Human Development : A Life-Span View

by Kail, Robert V.; Cavanaugh, John C.

• ISBN13: 9780495093046
• ISBN10: 0495093041
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-27
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT: A LIFE-SPAN VIEW, Fourth Edition provides students with balanced coverage of the entire life span. John C. Cavanaugh's extensive research in gerontology, combined with Robert V. Kail's expertise in childhood and adolescence, result in a textbook that presents complete and balanced coverage of all life stages. Utilizing a modified chronological approach, the authors trace development from conception through late life in sequential order, while also dedicating several chapters to important topical issues pertaining to particular points in the life span. This Fourth Edition includes unparalleled technology integration to help students better understand and remember the enormous amount of information covered in this course.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii
About the Authors	xxiii
The Study of Human Development	1	(44)
How to Use This Book	2	(3)
Learning and Study Aids	2	(1)
Terminology	3	(1)
Organization	4	(1)
Thinking About Development	5	(6)
Recurring Issues in Human Development	5	(2)
Basic Forces in Human Development: The Biopsychosocial Framework	7	(4)
Developmental Theories	11	(13)
Psychodynamic Theory	11	(3)
Learning Theory	14	(1)
Cognitive-Developmental Theory	15	(3)
The Ecological and Systems Approach	18	(1)
Life-Span Perspective, Selective Optimization With Compensation, and Life Course Perspective	19	(4)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Sarah and Elizabeth Delany	23	(1)
The Big Picture	24	(1)
Doing Developmental Research	24	(21)
Measurement in Human Development Research	25	(3)
General Designs for Research	28	(2)
Designs for Studying Development	30	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Stability and Change in Life Satisfaction	31	(3)
Integrating Findings From Different Studies	34	(1)
Conducting Research Ethically	34	(1)
Communicating Research Results	35	(1)
Applying Research Results: Social Policy	36	(1)
Current Controversies: Stem Cell Research	37	(1)
Putting It All Together	38	(1)
Summary	38	(2)
Key Terms	40	(1)
Learn More About It	40	(5)
PART I PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT, INFANCY, AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Biological Foundations	45	(42)
Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth
In the Beginning: 23 Pairs of Chromosomes	46	(11)
Mechanisms of Heredity	46	(3)
Genetic Disorders	49	(2)
Heredity, Environment, and Development	51	(4)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Ben and Matt Pick Their Niches	55	(2)
From Conception to Birth	57	(6)
Period of the Zygote (Weeks 1--2)	57	(1)
Current Controversies: Conception in the 21st Century	57	(2)
Period of the Embryo (Weeks 3--8)	59	(2)
Period of the Fetus (Weeks 9--38)	61	(2)
Influences on Prenatal Development	63	(12)
General Risk Factors	63	(2)
Teratogens: Drugs, Diseases, and Environmental Hazards	65	(3)
Spotlight on Research: Impact of Prenatal Exposure to PCBs on Cognitive Functioning	68	(1)
How Teratogens Influence Prenatal Development	69	(3)
Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment	72	(3)
Labor and Delivery	75	(12)
Stages of Labor	75	(1)
Approaches to Childbirth	76	(1)
Adjusting to Parenthood	77	(1)
Birth Complications	78	(2)
Infant Mortality	80	(2)
Putting It All Together	82	(1)
Summary	82	(2)
Key Terms	84	(1)
Learn More About It	84	(3)
Tools for Exploring the World	87	(44)
Physical, Perceptual and Motor Development
The Newborn	88	(8)
The Newborn's Reflexes	88	(1)
Assessing the Newborn	89	(1)
The Newborn's States	90	(3)
Temperament	93	(3)
Physical Development	96	(9)
Growth of the Body	96	(4)
The Emerging Nervous System	100	(5)
Moving and Grasping---Early Motor Skills	105	(7)
Locomotion	106	(3)
Fine-Motor Skills	109	(3)
Coming to Know the World: Perception	112	(10)
Smell, Taste, and Touch	112	(1)
Hearing	113	(1)
Seeing	114	(6)
Spotlight On Research: How Infants Become Face Experts	120	(1)
Integrating Sensory Information	121	(1)
Becoming Self-Aware	122	(9)
Origins of Self-Concept	123	(1)
Theory of Mind	123	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: ``Seeing Is Believing . . .'' for 3-Year-Olds	125	(1)
Putting It All Together	126	(1)
Summary	126	(2)
Key Terms	128	(1)
Learn More About It	128	(3)
The Emergence of Thought and Language	131	(46)
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
The Onset of Thinking: Piaget's Account	132	(15)
Basic Principles of Cognitive Development	132	(2)
Sensorimotor Thinking	134	(1)
Preoperational Thinking	135	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Christine, Egocentrism, and Animism	136	(3)
Spotlight on Research: Finding Toys in a Shrunken Room	139	(1)
Evaluating Piaget's Theory	140	(3)
Extending Piaget's Account: Children's Naive Theories	143	(4)
Information Processing During Infancy and Early Childhood	147	(7)
General Principles of Information Processing	147	(1)
Attention	147	(1)
Learning	148	(1)
Memory	149	(2)
Current Controversies: Preschoolers on the Witness Stand	151	(1)
Learning Number Skills	152	(2)
Mind and Culture: Vygotsky's Theory	154	(3)
The Zone of Proximal Development	155	(1)
Scaffolding	155	(1)
Private Speech	156	(1)
Language	157	(20)
The Road to Speech	157	(4)
First Words and Many More	161	(6)
Speaking in Sentences: Grammatical Development	167	(2)
Communicating With Others	169	(3)
Putting It All Together	172	(1)
Summary	172	(2)
Key Terms	174	(1)
Learn More About It	175	(2)
Entering the Social World	177	(42)
Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood
Beginnings: Trust and Attachment	178	(9)
Erikson's Stages of Early Psychosocial Development	178	(1)
The Growth of Attachment	179	(4)
What Determines Quality of Attachment?	183	(1)
Attachment, Work, and Alternative Caregiving	184	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Lois, Bill, and Sarah	186	(1)
Emerging Emotions	187	(6)
Experiencing and Expressing Emotions	187	(3)
Recognizing and Using Others' Emotions	190	(1)
Regulating Emotions	191	(2)
Interacting With Others	193	(9)
The Joys of Play	193	(4)
Helping Others	197	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Are Empathic Children More Likely to Help?	198	(4)
Gender Roles and Gender Identity	202	(17)
Images of Men and Women: Facts and Fantasy	202	(2)
Gender Typing	204	(3)
Biological Influences	207	(1)
Evolving Gender Roles	208	(1)
Putting It All Together	209	(1)
Summary	210	(2)
Key Terms	212	(1)
Learn More About It	212	(7)
PART II SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Off to School	219	(46)
Cognitive and Physical Development in Middle Childhood
Cognitive Development	220	(6)
More Sophisticated Thinking: Piaget's Version	220	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Combinatorial Reasoning Goes to the Races	221	(2)
Information-Processing Strategies for Learning and Remembering	223	(3)
Aptitudes for School	226	(12)
Theories of Intelligence	226	(4)
Binet and the Development of Intelligence Testing	230	(1)
Do Tests Work?	231	(1)
Hereditary and Environmental Factors	232	(3)
The Impact of Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Status	235	(3)
Special Children, Special Needs	238	(6)
Gifted and Creative Children	238	(1)
Children With Mental Retardation	239	(1)
Children With Learning Disabilities	240	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Improving Reading Skill in Children With Reading Disability	241	(1)
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	242	(2)
Academic Skills	244	(11)
Reading	244	(3)
Writing	247	(2)
Math Skills	249	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Shin-ying Loves School	250	(2)
Effective Schools, Effective Teachers	252	(1)
Current Controversies: Computers in the Classroom	253	(2)
Physical Development	255	(10)
Growth	256	(1)
Development of Motor Skills	257	(1)
Physical Fitness	258	(1)
Participating in Sports	258	(1)
Putting It All Together	259	(1)
Summary	260	(2)
Key Terms	262	(1)
Learn More About It	262	(3)
Expanding Social Horizons	265	(42)
Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood
Family Relationships	266	(17)
The Family as a System	266	(1)
Dimensions and Styles of Parenting	267	(7)
Siblings	274	(2)
Divorce and Remarriage	276	(3)
Parent-Child Relationships Gone Awry: Child Abuse	279	(4)
Peers	283	(9)
Friendships	283	(3)
Spotlight on Research: Influence of Best Friends on Sexual Activity	286	(1)
Groups	286	(2)
Popularity and Rejection	288	(2)
Aggressive Children and Their Victims	290	(2)
Television: Boob Tube or Window on the World?	292	(4)
Influence on Attitudes and Social Behavior	292	(3)
Influences on Cognition	295	(1)
Criticisms of TV	296	(1)
Understanding Others	296	(11)
Describing Others	297	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Tell Me About a Girl That You Like a Lot	297	(1)
Understanding What Others Think	298	(2)
Prejudice	300	(2)
Putting It All Together	302	(1)
Summary	302	(2)
Key Terms	304	(1)
Learn More About It	305	(2)
Rites of Passage	307	(32)
Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
Pubertal Changes	308	(7)
Signs of Physical Maturation	308	(2)
Mechanisms of Maturation	310	(1)
Psychological Impact of Puberty	311	(4)
Health	315	(7)
Nutrition	316	(2)
Physical Fitness	318	(2)
Threats to Adolescent Well-Being	320	(2)
Information Processing During Adolescence	322	(4)
How Does Information Processing Improve in Adolescence?	322	(2)
Limits on Information Processing	324	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Beliefs Can Interfere With Effective Reasoning	324	(2)
Reasoning About Moral Issues	326	(13)
Kohlberg's Theory	326	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Schindler's List	328	(2)
Cultural Differences in Moral Reasoning	330	(1)
Beyond Kohlberg's Theory	331	(2)
Promoting Moral Reasoning	333	(1)
Putting It All Together	334	(1)
Summary	335	(1)
Key Terms	336	(1)
Learn More About It	336	(3)
Moving Into the Adult Social World	339	(36)
Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
Identity and Self-Esteem	340	(8)
The Search for Identity	340	(3)
Ethnic Identity	343	(2)
Self-Esteem in Adolescence	345	(1)
The Myth of Storm and Stress	346	(2)
Romantic Relationships and Sexuality	348	(6)
Romantic Relationships	348	(1)
Sexual Behavior	348	(3)
Sexual Orientation	351	(1)
Sexual Coercion	352	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Why Are Some Boys More Likely to Perpetrate Dating Violence?	352	(2)
The World of Work	354	(6)
Career Development	354	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: ``The Life of Lynne,'' a Drama in Three Acts	356	(2)
Part-Time Employment	358	(2)
The Dark Side	360	(15)
Drug Use	360	(3)
Depression	363	(2)
Delinquency	365	(2)
Current Controversies: When Juveniles Commit Serious Crimes, Should They Be Tried as Adults?	367	(1)
Putting It All Together	368	(1)
Summary	369	(1)
Key Terms	370	(1)
Learn More About It	370	(5)
PART III YOUNG AND MIDDLE ADULTHOOD	375	(158)
Becoming an Adult	377	(38)
Physical, Cognitive, and Personality Development
When Does Adulthood Begin?	378	(6)
Role Transitions Marking Adulthood	378	(2)
Going to College	380	(1)
Psychological Views	381	(1)
So When Do People Become Adults?	382	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Britney Spears's Transition to Adulthood	383	(1)
Physical Development and Health	384	(7)
Growth, Strength, and Physical Functioning	384	(1)
Health Status	384	(1)
Lifestyle Factors	385	(1)
Current Controversies: Binge Drinking on College Campuses	386	(3)
Social, Gender, and Ethnic Issues in Health	389	(2)
Cognitive Development	391	(13)
How Should We View Intelligence in Adults?	392	(1)
What Happens to Intelligence in Adulthood?	392	(1)
Spotlight on Research: The Seattle Longitudinal Study	393	(3)
Going Beyond Formal Operations: Thinking in Adulthood	396	(4)
The Role of Stereotypes in Thinking	400	(4)
Who Do You Want to Be? Personality in Young Adulthood	404	(11)
Creating Scenarios and Life Stories	405	(1)
Possible Selves	406	(2)
Personal Control Beliefs	408	(2)
Putting It All Together	410	(1)
Summary	410	(2)
Key Terms	412	(1)
Learn More About It	412	(3)
Being With Others	415	(36)
Forming Relationships in Young and Middle Adulthood
Relationships	416	(9)
Friendships	416	(2)
Love Relationships	418	(3)
Spotlight on Research: Patterns and Universals of Romantic Attachment Around the World	421	(1)
The Dark Side of Relationships: Violence	422	(3)
Lifestyles	425	(10)
Singlehood	426	(1)
Cohabitation	427	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Couples	429	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Maggie O'Carroll's Story	429	(1)
Marriage	430	(5)
The Family Life Cycle	435	(5)
Deciding Whether to Have Children	435	(1)
The Parental Role	436	(4)
Divorce and Remarriage	440	(11)
Divorce	441	(2)
Current Controversies: ``Covenant Marriage,'' A Way to Keep Couples Together?	443	(3)
Remarriage	446	(1)
Putting It All Together	447	(1)
Summary	447	(1)
Key Terms	448	(1)
Learn More About It	448	(3)
Work and Leisure	451	(38)
Occupational and Lifestyle Issues in Young and Middle Adulthood
Occupational Selection and Development	452	(10)
The Meaning of Work	452	(1)
Holland's Theory of Occupational Choice Revisited	453	(1)
Occupational Development	454	(3)
Job Satisfaction	457	(1)
Spotlight on Research: The Connection Between Job Satisfaction and Employee Turnover	458	(4)
Gender, Ethnicity, and Discrimination Issues	462	(8)
Gender Differences in Occupational Selection	462	(1)
Women and Occupational Development	463	(2)
Ethnicity and Occupational Development	465	(1)
Bias and Discrimination	466	(3)
Current Controversies: Is It Sexual Harassment?	469	(1)
Occupational Transitions	470	(5)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Changing Occupations to Find Satisfying Work	471	(1)
Retraining Workers	472	(1)
Occupational Insecurity	473	(1)
Coping With Unemployment	473	(2)
Work and Family	475	(6)
The Dependent Care Dilemma	476	(2)
Juggling Multiple Roles	478	(3)
Time to Relax: Leisure Activities	481	(8)
Types of Leisure Activities	482	(1)
Developmental Changes in Leisure	482	(1)
Consequences of Leisure Activities	483	(1)
Putting It All Together	484	(1)
Summary	485	(1)
Key Terms	486	(1)
Learn More About It	486	(3)
Making It in Midlife	489	(44)
The Unique Challenges of Middle Adulthood
Physical Changes and Health	490	(13)
Changes in Appearance	491	(1)
Changes in Bones and Joints	491	(3)
Reproductive Changes	494	(2)
Current Controversies: Hormone Replacement Therapy	496	(2)
Stress and Health	498	(3)
Exercise	501	(2)
Cognitive Development	503	(7)
Practical Intelligence	503	(4)
Becoming an Expert	507	(1)
Lifelong Learning	508	(2)
Personality	510	(7)
Stability Is the Rule: The Five-Factor Model	510	(2)
Spotlight on Research: Is Personality in Young and Middle Adulthood Set in Plaster?	512	(1)
Change Is the Rule: Changing Priorities in Midlife	512	(5)
Family Dynamics and Middle Age	517	(16)
Letting Go: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Children	518	(2)
Giving Back: Middle-Aged Adults and Their Aging Parents	520	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Taking Care of Mom	521	(2)
Grandparenthood	523	(3)
Putting It All Together	526	(1)
Summary	526	(2)
Key Terms	528	(1)
Learn More About It	528	(5)
PART IV LATE ADULTHOOD	533	(123)
The Personal Context of Later Life	535	(42)
Physical, Cognitive, and Mental Health Issues
What Are Older Adults Like?	536	(8)
The Demographics of Aging	536	(3)
Longevity	539	(4)
The Third-Fourth Age Distinction	543	(1)
So How Long Will You Live?	543	(1)
Physical Changes and Health	544	(11)
Biological Theories of Aging	544	(2)
Physiological Changes	546	(7)
Health Issues	553	(2)
Cognitive Processes	555	(9)
Information Processing	555	(2)
Current Controversies: Information Processing in Everyday Life: Older Drivers	557	(1)
Memory	558	(3)
Creativity and Wisdom	561	(3)
Mental Health and Intervention	564	(13)
Depression	565	(2)
Anxiety Disorders	567	(1)
Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease	567	(1)
Real People: Applying Human Development: What's the Matter With Mary?	568	(3)
Spotlight on Research: Training Persons With Dementia to Be Group Activity Leaders	571	(1)
Putting It All Together	572	(1)
Summary	573	(1)
Key Terms	574	(1)
Learn More About It	575	(2)
Social Aspects of Later Life	577	(40)
Psychosocial, Retirement, Relationship, and Societal Issues
Theories of Psychosocial Aging	578	(3)
Continuity Theory	578	(1)
Competence and Environmental Press	579	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: Still Flying at 91	581	(1)
Personality, Social Cognition, and Spirituality	581	(7)
Integrity Versus Despair	582	(1)
Well-Being and Social Cognition	583	(1)
Spotlight on Research: Understanding the Influences on Subjective Well-Being	583	(3)
Religiosity and Spiritual Support	586	(2)
I Used to Work at . . . : Living in Retirement	588	(5)
What Does Being Retired Mean?	589	(1)
Why Do People Retire?	590	(1)
Adjustment to Retirement	591	(1)
Keeping Busy in Retirement	592	(1)
Friends and Family in Late Life	593	(8)
Friends and Siblings	594	(2)
Marriage and Gay and Lesbian Partnerships	596	(1)
Caring for a Partner	597	(1)
Widowhood	598	(1)
Great-Grandparenthood	599	(2)
Social Issues and Aging	601	(16)
Frail Older Adults	601	(1)
Living in Nursing Homes	602	(4)
Elder Abuse and Neglect	606	(2)
Politics, Social Security, and Medicare	608	(2)
Current Controversies: Saving Social Security	610	(2)
Putting It All Together	612	(1)
Summary	612	(2)
Key Terms	614	(1)
Learn More About It	614	(3)
The Final Passage	617	(39)
Dying and Bereavement
Definitions and Ethical Issues	618	(8)
Sociocultural Definitions of Death	618	(2)
Legal and Medical Definitions	620	(1)
Ethical Issues	621	(3)
Current Controversies: The Terri Schiavo Case	624	(2)
Thinking About Death: Personal Aspects	626	(10)
A Life Course Approach to Dying	627	(1)
Dealing With One's Own Death	627	(3)
Death Anxiety	630	(1)
Creating a Final Scenario	631	(1)
The Hospice Option	632	(2)
Real People: Applying Human Development: One Family's Experience With Dying	634	(2)
Surviving the Loss: The Grieving Process	636	(7)
The Grief Process	636	(2)
Normal Grief Reactions	638	(2)
Coping With Grief	640	(1)
Spotlight On Research: Grief Processing and Avoidance in the United States and China	641	(1)
Traumatic Grief Reactions	642	(1)
Dying and Bereavement Experiences Across the Life Span	643	(13)
Childhood	644	(2)
Adolescence	646	(1)
Adulthood	646	(2)
Late Adulthood	648	(2)
Putting It All Together	650	(1)
Summary	651	(2)
Key Terms	653	(1)
Learn More About It	653	(3)
Glossary	656	(11)
References	667	(65)
Name Index	732	(11)
Subject Index	743