151	(1)
Abnormal White Blood Cells	151	(2)
Circulation---The Heart and Blood Vessels
Impacts, Issues The Breath of Life	153	(1)
The Cardiovascular System---Moving Blood Through the Body	154	(2)
The Heart and Blood Vessels Make Up the Cardiovascular System	154	(1)
Circulating Blood Is Vital to Maintain Homeostasis	155	(1)
The Cardiovascular System Is Linked to the Lymphatic System	155	(1)
The Heart: A Double Pump	156	(2)
Heart Structure: Two Halves, Four Chambers	156	(1)
In a ``Heartbeat,'' the Heart's Chambers Contract and Relax	157	(1)
The Two Circuits of Blood Flow	158	(1)
The Pulmonary Circuit: Blood Picks up Oxygen in the Lungs	158	(1)
The Systemic Circuit: Blood Travels to and From Tissues	159	(1)
A Detour Through the Liver	159	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Heart-Saving Drugs	159	(1)
How Does Heart Muscle Contract?	160	(1)
Electrical Signals From ``Pacemaker'' Cells Drive the Heart's Contractions	160	(1)
The Nervous System Adjusts Heart Activity	160	(1)
Blood Pressure	161	(1)
Blood Exerts Pressure Against the Walls of Blood Vessels	161	(1)
Pressure Drops as Blood Circulates	161	(1)
The Structure and Functions of Blood Vessels	162	(2)
Arteries: Pipelines for Speedy Transport of Oxygenated Blood	162	(1)
Arterioles: Control Points for Blood Flow	162	(1)
Capillaries Are Specialized for Diffusion	162	(1)
Venules and Veins: Return Blood to the Heart	163	(1)
Vessels Help Control Blood Pressure	163	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Heart-Healthy Exercise	164	(1)
Exchanges at Capillaries	164	(2)
Blood Flows at Different Rates in Different Parts of the System	164	(1)
Substances Enter and Leave Capillaries by Four Routes	164	(2)
Cardiovascular Disorders	166	(2)
Hypertension: High Blood Pressure	166	(1)
Atherosclerosis Clogs Arteries	166	(2)
The Multipurpose Lymphatic System	168	(6)
The Lymph Vascular System: Drainage, Delivery, and Disposal	169	(1)
Lymphoid Organs and Tissues Are Specialized for Body Defense	169	(4)
Immunity
Impacts, Issues Viral Villains	173	(1)
Three Lines of Defense	174	(1)
Defenses Start at the Body Surface	174	(1)
Nonspecific Responses: A General Attack	174	(1)
Specific Counterattacks: Immune Responses	174	(1)
Complement Proteins: ``Defense Team'' Partners	175	(1)
Inflammation---Responses to Tissue Damage	176	(2)
Phagocytes Are the First Responders	176	(1)
Inflammation: A Response to Damage	176	(2)
An Immune System Overview	178	(2)
Four Features Define the Immune System	178	(1)
Antigens Are ``Nonself'' Markers That Trigger an Immune Response	178	(1)
The Defenses: Cells and Proteins	178	(1)
Controls over Immune Responses	179	(1)
How Lymphocytes form and Do Battle	180	(2)
Genetic Instructions Give B and T Cells Their Specificity	180	(1)
Antigens Are ``Remembered''	180	(1)
Lymphocyte Battlegrounds	181	(1)
A Closer Look at Antibodies in Action	182	(2)
Antibodies Target Pathogens That Are Outside Cells	182	(1)
There Are Five Classes of Antibodies	182	(2)
Cell-Mediated Responses---Countering Threats Inside Cells	184	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Organ Transplants: Beating the (Immune) System	185	(1)
Practical Applications of Immunology	186	(1)
Immunization: ``Borrowing'' Immunity	186	(1)
Monoclonal Antibodies Are Tools for Diagnosing and Treating Disease	186	(1)
Immune Therapies	187	(1)
Science Comes to Life: A Can't Win Proposition?	187	(1)
Disorders of the Immune System	188	(6)
In Allergies, Harmless Substances Provoke an Immune Attack	188	(1)
Autoimmune Disorders Attack ``Self''	189	(1)
Deficient Immune Responses	189	(4)
The Respiratory System
Impacts, Issues Up in Smoke	193	(1)
The Respiratory System---Built for Gas Exchange	194	(2)
Airways Are Pathways for Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide	194	(1)
Lungs Are Elastic and Provide a Large Surface Area for Gas Exchange	195	(1)
The ``Rules'' of Gas Exchange	196	(1)
When Hemoglobin Binds Oxygen, It Helps Maintain the Pressure Gradient	196	(1)
Gas Exchange ``Rules'' Change When Oxygen is Scarce	196	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Breathing as a Health Hazard	197	(1)
Breathing---Air in, Air Out	198	(2)
When You Breathe, Air Pressure Gradients Reverse in a Cycle	198	(1)
How Much Air Is in a ``Breath''?	199	(1)
How Gases Are Exchanged and Transported	200	(2)
Alveoli: Masters of Gas Exchange	200	(1)
Hemoglobin Is the Oxygen Carrier	200	(1)
Hemoglobin and Blood Plasma Carry CO2	201	(1)
Hemostatis Depends on Controls Over Gas Exchange	202	(1)
The Nervous System Matches Air Flow With Blood Flow	202	(1)
Chemical Controls Operate in Alveoli	203	(1)
Breathing Controls Can Go Awry	203	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Tobacco and Other Threats to the Respiratory System	203	(7)
The Urinary System
Impacts, Issues Double-Edged Sword	209	(1)
The Challenge: Shifts in Extracellular Fluid	210	(2)
How Water Is Gained and Lost	210	(1)
How Solutes Are Gained and Lost	211	(1)
The Urinary System---Built For Filtering and Waste Disposal	212	(2)
How Urine Forms	214	(2)
Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion	214	(1)
The Kidneys Can Rapidly Filter a Large Amount of Blood	215	(1)
Keeping Water and Sodium in Balance	216	(1)
Most Water and Sodium Are Reabsorbed in the Proximal Tubule	216	(1)
In the Loop of Henle, More Water Is Reabsorbed but Sodium Is Pumped Out	216	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Here's to the Health of Your Urinary Tract!	217	(1)
Adjusting Reabsorption: Hormones are the Key	218	(2)
ADH Influences Water Reabsorption	218	(1)
Aldosterone Influences Sodium Reabsorption	219	(1)
Monitoring in the Brain Signals Thirst	219	(1)
Maintaining the Body's Acid--Base Balance	220	(1)
A Buffer System Helps Keep the Blood From Being Too Acid or Too Alkaline	220	(1)
The Kidneys Support Homeostasis by Regulating the Blood Level of Bicarbonate	220	(1)
Kidney Disorders	221	(1)
Maintaining the Body's Core Temperature	222	(6)
Responses to Cold Stress	222	(1)
Responses to Heat Stress	223	(4)
The Nervous System
Impacts, Issues In Pursuit of Ecstasy	227	(1)
Neurons---The Communication Specialists	228	(2)
Neurons Have Several Functional Zones	228	(1)
A ``Nerve Impulse'' = An Action Potential	229	(1)
A Closer Look at Action Potentials	230	(2)
Action Potentials Spread by Themselves	230	(1)
Ion Pumps Must Restore a Neuron's Potential for Action	230	(1)
Action Potentials Are ``All-or-Nothing''	231	(1)
Chemical Synapses: Communication Junctions	232	(2)
Neurotransmitters Can Excite or Inhibit a Receiving Cell	232	(1)
Competing Signals Are ``Summed Up''	233	(1)
Neurotransmitter Molecules Must Be Removed From the Synapse	233	(1)
Information Pathways	234	(2)
Nerves Are Long-Distance Lines	234	(1)
Reflex Arcs: the Simplest Nerve Pathways	234	(1)
Brain and Spinal Cord Neurons Interact in Circuits	235	(1)
The Nervous System: An Overview	236	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: An Environmental Assault on the Nervous System	237	(1)
Major Expressways: Peripheral Nerves and the Spinal Cord	238	(2)
The Peripheral System: Groups of Nerves With Different Functions	238	(1)
The Spinal Cord: Pathway Between the PNS and the Brain	239	(1)
The Brain---Command Central	240	(2)
The Brain Is Divided Into a Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain	240	(1)
The Reticular Formation: A Low-Level Motor Pathway	241	(1)
Brain Cavities and Canals	241	(1)
A Closer Look at the Cerebrum	242	(2)
There Are Two Cerebral Hemispheres	242	(1)
The Cerebral Cortex: Conscious Behavior	242	(1)
The Limbic System: Emotions and More	243	(1)
Memory and States of Consciousness	244	(2)
Memory: How the Brain Stores and Retrieves Information	244	(1)
States of Consciousness	245	(1)
Disorders of the Nervous System	246	(1)
Some Diseases That Attack Neurons	246	(1)
CNS Injuries and Seizure Disorders	246	(1)
The Brain on Drugs	247	(5)
Mind and Body-Altering Drugs	247	(1)
Addiction and Dangerous Interactions	247	(4)
Sensory Systems
Impacts, Issues Private Eyes	251	(1)
Sensory Receptors and Pathways---An Overview	252	(2)
Six Major Types of Sensory Receptors	252	(1)
Sensory Pathways	252	(2)
Somatic ``Body'' Sensations	254	(2)
Receptors Near the Body Surface: Touch, Pressure, and More	254	(1)
Muscle Sense: Limb Motions and Body Position	255	(1)
Pain: The Perception of Bodily Injury	255	(1)
Referred Pain---A Matter of Perception	255	(1)
Taste and Smell---Chemical Senses	256	(1)
Gustation Is the Sense of Taste	256	(1)
Olfaction Is the Sense of Smell	256	(1)
Science Comes to Life: A Tasty Morsel of Sensory Science	257	(1)
Hearing: Detecting Sound Waves	258	(2)
The Ear Gathers and Sends ``Sound Signals'' to the Brain	258	(1)
Sensory Hair Cells Are the Key to Hearing	258	(2)
Balance: Sensing the Body's Natural Position	260	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Noise Pollution: an Attack on the Ears	261	(1)
Vision: An Overview	262	(2)
The Eye Is Built for Photoreception	262	(1)
Eye Muscle Movements Fine-Tune the Focus	263	(1)
From Visual Signals to ``Sight''	264	(2)
Rods and Cones Are the Photoreceptors	264	(1)
Visual Pigments in Rods and Cones Intercept Light Energy	264	(1)
The Retina Processes Signals From Rods and Cones	265	(1)
Disorders of the Eye	266	(6)
The Endocrine System
Impacts, Issues Hormones in the Balance	271	(1)
The Endocrine System: Hormones	272	(2)
Hormones Are Signaling Molecules That Are Transported in the Bloodstream	272	(1)
Hormone Sources: The Endocrine System	272	(1)
Hormones Often Interact	272	(2)
Hormone Categories and Signaling	274	(2)
Some Hormones Are Steroids, Others Are in the Peptide Family	274	(1)
Steroid Hormones Interact With Cell DNA	274	(1)
Peptide Hormones Act Indirectly	274	(2)
The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland-Major Controllers	276	(2)
The Posterior Pituitary Lobe Produces ADH and Oxytocin	276	(1)
The Anterior Lobe Produces Six Other Hormones	276	(2)
When Pituitary Signals Go Awry	278	(1)
Sources and Effects of Other Hormones	279	(1)
Hormones and Feedback Controls---The Adrenals and Thyroid	280	(2)
Adrenal Cortex Hormones: Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids	280	(1)
Substances From the Adrenal Medulla Help Regulate Blood Circulation	281	(1)
Thyroid Hormones Affect Metabolism, Growth, and Development	281	(1)
Fast Responses to Local Changes---Parathyroids and the Pancreas	282	(2)
PTH: The Main Calcium Regulator	282	(1)
Hormones From the Pancreas Regulate Blood Sugar	282	(2)
Focus on Your Health: Sweet Treachery---the Diabetes Epidemic	284	(2)
What Is Diabetes?	284	(1)
Who Is at Risk?	284	(1)
How Does Diabetes Harm the Body?	285	(1)
Warning Signs: Prediabetes and Metabolic Syndrome	285	(1)
Preventing and Coping With Diabetes	285	(1)
Some Final Examples of Integration and Control	286	(6)
Hormones and the Environment	286	(1)
Hormones From the Heart, Gl Tract, and Thymus	286	(1)
Prostaglandins Have Many Effects	287	(1)
Growth Factors	287	(1)
Pheromones Revisited	287	(4)
Reproductive Systems
Impacts, Issues Sperm with a Nose for Home?	291	(1)
The Male Reproductive System	292	(2)
Sperm Form in Testes	292	(1)
Sperm Mature and Are Stored in the Coiled Epididymis	292	(1)
Substances From Seminal Vesicles and the Prostate Gland Help Form Semen	292	(2)
How Sperm Form	294	(2)
Sperm (and Eggs) Develop From Germ Cells	294	(1)
Sperm Form in a Sequence of Steps	294	(1)
Hormones Control Sperm Formation	295	(1)
The Female Reproductive System	296	(2)
Ovaries Are a Female's Primary Reproductive Organs	296	(1)
The Three-Phase Menstrual Cycle	296	(2)
The Ovarian Cycle: Oocytes Develop	298	(2)
In the Ovarian Cycle, Hormones Guide the Steps Leading to Ovulation	298	(1)
The Ovarian Cycle Dovetails with the Menstrual Cycle	299	(1)
Visual Summary of the Menstrual and Ovarian Cycles	300	(1)
Sexual Intercourse, Etc.	301	(1)
Sexual Intercourse Involves Physiological Changes in Both Partners	301	(1)
Intercourse Can Produce a Fertilized Egg	301	(1)
Controlling Fertility	302	(2)
Natural Birth Control Options	302	(1)
Surgical Solutions	302	(1)
Physical and Chemical Barriers to Conception	303	(1)
Future Options for Fertility Control	303	(1)
Options for Coping with Infertility	304	(1)
Artificial Insemination	304	(1)
Fertilization ``In Glass''	304	(1)
Intrafallopian Transfers	305	(1)
Choices: Biology and Society: Dilemmas of Fertility Control	305	(5)
Development and Aging
Impacts, Issues Fertility Factors and Mind-Boggling Births	309	(1)
The Six Stages of Early Development: An Overview	310	(2)
The First Three Stages: Gametes, Fertilization, and Cleavage	310	(1)
Stage Four: Three Primary Tissues Form	310	(1)
Stages Five and Six: Organogenesis, Growth and Tissue Specialization	310	(2)
The Beginnings of You---Early Steps in Development	312	(2)
Fertilization Unites Sperm and Oocyte	312	(1)
Cleavage Produces a Multicellular Embryo	312	(1)
Implantation: A Foothold in the Uterus	313	(1)
Vital Membranes Outside the Embryo	314	(2)
Four Extraembryonic Membranes Form	314	(1)
The Placenta: A Pipeline for Oxygen, Nutrients, and Other Substances	314	(2)
How the Early Embryo Takes Shape	316	(2)
Gastrulation Establishes the Body's Basic Plan	316	(1)
Internal Body Regions Get Their Shape and Structure During Morphogenesis	317	(1)
The Folding of Sheets of Cells Is an Important Part of Morphogenesis	317	(1)
The First Eight Weeks---Human Features Emerge	318	(2)
Miscarriage	319	(1)
Development of the Fetus	320	(2)
The Second Trimester: Movements Begin	320	(1)
Organ Systems Mature During the Third Trimester	320	(1)
Special Features of the Blood and Circulatory System of a Fetus	320	(2)
Choices: Biology and Society: Has the Age of Cloning Arrived?	322	(1)
Birth and Beyond	322	(2)
Hormones Trigger Birth	322	(1)
Labor Has Three Stages	322	(1)
Nourishing the Newborn	323	(1)
Mother as Provider, Protector, and Potential Threat	324	(2)
Good Maternal Nutrition Is Vital	324	(1)
Risk of Infections	324	(1)
Harm From Prescription Drugs	325	(1)
Harm From Alcohol	325	(1)
Effects of Cocaine	325	(1)
Harm From Cigarette Smoke	325	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Prenatal Diagnosis: Detecting Birth Defects	326	(1)
The Path From Birth to Adulthood	327	(1)
Transitions From Birth to Adulthood	327	(1)
Adulthood Is Also a Time of Bodily Change	327	(1)
Time's Toll: Everybody Ages	328	(1)
The ``Programmed Life Span'' Hypothesis	328	(1)
The ``Cumulative Assaults'' Hypothesis	328	(1)
Aging Skin, Muscle, Bones, and Reproductive Systems	329	(1)
Skin, Muscles, and Bones	329	(1)
Reproductive Systems and Sexuality	329	(1)
Age-Related Changes in Some Other Body Systems	330	(6)
The Nervous System and Senses	330	(1)
Aging of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems	331	(1)
Immunity, Nutrition, and the Urinary System	331	(4)
Life at Risk: Infectious Disease
Impacts, Issues The Face of AIDS	335	(1)
Viruses and Infectious Proteins	336	(2)
Viruses Multiply Inside a Host Cell	336	(1)
Prions Are Infectious Proteins	337	(1)
Bacteria---The Unseen Multitudes	338	(2)
Human Interactions With Bacteria	338	(1)
Biological Backlash to Antibiotics	339	(1)
Infectious Protozoa and Worms	340	(1)
Parasitic Protozoa: Small But Dangerous	340	(1)
Worms: A Nuisance Or Serious Threat	340	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Infectious Foes New and Old	341	(1)
Characteristics and Patterns of Infectious Diseases	342	(2)
Infectious Diseases Spread in Four Ways	342	(1)
Diseases Occur in Four Patterns	342	(1)
Virulence: A Measure of Pathogen Damage	343	(1)
Categorizing Infectious Diseases	343	(1)
The Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS	344	(2)
How Is HIV Transmitted?	344	(1)
HIV Infection---A Titanic Struggle Begins	344	(1)
From Attack to Infection to AIDS	345	(1)
Treating and Preventing HIV Infection and AIDS	346	(1)
What About Drugs and Vaccines?	346	(1)
The Ultimate Answer: AIDS Prevention	346	(1)
Focus on Your Health: Protecting Yourself---and Others---From Stds	347	(1)
Common Stds Caused by Bacteria	348	(2)
Chlamydial Infections and PID	348	(1)
Gonorrhea	348	(1)
Syphilis	349	(1)
A Rogue's Gallery of Viral Stds and Others	350	(6)
Genital Herpes: A Lifelong Infection	350	(1)
Human Papillomavirus	350	(1)
Threats From Hepatitis	351	(1)
Chancroid and Pubic Lice	351	(1)
Vaginitis	351	(4)
Cell Reproduction
Impacts, Issues Henrietta's Immortal Cells	355	(1)
Dividing Cells Bridge Generations	356	(2)
Division of the ``Parent'' Nucleus Sorts the DNA Into Nuclei for Daughter Cells	356	(1)
Chromosomes Are DNA ``Packages'' in the Cell Nucleus	357	(1)
Two Sets of Chromosomes = A Diploid Cell	357	(1)
The Cell Cycle	358	(1)
A Closer Look at Chromosomes	359	(1)
In a Chromosome, DNA Interacts With Proteins	359	(1)
Spindles Attach to Chromosomes and Move Them	359	(1)
The Four Stages of Mitosis	360	(2)
Mitosis Begins With Prophase	360	(1)
Next Comes Metaphase	360	(1)
Anaphase, Then Telophase Follow	361	(1)
How the Cytoplasm Divides	362	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Concerns and Controversies Over Irradiation	363	(1)
Meiosis---The Beginnings of Eggs and Sperm	364	(2)
Meiosis: Two Divisions, Not One	364	(1)
Meiosis Is the First Step in the Formation of Gametes	364	(2)
A Visual Tour of the Stages of Meiosis	366	(2)
The Second Stage of Meiosis---New Combinations of Parents' Traits	368	(2)
In Prophase I, Genes May Be Rearranged	368	(1)
In Metaphase I, Maternal and Paternal Chromosomes Are Shuffled	369	(1)
Meiosis and Mitosis Compared	370	(6)
Observable Patterns of Inheritance
Impacts, Issues Designer Genes	375	(1)
Basic Concepts of Heredity	376	(1)
One Chromosome, One Copy of a Gene	377	(1)
Figuring Genetic Probabilities	378	(2)
The Testcross: A Tool for Discovering Genotypes	380	(1)
How Genes for Different Traits are Sorted into Gametes	380	(2)
More Gene-Sorting Possibilities	382	(1)
Single Genes, Varying Effects	383	(1)
Other Gene Impacts and Interactions	384	(1)
Polygenic Traits: Several Genes Combined	385	(1)
Do Genes ``Program'' Behavior?	385	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Custom Cures?	385	(5)
Chromosomes and Human Genetics
Impacts, Issues Menacing Mucus	389	(1)
Chromosomes and Inheritance	390	(1)
Gene-Chromosome Connections	390	(1)
Sex Chromosomes and Autosomes	390	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Picturing Chromosomes with Karyotypes	391	(1)
How Sex is Determined	392	(1)
Sex Is a Question of X or Y	392	(1)
In Females, One X Is Inactivated	393	(1)
Linked Genes	393	(1)
Human Genetic Analysis	394	(2)
A Pedigree Shows Genetic Connections	394	(1)
Genetic Counseling	395	(1)
Inheritance of Genes on Autosomes	396	(2)
Inheritance of Recessive Traits	396	(1)
Inheritance of Dominant Traits	396	(2)
Inheritance of Genes on the X Chromosome	398	(2)
X-linked Recessive Inheritance	398	(1)
X-linked Inheritance of Dominant Mutant Alleles	399	(1)
Another Rare X-linked Abnormality	399	(1)
Complicating Factors	399	(1)
Sex-Influenced Inheritance	400	(1)
How a Chromosome's Structure Can Change	400	(2)
Deletions, Duplications, Etc.	400	(1)
A Chromosome's Genes Can Change Also	401	(1)
Changes in Chromosome Number	402	(6)
Nondisjunction Is a Common Cause of Abnormal Numbers of Autosomes	402	(1)
Nondisjunction Also Can Change the Number of Sex Chromosomes	402	(5)
DNA, Genes, and Biotechnology
Impacts, Issues Ricin and Your Ribosomes	407	(1)
DNA: A Double Helix	408	(2)
DNA Is Built of Four Kinds of Nucleotides	408	(1)
Chemical ``Rules'' Determine Which Nucleotide Bases in DNA Can Pair Up	408	(1)
A Gene Is a Sequence of Nucleotides	409	(1)
Passing on Genetic Instructions	410	(2)
How Is a DNA Molecule Duplicated?	410	(1)
Mistakes and Damage in DNA Can Be Repaired	410	(1)
Mutations	411	(1)
DNA Into RNA---The First Step in Making Proteins	412	(2)
Transcription: DNA Is Decoded Into RNA	412	(1)
The Transcription of Genes Can Be Turned On or Off	413	(1)
Reading the Genetic Code	414	(2)
Codons: mRNA ``Words'' For Building Proteins	414	(1)
tRNA Translates the Genetic Code	414	(1)
rRNAs Are Ribosome Building Blocks	415	(1)
Translating the Genetic Code Into Protein	416	(2)
Translation Has Three Stages	416	(1)
Cells Use Newly Formed Proteins in Various Ways	417	(1)
Tools for ``Engineering'' Genes	418	(2)
Enzymes and Plasmids From Bacteria Are Basic Tools	418	(1)
The Polymerase Chain Reaction Is a Fast Way to Copy DNA	419	(1)
``Sequencing'' DNA	420	(1)
Mapping the Human Genome	420	(2)
Genome Mapping Provides Basic Biological Information	420	(1)
DNA Chips Help Identify Mutations and Diagnose Diseases	421	(1)
Chromosome Mapping Shows Where Genes Are Located	421	(1)
Some Applications of Biotechnology	422	(2)
Human Gene Therapy	422	(1)
Strategies for Transferring Genes	422	(1)
Early Results of Gene Therapy	422	(1)
DNA Fingerprinting	423	(1)
Choices: Biology and Society: Issues for a Biotechnological Society	424	(1)
Engineering Bacteria, Animals, and Plants	425	(1)
Science Comes to Life: Mr. Jefferson's Genes	426	(6)
Genes and Disease: Cancer
Impacts, Issues The Body Betrayed	431	(1)
Cancer: Cell Controls Go Awry	432	(2)
Some Tumors Are Cancer, Others Are Not	432	(1)
Cancer Cells Have Abnormal Structure	432	(1)
Cancer Cells Lack Normal Controls Over Cell Division	433	(1)
The Genetic Triggers for Cancer	434	(2)
Cancer Develops in a Multistep Process	434	(1)
Oncogenes Versus Tumor Suppressor Genes	434	(1)
Other Routes to Cancer	435	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Assessing the Cancer Risk From Environmental Chemicals	436	(1)
Diagnosing Cancer	437	(1)
Treating and Preventing Cancer	438	(1)
Some Major Types of Cancer	439	(1)
Cancers of the Breast and Reproductive System	440	(2)
Breast Cancer Is a Major Cause of Death	440	(1)
Uterine and Ovarian Cancer	441	(1)
Testicular Cancer	441	(1)
A Survey of Other Common Cancers	442	(6)
Oral and Lung Cancer	442	(1)
Cancers of the Stomach, Pancreas, Colon, and Rectum	442	(1)
Urinary System Cancers	442	(1)
Cancers of the Blood and Lymphatic System	442	(1)
Skin Cancer	443	(4)
Principles of Evolution
Impacts, Issues Measuring Time	447	(1)
A Little Evolutionary History	448	(1)
A Key Evolutionary Idea: Individuals Vary	449	(1)
Individuals Don't Evolve---Populations Do	449	(1)
Variation Comes From Genetic Differences	449	(1)
Microevolution: How New Species Arise	450	(2)
Mutation Produces New Forms of Genes	450	(1)
Natural Selection Can Reshape the Genetic Makeup of a Population	450	(1)
Chance Can Also Change a Gene Pool	450	(1)
The Ability to Interbreed Defines a Species	451	(1)
Speciation Can Occur Slowly or in ``Bursts''	451	(1)
Looking at Fossils and Biogeography	452	(2)
Fossils Are Found in Sedimentary Rock	452	(1)
Completeness of the Fossil Record Varies	452	(1)
Biogeography Provides Other Clues	453	(1)
Comparing the form and Development of Body Parts	454	(2)
Comparing Body Forms May Reveal Evolutionary Connections	454	(1)
Comparing Development Patterns	454	(2)
Comparing Biochemistry	456	(1)
How Species Come and Go	456	(1)
Extinction: Species Are Lost	456	(1)
Adaptive Radiation: New Species Arise	456	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: Endangered Species	457	(1)
Evolution from a Human Perspective	458	(2)
Five Trends Mark Human Evolution	458	(2)
Emergence of Early Humans	460	(2)
The First Hominids	460	(1)
Homo Sapiens: Out of Africa?	460	(2)
Earth's History and the Origin of Life	462	(6)
Conditions on the Early Earth	462	(1)
Ideas About Life's Beginnings	463	(4)
Ecology and Human Concerns
Impacts, Issues The Human Touch	467	(1)
Some Basic Principles of Ecology	468	(2)
Feeding Levels and Food Webs	470	(2)
Energy Moves Through a Series of Ecosystem Feeding Levels	470	(1)
Food Chains and Webs: Who Eats Whom	470	(2)
How Energy Flows Through Ecosystems	472	(1)
Producers Capture Energy and Store It in a Form Consumers Can Use	472	(1)
At Every Level, Consumers Subtract Energy From an Ecosystem	472	(1)
Chemical Cycles---An Overview	473	(1)
The Water Cycle	474	(1)
Cycling Chemicals from the Earth's Crust	475	(1)
The Carbon Cycle	476	(2)
Science Comes to Life: Global Warming	478	(2)
The Nitrogen Cycle	480	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: the Danger of Biological Magnification	481	(1)
Human Population Growth	482	(2)
The Human Population is Growing Rapidly	482	(1)
Population Statistics Help Predict Growth	483	(1)
Nature's Controls on Population Growth	484	(1)
There Is a Limit on How Many People the Earth Can Sustain	484	(1)
Some Natural Population Controls Are Related to Population Density	484	(1)
Assaults on Our Air	485	(1)
Damage to the Ozone Layer	485	(1)
Water, Wastes, and Other Problems	486	(2)
Problems with Water Quantity and Quality	486	(1)
Where Will We Put Solid Waste and Produce Food?	486	(1)
Deforestation Has Global Repercussions	487	(1)
Concerns About Energy	488	(1)
Fossil Fuels Are Going Fast	488	(1)
Can Other Energy Sources Meet the Need?	488	(1)
Focus on Our Environment: A Planetary Emergency: Loss of Biodiversity	489
Appendix I Concepts in Cell Metabolism	1	(7)
Appendix II Periodic Table of the Elements	8	(1)
Appendix III Units of Measure	9	(1)
Appendix IV Answers to Genetics Problems	10	(1)
Appendix V Answers to Self-Quizzes	11	(1)
Appendix VI Key to Critical Thinking Questions	12
Glossary of Biological Terms	1	(1)
Credits and Acknowledgments	1	(1)
Index	1	(1)
Applications Index	1