The Human Brain: An Introduction to Its Functional Anatomy

by Nolte, John

• ISBN13: 9780815189114
• ISBN10: 0815189117
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-08-01
• Publisher: Elsevier Science Health Science div

Summary

Known for its readability, this new edition incorporates 3-dimensional brain images for increased visual clarity and greater understanding. The latest edition of this core introductory neuroscience text includes over 500 full-color photographs, brain scans, and drawings. THE HUMAN BRAIN presents the major concepts of brain structure and function with the use of new, modern imaging techniques that enhances understanding of brain activity. The text includes more neurophysiology, substantially more charts and tables, smaller-sized chapters, and clinically relevant illustrations.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction to the Nervous System,	1	(35)
The nervous system has central and peripheral parts,	1	(1)
The principal cellular elements of the nervous system are neurons and glial cells	2	(34)
2 Development of the Nervous System	36	(15)
The neural tube and neural crest give rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems	36	(7)
Adverse events during development can cause congenital malformations of the nervous system	43	(8)
3 Gross Anatomy and General Organization of the Central Nervous System	51	(25)
The long axis of the CNS bends at the cephalic flexure	52	(1)
Hemisecting a brain reveals parts of the diencephalon, brainstem, and ventricular system	52	(1)
Humans, relative to other animals, have large brains	53	(2)
Named sulci and gyri cover the cerebral surface,	55	(5)
The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus	60	(1)
Most cranial nerves are attached to the brainstem	61	(3)
The cerebellum includes a vermis and two hemispheres	64	(1)
Sections of the cerebrum reveal the basal ganglia and limbic structures	64	(4)
Parts of the nervous system are interconnected in systematic ways	68	(8)
4 Meningeal Coverings of the Brain and Spinal Cord	76	(20)
There are three meningeal layers: the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater	77	(1)
The dura mater provides mechanical strength	78	(5)
The dura mater has an arachnoid lining	83	(4)
Pia mater covers the surface of the CNS	87	(1)
The vertebral canal contains spinal epidural space	87	(2)
Bleeding can open up potential meningeal spaces	89	(2)
Parts of the CNS can herniate from one intracranial compartment into another	91	(5)
5 Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid	96	(21)
The brain contains four ventricles	96	(3)
Choroid plexus is the source of most CSF	99	(5)
CSF is a secretion of the choroid plexus	104	(3)
Imaging techniques allow both CNS and CSF to be visualized	107	(7)
Disruption of CSF circulation can cause hydrocephalus	114	(3)
6 Blood Supply of the Brain	117	(27)
The internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries supply the brain	117	(19)
A system of barriers partially separates the nervous system from the rest of the body	136	(1)
Superficial and deep veins drain the brain	137	(7)
7 Electrical Signaling by Neurons	144	(27)
A lipid/protein membrane separates intracellular and extracellular fluids	145	(6)
Inputs to neurons cause slow, local potential changes	151	(3)
Action potentials convey information over long distances	154	(17)
8 Synaptic Transmission Between Neurons	171	(20)
Most chemical synapses share certain structural and functional features	173	(10)
Most neurotransmitters are small amine molecules, amino acids, or neuropeptides	183	(5)
Gap junctions mediate direct current flow from one neuron to another	188	(3)
9 Sensory Receptors and Peripheral Nervous System	191	(24)
Receptors encode the nature, intensity, duration, and location of stimuli	192	(3)
Somatosensory receptors detect mechanical or chemical changes	195	(14)
Peripheral nerves convey information to and from the CNS	209	(6)
10 Spinal Cord	215	(39)
The spinal cord is segmented	216	(4)
All levels of the spinal cord have a similar cross-sectional structure	220	(2)
The spinal cord is involved in sensory processing, motor outflow, and reflexes	222	(1)
Spinal gray matter is regionally specialized	222	(4)
Reflex circuitry is built into the spinal cord	226	(4)
Ascending and descending pathways have defined locations in the spinal white matter	230	(11)
The autonomic nervous system monitors and controls visceral activity	241	(6)
A longitudinal network of arteries supplies the spinal cord	247	(1)
Spinal cord damage causes predictable deficits	247	(7)
11 Organization of the Brainstem	254	(29)
The brainstem has conduit, cranial nerve, and integrative functions	255	(1)
The medulla, pons, and midbrain have characteristic gross anatomical features	256	(3)
The internal structure of the brainstem reflects surface features and the position of long tracts	259	(9)
The reticular core of the brainstem is involved in multiple functions	268	(4)
Some brainstem nuclei have distinctive neurochemical signatures	272	(5)
The brainstem is supplied by the vertebral-basilar system	277	(6)
12 Cranial Nerves and Their Nuclei	283	(27)
Cranial nerve nuclei have a generally predictable arrangement	284	(3)
Cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and XII contain somatic motor fibers	287	(7)
Branchiomeric nerves contain axons from multiple categories	294	(13)
Brainstem damage commonly causes deficits on one side of the head and the opposite side of the body	307	(3)
13 The Chemical Senses of Taste and Smell	310	(15)
Taste is mediated by receptors in taste buds, innervated by cranial nerves VII, IX, and X	311	(5)
Olfaction is mediated by receptors that project directly to the telencephalon	316	(9)
14 Hearing and Balance: The Eighth Cranial Nerve	325	(34)
Auditory and vestibular receptor cells are located in the walls of the membranous labyrinth	326	(3)
The cochlear division of the eighth nerve conveys information about sound	329	(16)
The vestibular division of the eighth nerve conveys information about linear and angular acceleration of the head	345	(14)
15 Atlas of the Human Brainstem	359	(38)
16 The Thalamus and Internal Capsule: Getting to and From the Cerebral Cortex	374	(1)
The diencephalon includes the epithalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and thalamus	375	(3)
The thalamus is the gateway to the cerebral cortex	378	(12)
Interconnections between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures travel through the internal capsule	390	(7)
17 The Visual System	397	(37)
The eye has three concentric tissue layers and a lens	398	(4)
The retina contains five major neuronal cell types	402	(7)
Retinal neurons translate patterns of light into patterns of contrast	409	(7)
Half of the visual field of each eye is mapped systematically in the contralateral cerebral hemisphere	416	(10)
Primary visual cortex sorts visual information and distributes it to other cortical areas	426	(2)
Early experience has permanent effects on the visual system	428	(2)
Reflex circuits adjust the size of the pupil and the focal length of the lens	430	(4)
18 Overview of Motor Systems	434	(16)
Each lower motor neuron innervates a group of muscle fibers, forming a motor unit	434	(2)
Motor control systems involve both hierarchical and parallel connections	436	(3)
The corticospinal tract has multiple origins and terminations	439	(11)
19 Basal Ganglia	450	(19)
The basal ganglia include five major nuclei	450	(4)
Basal ganglia circuitry involves multiple parallel loops that modulate cortical output	454	(7)
Penetrating branches from the circle of Willis supply the basal ganglia	461	(2)
Many basal ganglia disorders result in abnormalities of movement	463	(6)
20 Cerebellum	469	(25)
The cerebellum can be divided into transverse and longitudinal zones	470	(5)
All parts of the cerebellum share common organizational principles	475	(5)
Cerebellar cortex receives multiple inputs	480	(5)
Each longitudinal zone has a distinctive output	485	(1)
Patterns of connections indicate the functions of longitudinal zones	486	(4)
Clinical syndromes correspond to functional zones	490	(4)
21 Control of Eye Movements	494	(12)
Six extraocular muscles move the eye in the orbit	494	(2)
There are fast and slow conjugate eye movements	496	(7)
Changes in object distance require vergence movements	503	(1)
The basal ganglia and cerebellum participate in eye movement control	504	(2)
22 Cerebral Cortex	506	(31)
Most cerebral cortex is neocortex	507	(8)
Neocortical areas are specialized for different functions	515	(13)
The corpus callosum unites the two cerebral hemispheres	528	(1)
Consciousness and sleep are active processes	529	(8)
23 Drives, Emotions, and Memories: The Hypothalamus and Limbic System	537	(27)
The hypothalamus coordinates drive-related behaviors	539	(8)
Limbic structures are interposed between the hypothalamus and neocortex	547	(17)
24 Atlas of the Human Forebrain	564