Human Communication in Everyday Life Explanations and Applications

by Wrench, Jason S.; McCroskey, James C.; Richmond, Virginia Peck

• ISBN13: 9780205435012
• ISBN10: 0205435017
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2007-06-06
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Human Communication in Everyday Lifeintroduces readers to the basic concepts in human communication and demonstrates how they can be used in a variety of communicative contexts.Built on a social-scientific approach, Human Communication in Everyday Lifefocuses on research that has come to light within the field in the last 30 years. The first part of this book is dedicated to introducing the basic concepts involved in the study of human communication while the second half explores the application of these concepts. Each chapter is filled with current research and pop-culture examples designed to help make this book reader-friendly and informative. Many of the chapters also include Research Measures that readers can fill out to help gauge their own communicative behaviors on a personal level.

Table of Contents

Prologue	p. xvii
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
Communication Principles
The Process of Human Communication	p. 2
Definitions of Communication	p. 3
Types of Communication	p. 4
Accidental Communication	p. 4
Expressive Communication	p. 5
Rhetorical Communication	p. 6
Clarifying the Definition of Communication	p. 7
Critical Components of Human Communication	p. 8
The Source	p. 8
The Receiver	p. 9
The Message	p. 10
The Channels	p. 10
Feedback	p. 11
Goals	p. 11
Context	p. 13
Models of Communication	p. 16
The Rhetorical Communication Model	p. 16
The Interpersonal Communication Model	p. 17
Thinking about Communication	p. 19
Ten Common Misconceptions	p. 19
Meanings Are in Words	p. 19
Communication Is a Is a Verbal Process	p. 20
Telling Is Communicating	p. 21
Communication Will Solve All Our Problems	p. 21
Communication Is a Good Thing	p. 22
The More Communication, the Better	p. 23
Communication Can Break Down	p. 23
Communication Is a Natural Ability	p. 24
Interpersonal Communication = Intimate Communication	p. 24
Communication Competence = Communication Effectiveness	p. 26
Interpersonal Perceptions and Realities	p. 30
Perceiving Sources	p. 32
Source Credibility	p. 32
Interpersonal Attraction	p. 34
Homophily	p. 36
Other Perceptions of Sources	p. 38
Extraversion (Dynamism)	p. 39
Composure (Neuroticism)	p. 39
Sociability (Psychoticism)	p. 39
Personality and Temperament in Communication	p. 40
Personality Traits and Communication Behavior	p. 41
The Role of Biology in Human Communication	p. 43
Personality Variables in Communication	p. 45
Adventurousness	p. 45
Authoritarianism	p. 46
Dogmatism	p. 46
Emotional Maturity	p. 46
General Anxiety	p. 46
Locus of Control	p. 47
Machiavellianism	p. 47
Self-Control	p. 48
Self-Esteem	p. 48
Tolerance for Ambiguity	p. 49
Argumentativeness	p. 49
Verbal Aggression	p. 50
Exhilaratability	p. 50
Communication Approach and Avoidance Traits	p. 54
Defining and Distinguishing among Communication Traits	p. 56
Shyness	p. 56
Willingness to Communicate	p. 56
Communication Apprehension	p. 56
Self-Perceived Communication Competence	p. 57
Compulsive Communication	p. 57
Shyness	p. 57
Willingness to Communicate (WTC)	p. 59
Genetic Factors	p. 60
Childhood Reinforcement	p. 60
Skill Deficiencies	p. 61
Social Introversion	p. 62
Social Alienation	p. 62
Ethnic or Cultural Divergence	p. 63
Communication Apprehension (CA)	p. 64
Interpreting Personal Report of Communication Apprehension-24 (PRCA) Scores	p. 64
Communication Apprehension as a Trait	p. 65
Communication Apprehension in Generalized Contexts	p. 66
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group across Contexts	p. 68
Communication Apprehension with a Given Individual or Group in a Given Situation	p. 68
Causes of Trait Communication Apprehension	p. 69
Causes of Situational Communication Apprehension	p. 69
Effects of Communication Apprehension	p. 71
Effects of Shyness and WTC	p. 72
Perceptions of Quiet People	p. 75
Compulsive Communication (Talkaholics)	p. 75
Communication Competence and Self-Perceived Communication Competence (SPCC)	p. 77
Assertiveness	p. 78
Responsiveness	p. 79
Versatility	p. 80
Competence and Androgyny	p. 82
Competence and Context	p. 83
Messages and Meanings	p. 86
Distinctions between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages	p. 88
Relationships between Verbal and Nonverbal Messages	p. 89
Functions of Nonverbal Messages	p. 90
Accenting	p. 90
Complementing	p. 90
Contradicting	p. 90
Repeating	p. 91
Regulating	p. 91
Substituting	p. 91
Nonverbal Messages	p. 92
Body Movements and Gestures	p. 92
Physical Appearance and Attractiveness	p. 95
Dress and Artifacts	p. 96
Facial Expressions and Eye Behavior	p. 97
Use of the Voice	p. 98
Territory and Personal Space	p. 99
Touch	p. 101
Environmental Factors	p. 102
Smell	p. 104
Time	p. 105
Messages and Relationships	p. 110
Immediacy	p. 111
Verbal Immediacy	p. 111
Nonverbal Immediacy	p. 112
Outcomes of Immediacy	p. 116
Intimacy	p. 117
Self-Disclosure	p. 117
Sexual Relations	p. 119
Status	p. 120
Eye Contact	p. 121
Kinesic Behaviors	p. 121
Vocal Behavior	p. 121
Use of Space and Touch	p. 122
Use of Time	p. 122
Dress	p. 122
Selectivity and Attribution	p. 124
Selectivity Processes	p. 125
Selective Exposure	p. 126
Selective Attention	p. 128
Selective Perception	p. 129
Selective Retention	p. 132
Selective Recall	p. 134
Causal Attribution	p. 134
Causal Attribution Defined	p. 134
Attribution Sources	p. 135
Attribution Conditions	p. 135
Basic Attribution Error	p. 137
Understanding and Influencing Attitudes and Behaviors	p. 140
The Nature of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	p. 141
Attitudes	p. 142
Beliefs	p. 143
Values	p. 145
Dimensions of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	p. 146
Direction	p. 146
Intensity	p. 147
Salience	p. 148
Development of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	p. 149
Changes in Attitudes	p. 151
Consistency Theory	p. 152
Restoring Consistency	p. 154
Power and Influence	p. 158
Levels of Influence	p. 159
Compliance	p. 159
Identification	p. 161
Internalization	p. 161
Power	p. 162
Assigned Power	p. 162
Coercive Power	p. 163
Reward Power	p. 164
Referent Power	p. 165
Expert Power	p. 165
Communication and Interpersonal Influence	p. 165
Behavior Alteration Techniques (BAT)	p. 166
Reward BATs	p. 166
Punishment BATs	p. 170
Relational BATs	p. 171
Referent BATs	p. 172
Assigned or Legitimate BATs	p. 172
Moral Responsibility BATs	p. 173
Expert BATs	p. 174
Communication in Applied Contexts
Public Speaking	p. 178
Nature of Public Speaking	p. 180
Gaining Perspective	p. 181
The Basic Skills	p. 182
Topic Selection	p. 183
Organizing the Speech	p. 184
Introducing the Speech	p. 187
Concluding the Speech	p. 188
Delivering the Speech	p. 188
Handling Questions	p. 191
Effective Listening	p. 192
Developing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships	p. 198
The Nature of Interpersonal Relationships	p. 200
Characteristics of Relationships	p. 200
Stages of Relationship Development	p. 204
Coming Together	p. 204
Coming Apart	p. 206
Relational Expectancies	p. 208
Short-Term Expectancies	p. 208
Long-Term Expectancies	p. 211
Gaining Affinity: Getting Others to Like You	p. 214
Managing Interpersonal Conflict	p. 220
The Nature of Conflict	p. 221
Tolerance for Disagreement	p. 221
Conflict Management Techniques	p. 224
Preventing Conflict	p. 228
Intercultural Communication	p. 232
The Nature of Culture	p. 234
The Cultural Context of Communication	p. 237
Intracultural Communication	p. 238
Intercultural Communication	p. 238
Cross-Cultural Communication	p. 238
International Communication	p. 238
Interethnic Communication	p. 239
Interracial Communication	p. 239
Cultural Communication Apprehension	p. 239
Ethnocentrism	p. 240
Favorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism	p. 241
Unfavorable Aspects of Ethnocentrism	p. 241
Coping with Ethnocentrism-Yours and Mine	p. 247
Equality	p. 247
Sensitivity	p. 248
Indifference	p. 248
Avoidance	p. 248
Disparagement	p. 248
Improving Intercultural Communication	p. 249
Biological Sex and Gender in Communication	p. 254
Biological Differences between Males and Females	p. 257
The Development of Sex Roles	p. 259
Psychological Gender Orientation	p. 261
Sex Differences in Verbal Communication	p. 265
Self-Disclosure	p. 265
Language Use	p. 265
Subject Matter	p. 266
Sex Differences in Nonverbal Communication	p. 267
Eye Behavior and Facial Expressions	p. 267
Posture and Gestures	p. 268
Personal Space	p. 268
Touching Behavior	p. 268
Gender and Interpersonal Relationships	p. 269
Friendships between Females	p. 270
Friendships between Males	p. 270
Intimate Female-Male Relationships	p. 271
Health Communication	p. 278
What Is Health Communication?	p. 279
Model of Health Communication	p. 280
Patient Communication	p. 283
The Effects of Patient Perception	p. 283
Problems with Patient-Physician Communication	p. 286
Gender and Health Communication	p. 288
Communication Skills for Patients	p. 288
Physician Communication	p. 292
Medical Interview	p. 293
Communication Variables and Physician Communication	p. 297
Mediated Communication	p. 302
Evolution of Human Communication	p. 303
Early Development of Mediated Communication	p. 304
History of Writing	p. 304
History of Technology	p. 306
Viewing Communication Multidimensionally	p. 307
Media and Dyadic Communication	p. 308
Media and Group Communication	p. 309
Mediated Public Communication	p. 310
The Switch to Interaction	p. 311
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC)	p. 311
Future Considerations	p. 317
Distance Education	p. 317
Telecommuting	p. 318
Organizational Communication	p. 320
Individual Differences in Organizations	p. 322
Organizational Orientations	p. 322
Sociocommunicative Orientations/Styles	p. 325
Immediacy	p. 325
Communication Apprehension and Talkaholism	p. 325
Affinity Seeking	p. 326
Perceptions of People in Organizations	p. 328
Attraction	p. 328
Homophily	p. 329
Source Credibility	p. 330
Management Communication Styles	p. 331
Tell	p. 332
Sell	p. 332
Consult	p. 333
Join	p. 333
Research and Management Communication Style	p. 334
Power and Influence in Organizations	p. 334
Work Teams in Organizations	p. 334
Instructional Communication	p. 342
Student Communication	p. 344
Types of Learning	p. 345
Anxiety in the Classroom	p. 347
Student Motivation	p. 349
Teacher Communication	p. 350
Communicator Clarity	p. 350
Immediacy Behaviors in the Classroom	p. 352
Humor in the Classroom	p. 354
Teacher Misbehaviors in the Classroom	p. 355
Scales for the Measurement of Communication Phenomena	p. 363
Glossary	p. 420
Index	p. 427
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