Human Casualties in Earthquakes

by Spence, Robin; So, Emily; Scawthorn, Charles

• ISBN13: 9789048194544
• ISBN10: 9048194547
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-01-06
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

Assessment of human casualties in earthquakes has become a topic of vital importance for national and urban authorities responsible for emergency provision, for the development of mitigation strategies and for the development of adequate insurance schemes. In the last few years important work has been carried out on a number of recent events (including earthquakes in Kocaeli, Turkey 1999, Niigata Japan, 2004, Sichuan, China 2008 and L'Aquila,Italy 2009). These events have created new and detailed casualty data, which has not until now been properly assembled and evaluated.This book draws the new evidence from recent events together with existing knowledge. It summarises current trends in the understanding of the factors influencing the numbers and types of casualties in earthquakes; it offers methods to incorporate this understanding into the estimation of losses in future events in different parts of the world; it discusses ways in which pre-event mitigation activity and post-event emergency management can reduce the toll of casualties in future events; and it identifies future research needs.

Table of Contents

Introduction	p. 1
A Global Perspective
Earthquakes, an Epidemiological Perspective on Patterns and Trends	p. 13
Earthquake Casualties Research and Public Education	p. 25
Disaster Casualties - Accounting for Economic Impacts and Diurnal Variation	p. 51
A Global Earthquake Building Damage and Casualty Database	p. 65
Casualty Loss Modelling
Earthquake Casualty Models Within the USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) System	p. 83
Loss Estimation Module in the Second Generation Software QLARM	p. 95
Earthquake Casualties Estimation in Emergency Mode	p. 107
Estimating Casualties for the Southern California ShakeOut	p. 125
Lessons Learnt from Regional Studies
Casualty Estimation due to Earthquakes: Injury Structure and Dynamics	p. 141
Seismic Vulnerability and Collapse Probability Assessment of Buildings in Greece	p. 153
Seismic Casualty Evaluation: The Italian Model, an Application to the L'Aquila 2009 Event	p. 171
Mortality and Morbidity Risk in the L'Aquila, Italy Earthquake of 6 April 2009 and Lessons to be Learned	p. 185
Major Factors Controlling Earthquake Casualties as Revealed via a Diversified Questionnaire Survey in Ojiya City for the 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake	p. 199
Exploring Approaches to Improving Casualty Modeling
Advancements in Casualty Modelling Facilitated by the USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) System	p. 221
Challenges in Collating Earthquake Casualty Field Data	p. 231
Estimating Human Losses in Earthquake Models: A Discussion	p. 255
Trends in the Casualty Ratio of Injured to Fatalities in Earthquakes	p. 267
Study of Damage to the Human Body Caused by Earthquakes: Development of a Mannequin for Thoracic Compression Experiments and Cyber Mannequin Using the Finite Element Method	p. 275
A Different View on Human Vulnerability to Earthquakes: Lessons from Risk Perception Studies	p. 291
References	p. 305
Index	p. 319
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